Real governance beyond the 'failed state': Negotiating education in the democratic Republic of the Congo

African Affairs

Volumn 110, Issue 439, 2011, Pages 213-231

  Titeca, Kristof ^a   de Herdt, Tom ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^b RESEARCH FOUNDATION FLANDERS FWO   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK; EDUCATION; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; NEGOTIATION PROCESS; PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION; PUBLIC SERVICE; STATE ROLE;

CONGO;

EID: 79953764729     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: 14682621     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adr005     Document Type: Article

References (81)

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34. As described, among others, by Ken Menkhaus, 'Governance without government in Somalia: spoilers, state building and the politics of coping', International Security 31, 3 (2006), pp. 74-106.
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38. Cited in Raeymaekers et al., 'State and non-state regulation', pp. 9-10.
39. See also Karel Arnaut and Christian Højbjerg 'Gouvernance et ethnographie en temps de crise', Politique africaine 111, pp. 5-21.
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41. Raeymaekers et al., 'State and non-state regulation', p. 17.
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43. Tom de Herdt and Marc Poncelet (eds), 'Enjeux et acteurs autour de la réduction des frais scolaires en RDC' (unpublished DfID consultancy report, London, 2010), p. 23.
44. See also Hagmann and Péclard, 'Negotiating statehood'.
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56. Dibalu-Didi, cited in de Herdt and Poncelet, 'Enjeux et acteurs', p. 21 (italics in original).
57. Private schools not financed by public authorities constitute about 10 percent of all schools.
58. See Tom de Herdt, Kristof Titeca, and Inge Wagemaekers, 'Making investment in education part of the peace dividend in the DRC' (unpublished paper written for UNESCO, forthcoming 2011), p. 5.
59. de Herdt et al., 'Making investment'.
60. de Herdt and Poncelet, 'Enjeux et acteurs', p. 23.
61. In 2008, the Social Security statistics reported 226,800 teachers.
62. de Herdt and Poncelet, 'Enjeux et acteurs'.
63. UNESCO, 'Deprivation and marginalisation in education', (23 February 2010).
64. The Conference of the Bishops and the National Association of Parents of Students in Congo (ANAPECO, Association Nationale des Parents d'Elèves du Congo).
65. Mrsic-Garac, 'La "participation"'.
66. Johan Verhaghe, 'School fee practice and policy in the DRC: frais de fonctionnement or fonds de famille?' (Consultant's report for UNICEF/USAID, December 2007).
67. World Bank, 'Democratic Republic of Congo. Country Status Report on Education' (Report No. 30860-ZR, 15 November 2004), p. 48.
68. Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, 'Local governance and public goods in Niger' (Working Paper No. 10, Africa, Power, and Politics Programme, Overseas Development Institute, London, July 2010), p. 3.
69. Lund, 'Twilight institutions'.
70. Interview, school inspecter, Kikwit, 16 June 2009.
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72. Ward Berenschot, 'Everyday mediation: the politics of public service delivery in Gujarat, India', Development and Change 41, 5 (2010), pp. 883-905.
73. Mbembe, On the Postcolony, p. 80.
74. Inter-ministerial decree No. MINEPSP/CABMIN/0311/2007, 11 October 2007.
75. Ministerial Letter No. MINEPSP/CABMIN/006/2008, 7 August 2008.
76. Every pupil has to pay 'insurance' against accidents to the National Assurance Company, SONAS (Société Nationale d'Assurances).
77. Hallett, 'Symbolic power and organizational culture', p. 135.
78. The decree which introduced this measure to the schools is very clear on this: 'It is time to correct the system, by avoiding a situation in which the salaries of the public sector teachers weigh upon parents' shoulders. It is, indeed, inadmissible that we ask parents, the majority of whom do not receive a salary, to support the burden of teachers' salaries which are a state responsibility, whatever the name given to this parental intervention: premium, intervention, salary, etc.' (our translation, emphasis in original). Decree of Mgr Monsengwo, 19 September 2008, p. 1. are a state responsibility, whatever the name given to this parental intervention: premium, intervention, salary, etc.' (our translation, emphasis in original).
79. Decree of Mgr Monsengwo, 19 September 2008, p. 1.
80. Rose and Miller, 'Political power beyond the state', p. 193.
81. Raeymaekers et al., 'State and non-state regulation'.