Occupational and environmental risk factors of adult primary brain cancers: A systematic review

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 82-111

  Gomes, J ^a   Al Zayadi, A ^a   Guzman, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Astrocytoma; Brain neoplasm; Environmental risk factors; Glioma; Meningioma; Occupational risk factors

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL; METAL; ORGANIC SOLVENT; PETROCHEMICAL AGENT; RUBBER;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTOMA; BRAIN CANCER; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GENOTYPE; GLIOMA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; IONIZING RADIATION; LANDFILL; LIFESTYLE; MENINGIOMA; MOBILE PHONE; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; PHENOTYPE; PRIMARY TUMOR; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ADULT; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CELLULAR PHONE; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; ELASTOMERS; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING INDUSTRY; HUMANS; METALS; NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PETROLEUM; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79953757887     PISSN: 20086520     EISSN: 20086814     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Doolittle N. State of the science in brain tumor classification. Sem Oncol Nursing 2004;20:224-30.
2. Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 2005;109:93-108.
3. Khuder SA, Mutgi AB, Schaub EA. Meta-analyses of brain cancer and farming. Am J Ind Med 1998;34:252-60.
4. Bohnen NI, Kurland LT. Brain tumor and exposure to pesticides in humans: a review of the epidemiologic data. J Neurol Sci 1995;132:110-21.
5. Kleihues P, Wiestler OD, Ohgaki H, Aguzzi A. Animal models of tumors of the nervous system. In: Berger MS, Wilson C, eds. The Gliomas. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1998: 124-33.
6. Fisher JL, Schwartzbaum JA, Wrensch M, Wiemels JL. Epidemiology of brain tumors. Neurology Clinics 2007;24:867-90.
7. Leszczynski D, Xu Z. Mobile phone radiation health risk controversy: the reliability and sufficiency of science behind the safety standards. Health Res Policy Syst;8:2.
8. Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, et al. Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol 2002;4:278-99.
9. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009;6:e1000097.
10. Ries LAG, Hankey BF, Miller BA, et al. Cancer statistics review 1973-88. National Cancer Institute (1991) NIH Publication No. 91-2789.
11. Young JL, Jr., Percy CL, Asire AJ, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1973-77. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1981:1-187.
12. Rajaraman P, Stewart PA, Samet JM, et al. Lead, genetic susceptibility, and risk of adult brain tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:2514-20.
13. Bertazzi PA, Pesatori AC, Zocchetti C, Latocca R. Mortality study of cancer risk among oil refinery workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1989;61:261-70.
14. Bates MN. Registry-based case-control study of cancer in California firefighters. Am J Ind Med 2007;50:339-44.
15. Thomas TL, Waxweiller RJ. Brain tumors and occupational risk factors. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986;12:1-15.
16. Aschengrau A, Ozonoff D, Coogan P, et al. Cancer risk and residential proximity to cranberry cultivation in Massachusetts. Am J Public Health 1996;86:1289-96.
17. Carpenter DO. Electromagnetic fields and cancer: the cost of doing nothing. Rev Environ Health 2010;25:75-80.
18. Darefsky AS, Dubrow R. International variation in the incidence of adult primary malignant neoplasms of the brain and central nervous system. Cancer Causes & Control 2009;20:1593-604.
19. Reif JS, Pearce N, Fraser J. Occupational risks for brain cancer: a New Zealand Cancer Registry-based study. J Occup Med 1989;31:863-7.
20. IARC Monographs Supplement No 4. Chemicals, Industrial Processes and Industries Association with Cancer in Humans. (Volumes 1 to 29), 1982:292 pages.
21. De Roos AJ, Stewart PA, Linet MS, et al. Occupation and the risk of adult glioma in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:139-50.
22. Krishnan G, Felini M, Carozza SE, et al. Occupation and adult gliomas in the San Francisco Bay Area. J Occup Environ Med 2003;45:639-47.
23. Carozza SE, Wrensch M, Miike R, et al. Occupation and adult gliomas. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:838-46.
24. Silva M, Santana VS, Loomis D. [Cancer mortality among Brazilian Navy personnel]. Rev Saude Publica 2000;34:373-9.
25. Travier N, Gridley G, Blair A, et al. Cancer incidence among male Swedish veterinarians and other workers of the veterinary industry: a record-linkage study. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:587-93.
26. Ohgaki H. Epidemiology of brain tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Methods Mol Biol 2009;472:323-42.
27. Brownson RC, Reif JS, Chang JC, Davis JR. An analysis of occupational risks for brain cancer. Am J Public Health 1990;80:169-72.
