Systemic treatment of early breast cancer - A biological perspective

Journal of Surgical Oncology

Volumn 103, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 619-626

  Greenberg, Sally ^a   Stopeck, Alison ^b   Rugo, Hope S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

breast; cancer; systemic

Indexed keywords

ANASTROZOLE; ANTHRACYCLINE; BEVACIZUMAB; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOCETAXEL; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; EXEMESTANE; FLUOROURACIL; GEMCITABINE; IXABEPILONE; LAPATINIB; LETROZOLE; METHOTREXATE; PACLITAXEL; TRASTUZUMAB;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CIRCULATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DISSEMINATED CANCER; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; FEMALE; HUMANS; MASTECTOMY, SEGMENTAL; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; PATIENT SELECTION;

EID: 79953845001     PISSN: 00224790     EISSN: 10969098     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jso.21842     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER). National Cancer Institute.
2. Halsted WS,: The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June 1889 to January 1894. Ann Surg 1894; 20: 497-555.
3. Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, et al.: Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: An overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005; 366: 2087-2106. (Pubitemid 41797643)
4. Braun S, Vogl FD, Naume B, et al.: A pooled analysis of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 793-802. (Pubitemid 41215488)
5. Melisko ME, Greenberg S, Dickler MN, et al.: Circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) in patients (pts) receiving adjuvant bevacizumab (B) plus dose-dense (dd) doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by nab-paclitaxel (nab-P) for early-stage breast cancer (ESBC). J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 579.
6. Cole WH, Mrazek RG, Economou SG, et al.: Adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer 1965; 18: 1529-1535.
7. Alford C, Beal JM, Dao TL, et al.: Breast adjuvant chemotherapy: Effectiveness of Thio-Tepa (triethylenethiophosphoramide) as adjuvant to radical mastectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 1961; 154: 629-645.
8. Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK, et al.: Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1784-1792. (Pubitemid 41549890)
9. (EBCTCG). EBCTCG: Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005; 365: 1687-1717.
10. Kennedy CR, Gao F, Margenthaler JA,: Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer. J Surg Res 2010; 163: 52-57.
11. Tanioka M, Shimizu C, Yonemori K, et al.: Predictors of recurrence in breast cancer patients with a pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 297-302.
12. Rastogi P, Anderson SJ, Bear HD, et al.: Preoperative chemotherapy: Updates of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocols B-18 and B-27. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 778-785. (Pubitemid 351264391)
13. Wolmark N, Wang J, Mamounas E, et al.: Preoperative chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer: Nine-year results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-18. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2001; 96-102.
14. Kuerer HM, Newman LA, Smith TL, et al.: Clinical course of breast cancer patients with complete pathologic primary tumor and axillary lymph node response to doxorubicin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 460-469. (Pubitemid 29075229)
15. Machiavelli MR, Romero AO, Perez JE, et al.: Prognostic significance of pathological response of primary tumor and metastatic axillary lymph nodes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am 1998; 4: 125-131. (Pubitemid 29090716)
16. Elston CW, Ellis IO,: Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer. I. The value of histological grade in breast cancer: experience from a large study with long-term follow-up. C.W. Elston & I.O. Ellis. Histopathology 1991; 19: 403-410. Histopathology 41:151-2, discussion 152-3, 2002.
17. Osako T, Horii R, Matsuura M, et al.: High-grade breast cancers include both highly sensitive and highly resistant subsets to cytotoxic chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136: 1431-1438.
18. Huober J, von Minckwitz G, Denkert C, et al.: Effect of neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy in different biological breast cancer phenotypes: overall results from the GeparTrio study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 124: 133-140.
19. Desmedt C, Haibe-Kains B, Wirapati P, et al.: Biological processes associated with breast cancer clinical outcome depend on the molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 5158-5165.
20. Aleskandarany MA, Rakha EA, Macmillan RD, et al.: MIB1/Ki-67 labelling index can classify grade 2 breast cancer into two clinically distinct subgroups. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010.
21. Nadji M, Gomez-Fernandez C, Ganjei-Azar P, et al.: Immunohistochemistry of estrogen and progesterone receptors reconsidered: Experience with 5,993 breast cancers. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123: 21-27. (Pubitemid 40066168)
22. Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: An overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet 1998; 351: 1451-1467.
23. Dowsett M, Cuzick J, Ingle J, et al.: Meta-analysis of breast cancer outcomes in adjuvant trials of aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 509-518.
24. Smith IE, Dowsett M, Ebbs SR, et al.: Neoadjuvant treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer with anastrozole, tamoxifen, or both in combination: The Immediate Preoperative Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, or Combined with Tamoxifen (IMPACT) multicenter double-blind randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 5108-5116. (Pubitemid 46224019)
25. Cataliotti L, Buzdar AU, Noguchi S, et al.: Comparison of anastrozole versus tamoxifen as preoperative therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: The Pre-Operative "Arimidex" Compared to Tamoxifen (PROACT) trial. Cancer 2006; 106: 2095-2103. (Pubitemid 43673229)