28. Kaplan S, Etlin S, Novikov I, Modan B. Occupational risks for the development of brain tumors. Am J Ind Med 1997;31:15-20.
29. Kang D, Davis LK, Hunt P, Kriebel D. Cancer incidence among male Massachusetts firefighters, 1987-2003. Am J Ind Med 2008;51:329-35.
30. Kauppinen T, Toikkanen J, Pedersen D, et al. Occupational exposure to carcinogens in the European Union. Occup Environ Med 2000;57:10-8.
31. Preston-Martin S, Mack W, Henderson BE. Risk factors for gliomas and meningiomas in males in Los Angeles County. Cancer Res 1989;49:6137-43.
32. Burch JD, Craib KJ, Choi BC, et al. An exploratory case-control study of brain tumors in adults. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:601-9.
33. Matanoski GM, Kanchanaraksa S, Lees PS, et al. Industry-wide study of mortality of pulp and paper mill workers. Am J Ind Med 1998;33:354-65.
34. Cordier S, Mousel ML, Le Goaster C, et al. Cancer risk among workers in biomedical research. Scand J Work Environ Health 1995;21:450-9.
35. Cordier S, Poisson M, Gerin M, et al. Gliomas and exposure to wood preservatives. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:705-9.
36. Schoenberg BS. Nervous System Saunders. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Philadelphia, 1982: 968-83.
37. Maekawa A, Mitsumori K. Spontaneous occurrence and chemical induction of neurogenic tumors in rats--influence of host factors and specificity of chemical structure. Crit Rev Toxicol 1990;20:287-310.
38. Wrensch M, Bondy ML, Wiencke J, Yost M. Environmental risk factors for primary malignant brain tumors: a review. J Neurooncol 1993;17:47-64.
39. Beall C, Delzell E, Rodu B, et al. Cancer and benign tumor incidence among employees in a polymers research complex. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:914-24.
40. Andersson E, Nilsson R, Toren K. Gliomas among men employed in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002;28:333-40.
41. Hagmar L, Akesson B, Nielsen J, et al. Mortality and cancer morbidity in workers exposed to low levels of vinyl chloride monomer at a polyvinyl chloride processing plant. Am J Ind Med 1990;17:553-65.
42. Austin SG, Schnatter AR. A case-control study of chemical exposures and brain tumors in petrochemical workers. J Occup Med 1983;25:313-20.
43. Schlehofer B, Hettinger I, Ryan P, et al. Occupational risk factors for low grade and high grade glioma: results from an international case control study of adult brain tumours. Int J Cancer 2005;113:116-25.
44. Samkange-Zeeb F, Schlehofer B, Schuz J, et al. Occupation and risk of glioma, meningioma and acoustic neuroma: results from a German case-control study (interphone study group, Germany). Cancer Epidemiol 2010;34:55-61.
45. Hara T, Hoshuyama T, Takahashi K, et al. Cancer risk among Japanese chromium platers, 1976-2003. Scand J Work Environ Health 2010;36:216-21.
46. Rodvall Y, Ahlbom A, Spannare B, Nise G. Glioma and occupational exposure in Sweden, a case-control study. Occup Environ Med 1996;53:526-32.
47. Pan SY, Ugnat AM, Mao Y. Occupational risk factors for brain cancer in Canada. J Occup Environ Med 2005;47:704-17.
48. Loomis DP, Wolf SH. Mortality of workers at a nuclear materials production plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1947-1990. Am J Ind Med 1996;29:131-41.
49. Hadfield MG, Adera T, Smith B, et al. Human brain tumors and exposure to metal and non-metal elements: a case-control study. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1998;17:1-9.
50. Straif K, Weiland SK, Bungers M, et al. Exposure to high concentrations of nitrosamines and cancer mortality among a cohort of rubber workers. Oc-cup Environ Med 2000;57:180-7.
51. Prince MM, Ruder AM, Hein MJ, et al. Mortality and exposure response among 14,458 electrical capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1508-14.
52. Ruder AM, Hein MJ, Nilsen N, et al. Mortality among workers exposed to polychlorinated bi-phenyls (PCBs) in an electrical capacitor manufacturing plant in Indiana: an update. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:18-23.
53. Moss AR. Occupational exposure and brain tumors. J Toxicol Environ Health 1985;16:703-11.
54. Delzell E, Beall C, Rodu B, et al. Case-series investigation of intracranial neoplasms at a petrochemical research facility. Am J Ind Med 1999;36:450-8.
55. Sathiakumar N, Delzell E, Rodu B, et al. Cancer incidence among employees at a petrochemical research facility. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:166-74.
56. Beall C, Delzell E, Rodu B, et al. Case-control study of intracranial tumors among employees at a petrochemical research facility. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:1103-13.
57. Buffler PA, Kelsh M, Chapman P, et al. Primary brain tumor mortality at a petroleum exploration and extraction research facility. J Occup Environ Med 2004;46:257-70.
58. Buffler PA, Kelsh MA, Kalmes RM, et al. A nested case-control study of brain tumors among employees at a petroleum exploration and extraction research facility. J Occup Environ Med 2007;49:791-802.
59. Tsai S P, Gilstrap EL, Cowles SR, et al. A cohort mortality study of two California refinery and petrochemical plants. J Occup Med 1993;35:415-21.
60. Tsai S P, Gilstrap EL, Colangelo TA, et al. A mortality study of oil refinery and petrochemical employees. J Occup Environ Med 1997;39:448-54.
61. Rodu B, Delzell E, Beall C, Sathiakumar N. Mortality among employees at a petrochemical research facility. Am J Ind Med 2001;39:29-41.
62. Wong O, Raabe GK. Critical review of cancer epidemiology in petroleum industry employees, with a quantitative meta-analysis by cancer site. Am J Ind Med 1989;15:283-310.
63. Thomas TL, Fontham ET, Norman SA, et al. Occupational risk factors for brain tumors. A case-referent death-certificate analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986;12:121-7.
64. Lewis R, Rempala G. A case-cohort study of angiosarcoma of the liver and brain cancer at a polymer production plant. J Occup Environ Med 2003;45:538-45.
65. Wong O, Whorton MD, Foliart DE, Ragland D. An industry-wide epidemiologic study of vinyl chloride workers, 1942-1982. Am J Ind Med 1991;20:317-34.
66. Solionova LG, Smulevich VB. Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of rubber workers in Moscow. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 1993;19:96-101.
67. Preston-Martin S. Descriptive epidemiology of primary tumors of the brain, cranial nerves and cranial meninges in Los Angeles County. Neuroepidemiol-ogy 1989;8:283-95.
68. Ritz B. Cancer mortality among workers exposed to chemicals during uranium processing. J Occup Environ Med 1999;41:556-66.
69. Bond GG, Cook RR, Shellenberger RJ, et al. Case-control study of brain tumor deaths among employees at a chemical manufacturing plant. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;381:73-82.
70. Wingren G, Axelson O. Cluster of brain cancers spuriously suggesting occupational risk among glassworkers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 1992;18:85-9.
71. Carpenter AV, Flanders WD, Frome EL, et al. Chemical exposures and central nervous system cancers: a case-control study among workers at two nuclear facilities. Am J Ind Med 1988;13:351-62.
72. Reeve GR, Bond GG, Lloyd JW, et al. An investigation of brain tumors among chemical plant employees using a sample-based cohort method. J Occup Med 1983;25:387-93.
73. Hauptmann M, Lubin JH, Stewart PA, et al. Mortality from solid cancers among workers in formaldehyde industries. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:1117-30.
74. Hauptmann M, Stewart PA, Lubin JH, et al. Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer among embalmers exposed to formaldehyde. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:1696-708.
75. Wenzl TB. Increased brain cancer risk in physicians with high radiation exposure. Radiology 2005;235:709-10; author reply 10-1.
76. Hodges LC, Smith JL, Garrett A, Tate S. Prevalence of glioblastoma multiforme in subjects with prior therapeutic radiation. J Neurosci Nurs 1992;24:79-83.
77. Salvati M, Artico M, Caruso R, et al. A report on radiation-induced gliomas. Cancer 1991;67:392-7.
78. Shapiro S, Mealey J. Late anaplastic gliomas in children previously treated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Neurosciences 1989;15:176-80.
79. Hardell L, Mild KH, Pahlson A, Hallquist A. Ionizing radiation, cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumours. Eur J Cancer Prev 2001;10:523-9.
80. Phillips LE, Frankenfeld CL, Drangsholt M, et al. Intracranial meningioma and ionizing radiation in medical and occupational settings. Neurology 2005;64:350-2.
81. Blettner M, Schlehofer B, Samkange-Zeeb F, et al. Medical exposure to ionising radiation and the risk of brain tumours: Interphone study group, Germany. Eur J Cancer 2007;43:1990-8.
82. Neuberger JS, Brownson RC, Morantz RA, Chin TD. Association of brain cancer with dental X-rays and occupation in Missouri. Cancer Detect Prev 1991;15:31-4.