26. Miller WR, Dixon JM, Cameron DA, et al.: Biological and clinical effects of aromatase inhibitors in neoadjuvant therapy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 79: 103-107. (Pubitemid 34158784)
27. Coombes RC, Kilburn LS, Snowdon CF, et al.: Survival and safety of exemestane versus tamoxifen after 2-3 years' tamoxifen treatment (Intergroup Exemestane Study): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 559-570.
28. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, et al.: Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptor-positive breast cancer: Updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1262-1271. (Pubitemid 41535367)
29. Mouridsen H, Giobbie-Hurder A, Goldhirsch A, et al.: Letrozole therapy alone or in sequence with tamoxifen in women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 766-776.
30. Forbes JF, Cuzick J, Buzdar A, et al.: Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-month analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 45-53.
31. Carey LA, Dees EC, Sawyer L, et al.: The triple negative paradox: Primary tumor chemosensitivity of breast cancer subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 2329-2334. (Pubitemid 46698581)
32. Colleoni M, Viale G, Zahrieh D, et al.: Chemotherapy is more effective in patients with breast cancer not expressing steroid hormone receptors: A study of preoperative treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 6622-6628. (Pubitemid 39346559)
33. Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, et al.: Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 1987; 235: 177-182. (Pubitemid 17231334)
34. Slamon DJ, Godolphin W, Jones LA, et al.: Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 1989; 244: 707-712. (Pubitemid 19147683)
35. Hudis CA,: Trastuzumab-Mechanism of action and use in clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 39-51. (Pubitemid 47026733)
36. Carlomagno C, Perrone F, Gallo C, et al.: c-erb B2 overexpression decreases the benefit of adjuvant tamoxifen in early-stage breast cancer without axillary lymph node metastases. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2702-2708. (Pubitemid 26329655)
37. Mackey J, McLeod D, Ragaz J, et al.: Adjuvant targeted therapy in early breast cancer. Cancer 2009; 115: 1154-1168.
38. Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, et al.: Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1673-1684. (Pubitemid 41464706)
39. Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Green AR, et al.: Prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer 2007; 109: 25-32. (Pubitemid 46120191)
40. Reis-Filho JS, Tutt AN,: Triple negative tumours: A critical review. Histopathology 2008; 52: 108-118. (Pubitemid 350265179)
41. Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, et al.: Triple-negative breast cancer: Clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 4429-4434. (Pubitemid 47219710)
42. Dent R, Hanna WM, Trudeau M, et al.: Pattern of metastatic spread in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 115: 423-428.
43. Rouzier R, Perou CM, Symmans WF, et al.: Breast cancer molecular subtypes respond differently to preoperative chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 5678-5685. (Pubitemid 41170290)
44. Ravdin PM,: A computer based program to assist in adjuvant therapy decisions for individual breast cancer patients. Bull Cancer 1995; 82: 561s-564s. (Pubitemid 26041511)
45. Olivotto IA, Bajdik CD, Ravdin PM, et al.: Population-based validation of the prognostic model ADJUVANT! for early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 2716-2725. (Pubitemid 46179461)
46. Sotiriou C, Wirapati P, Loi S, et al.: Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: Understanding the molecular basis of histologic grade to improve prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 262-272. (Pubitemid 43264710)
47. Paik S, Tang G, Shak S, et al.: Gene expression and benefit of chemotherapy in women with node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 3726-3734. (Pubitemid 46622311)
48. Albain KS, Barlow WE, Shak S, et al.: Prognostic and predictive value of the 21-gene recurrence score assay in postmenopausal women with node-positive, oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer on chemotherapy: A retrospective analysis of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 55-65.
49. Mamounas EP, Tang G, Fisher B, et al.: Association between the 21-gene recurrence score assay and risk of locoregional recurrence in node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: Results from NSABPB-14 and NSABPB-20. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28: 1677-1683.
50. Habel LA, Shak S, Jacobs MK, et al.: A population-based study of tumor gene expression and risk of breast cancer death among lymph node-negative patients. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8: R25.
51. Dowsett M, Cuzick J, Wale C, et al.: Prediction of risk of distant recurrence using the 21-gene recurrence score in node-negative and node-positive postmenopausal patients with breast cancer treated with anastrozole or tamoxifen: A TransATAC study. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1829-1834.
52. van 't Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, et al.: Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 2002; 415: 530-536. (Pubitemid 34130608)
53. van de Vijver MJ, He YD, van't Veer LJ, et al.: A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1999-2009. (Pubitemid 35461656)
54. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, et al.: Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000; 406: 747-752.
55. Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, et al.: Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 10869-10874. (Pubitemid 32878711)
56. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, et al.: Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 8418-8423. (Pubitemid 36842560)
57. Loi S, Haibe-Kains B, Desmedt C, et al.: Definition of clinically distinct molecular subtypes in estrogen receptor-positive breast carcinomas through genomic grade. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 1239-1246. (Pubitemid 46640570)