83. Canadian Cancer Statistics. Chronic disease surveillance division, public health agency of Canada. Available from www.cancer.ca/Canada-wide/About%20cancer/Cancer%20statistics/~/media/CCS /Canada%20wide/Files%20List/English%20files%20heading/pdf%20not%20in%20p ublications%20section/Canadian20Cancer20Statistics2020102020English.ashx (Accessed December 10, 2010).
84. Rahu M, Rahu K, Auvinen A, et al. Cancer risk among Chernobyl cleanup workers in Estonia and Latvia, 1986-1998. Int J Cancer 2006;119:162-8.
85. Alexander V. Brain tumor risk among United States nuclear workers. Occup Med 1999;6:695-714.
86. Carpenter AV, Flanders WD, Frome EL, et al. CNS cancers and radiation exposure: a case-control study among workers at two nuclear facilities. J Occup Med 1987;29:601-4.
87. Salisbury DA, Band PR, Threlfall WJ, Gallagher R P. Mortality among British Columbia pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med 1991;62:351-2.
88. Band PR, Spinelli JJ, Ng VT, et al. Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of commercial airline pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med 1990;61:299-302.
89. Robinson CF, Petersen M, Palu S. Mortality patterns among electrical workers employed in the U.S. construction industry, 1982-1987. Am J Ind Med 1999;36:630-7.
90. Santana VS, Silva M, Loomis D. Brain neoplasms among naval military men. Int J Occup Environ Health 1999;5:88-94.
91. Lin RS, Dischinger PC, Conde J, Farrell K P. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and the occurrence of brain tumors. An analysis of possible associations. J Occup Med 1985;27:413-9.
92. Minder CE, Pfluger DH. Leukemia, brain tumors, and exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in Swiss railway employees. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:825-35.
93. Li C Y, Lin RS, Sung FC. Elevated residential exposure to power frequency magnetic field associated with greater average age at diagnosis for patients with brain tumors. Bioelectromagnetics 2003;24:218-21.
94. Schlehofer B, Kunze S, Sachsenheimer W, et al. Occupational risk factors for brain tumors: results from a population-based case-control study in Germany. Cancer Causes Control 1990;1:209-15.
95. Tornqvist S, Knave B, Ahlbom A, Persson T. Incidence of leukaemia and brain tumours in some "electrical occupations". Br J Ind Med 1991;48:597-603.
96. Speers MA, Dobbins JG, Miller VS. Occupational exposures and brain cancer mortality: a preliminary study of east Texas residents. Am J Ind Med 1988;13:629-38.
97. Nichols L, Sorahan T. Mortality of UK electricity generation and transmission workers, 1973-2002. Occup Med 2005;55:541-8.
98. Navas-Acien A, Pollan M, Gustavsson P, et al. Interactive effect of chemical substances and occupational electromagnetic field exposure on the risk of gliomas and meningiomas in Swedish men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:1678-83.
99. Villeneuve PJ, Agnew DA, Johnson KC, Mao Y. Brain cancer and occupational exposure to magnetic fields among men: results from a Canadian population-based case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:210-7.
100. Rodvall Y, Ahlbom A, Stenlund C, et al. Occupational exposure to magnetic fields and brain tumours in central Sweden. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14:563-9.
101. Karipidis KK, Benke G, Sim MR, et al. Occupational exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and risk of glioma. Occup Med (Lond) 2007;57:518-24.
102. Berg G, Spallek J, Schuz J, et al. Occupational exposure to radio frequency/microwave radiation and the risk of brain tumors: Interphone Study Group, Germany. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:538-48.
103. Karipidis KK, Benke G, Sim MR, et al. Occupational exposure to low frequency magnetic fields and the risk of low grade and high grade glioma. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:305-13.
104. Tynes T, Jynge H, Vistnes AI. Leukemia and brain tumors in Norwegian railway workers, a nested case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:645-53.
105. Theriault G, Goldberg M, Miller AB, et al. Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France: 1970-1989. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:550-72.
106. Floderus B, Persson T, Stenlund C, et al. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in relation to leukemia and brain tumors: a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4:465-76.
107. Wrensch M, Miike R, Lee M, Neuhaus J. Are prior head injuries or diagnostic X-rays associated with glioma in adults? The effects of control selection bias. Neuroepidemiology 2000;19:234-44.
108. Savitz DA, Loomis DP. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:123-34.
109. Wrensch M, Yost M, Miike R, et al. Adult glioma in relation to residential power frequency electromagnetic field exposures in the San Francisco Bay area. Epidemiology 1999;10:523-7.