58. Julka PK, Chacko RT, Nag S, et al.: A phase II study of sequential neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus doxorubicin followed by gemcitabine plus cisplatin in patients with operable breast cancer: Prediction of response using molecular profiling. Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1327-1335. (Pubitemid 351543585)
59. Fan C, Oh DS, Wessels L, et al.: Concordance among gene-expression-based predictors for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 560-569. (Pubitemid 44200649)
60. Harris L, Fritsche H, Mennel R, et al.: American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 5287-5312. (Pubitemid 350232263)
61. NIH: clinicaltrials.gov, 2010.
62. Blackwell KL, Pegram MD, Tan-Chiu E, et al.: Single-agent lapatinib for HER2-overexpressing advanced or metastatic breast cancer that progressed on first- or second-line trastuzumab-containing regimens. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 1026-1031.
63. Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al.: Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2733-2743. (Pubitemid 46021510)
64. Press MF, Finn RS, Cameron D, et al.: HER-2 gene amplification, HER-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA and protein expression, and lapatinib efficacy in women with metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7861-7870.
65. Pritchard KI, Shepherd LE, O'Malley FP, et al.: HER2 and responsiveness of breast cancer to adjuvant chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2103-2111. (Pubitemid 43736610)
66. Zhang F, Yang Y, Smith T, et al.: Correlation between HER-2 expression and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide in patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 97: 1758-1765. (Pubitemid 36350719)
67. Gennari A, Sormani MP, Pronzato P, et al.: HER2 status and efficacy of adjuvant anthracyclines in early breast cancer: A pooled analysis of randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 14-20. (Pubitemid 351767337)
68. Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al.: Phase III Randomized Trial Comparing Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Followed by Docetaxel (ACT) with Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Followed by Docetaxel and Trastuzumab (ACTH) with Docetaxel, Carboplatin and Trastuzumab (TCH) in Her2neu Positive Early Breast Cancer Patients: BCIRG 006 Study. Presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, 2009.
69. Konecny GE, Meng YG, Untch M, et al.: Association between HER-2/neu and vascular endothelial growth factor expression predicts clinical outcome in primary breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 1706-1716. (Pubitemid 38435562)
70. Pegram M, Chan D, Dichmann RA, et al.: Phase II combined biological therapy targeting the HER2 proto-oncogene and the vascular endothelial growth factor using trastuzumab and bevacizumab as first line treatment of HER2-amplified breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 1000: S28.
71. Ellis MJ, Coop A, Singh B, et al.: Letrozole is more effective neoadjuvant endocrine therapy than tamoxifen for ErbB-1- and/or ErbB-2-positive, estrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancer: Evidence from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3808-3816. (Pubitemid 32880059)
72. Knoop AS, Bentzen SM, Nielsen MM, et al.: Value of epidermal growth factor receptor, HER2, p53, and steroid receptors in predicting the efficacy of tamoxifen in high-risk postmenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3376-3384. (Pubitemid 32642190)
73. Berry DA, Muss HB, Thor AD, et al.: HER-2/neu and p53 expression versus tamoxifen resistance in estrogen receptor-positive, node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3471-3479.
74. Sikov WM, Dizon DS, Strenger R, et al.: Frequent pathologic complete responses in aggressive stages II to III breast cancers with every-4-week carboplatin and weekly paclitaxel with or without trastuzumab: A Brown University Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 4693-4700.
75. Silver DP, Richardson AL, Eklund AC, et al.: Efficacy of neoadjuvant Cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1145-1153.
76. Byrski T, Huzarski T, Dent R, et al.: Response to neoadjuvant therapy with cisplatin in BRCA1-positive breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 115: 359-363.
77. Folkman J,: Tumor angiogenesis: Therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 1182-1186.
78. Linderholm BK, Hellborg H, Johansson U, et al.: Significantly higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and shorter survival times for patients with primary operable triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 1639-1646.
79. O'Shaughnessy J, Dieras V, Glaspy J, et al.: Comparison of subgroup analyses of PFS from three phase III studies of bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Cancer Res 2009; 69: 207.
80. Ryan PD, Tung NM, Isakoff SJ, et al.: Neoadjuvant cisplatin and bevacizumab in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): Safety and efficacy. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 551.
81. Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, et al.: Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature 2005; 434: 917-921. (Pubitemid 40559006)
82. Fong PC, Boss DS, Yap TA, et al.: Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in tumors from BRCA mutation carriers. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 123-134.
83. O'Shaughnessy J, Osborne C, Pippen JE, et al.: Iniparib plus chemotherapy in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364: 205-214.
84. O'Shaughnessy J, Osborne CK, Pippen J, et al.: Efficacy of BSI-201, a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine/carboplatin (G/C) in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): Results of a randomized phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3.
85. Hertz DL, McLeod HL, Hoskins JM,: Pharmacogenetics of breast cancer therapies. Breast 2009; 18: S59-S63.