110. Klaeboe L, Blaasaas KG, Haldorsen T, Tynes T. Residential and occupational exposure to 50-Hz magnetic fields and brain tumours in Norway: a population-based study. Int J Cancer 2005;115:137-41.
111. Sahl JD, Kelsh MA, Greenland S. Cohort and nested case-control studies of hematopoietic cancers and brain cancer among electric utility workers. Epidemiology 1993;4:104-14.
112. Roosli M, Lortscher M, Egger M, et al. Leukaemia, brain tumours and exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields: cohort study of Swiss railway employees. Occup Environ Med 2007;64:553-9.
113. Juutilainen J, Laara E, Pukkala E. Incidence of leukaemia and brain tumours in Finnish workers exposed to ELF magnetic fields. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1990;62:289-93.
114. Baris D, Armstrong BG, Deadman J, Theriault G. A mortality study of electrical utility workers in Quebec. Occup Environ Med 1996;53:25-31.
115. Sorahan T, Nichols L, van Tongeren M, Harrington JM. Occupational exposure to magnetic fields relative to mortality from brain tumours: updated and revised findings from a study of United Kingdom electricity generation and transmission workers, 1973-97. Occup Environ Med 2001;58:626-30.
116. Groves FD, Page WF, Gridley G, et al. Cancer in Korean war navy technicians: mortality survey after 40 years. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:810-8.
117. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Soderqvist F, et al. Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for > or =10 years. Occup Environ Med 2007;64:626-32.
118. Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M. Case-control study on the use of cellular and cordless phones and the risk for malignant brain tumours. Int J Radiat Biol 2002;78:931-6.
119. Hardell L, Hallquist A, Mild KH, et al. Cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumours. Eur J Cancer Prev 2002;11:377-86.
120. Johansen C, Boice J, Jr., McLaughlin J, Olsen J. Cellular telephones and cancer--a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:203-7.
121. Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:526-35.
122. Schuz J, Bohler E, Schlehofer B, et al. Radiofre-quency electromagnetic fields emitted from base stations of DECT cordless phones and the risk of glioma and meningioma (Interphone Study Group, Germany). Radiat Res 2006;166:116-9.
123. Schuz J, Bohler E, Berg G, et al. Cellular phones, cordless phones, and the risks of glioma and men-ingioma (Interphone Study Group, Germany). Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:512-20.
124. Schuz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, et al. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:1707-13.
125. Christensen HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, et al. Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors: a population-based, incident case-control study. Neurology 2005;64:1189-95.
126. Cocco P, Dosemeci M, Heineman EF. Brain cancer and occupational exposure to lead. J Occup Environ Med 1998;40:937-42.
127. Navas-Acien A, Pollan M, Gustavsson P, Plato N. Occupation, exposure to chemicals and risk of gli-omas and meningiomas in Sweden. Am J Ind Med 2002;42:214-27.
128. Anttila A, Heikkila P, Nykyri E, et al. Risk of nervous system cancer among workers exposed to lead. J Occup Environ Med 1996;38:131-6.
129. van Wijngaarden E, Dosemeci M. Brain cancer mortality and potential occupational exposure to lead: findings from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979-1989. Int J Cancer 2006;119:1136-44.
130. Wesseling C, Pukkala E, Neuvonen K, et al. Cancer of the brain and nervous system and occupational exposures in Finnish women. J Occup Environ Med 2002;44:663-8.
131. Samanic CM, De Roos AJ, Stewart PA, et al. Occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of adult brain tumors. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:976-85.
132. Lee WJ, Colt JS, Heineman EF, et al. Agricultural pesticide use and risk of glioma in Nebraska, United States. Occup Environ Med 2005;62:786-92.
133. Musicco M, Sant M, Molinari S, et al. A case-control study of brain gliomas and occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens: the risk to farmers. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:778-85.
134. Daly L, Herity B, Bourke GJ. An investigation of brain tumours and other malignancies in an agricultural research institute. Occup Environ Med 1994;51:295-8.
135. Morantz RA, Neuberger JS, Baker LH, et al. Epi-demiological findings in a brain-tumor cluster in western Missouri. J Neurosurg 1985;62:856-60.
136. Musicco M, Filippini G, Bordo BM, et al. Gliomas and occupational exposure to carcinogens: case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:782-90.
137. Creagan ET, Fraumeni JF, Jr. Cancer mortality among American Indians, 1950-67. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972;49:959-67.
138. Smith-Rooker JL, Garrett A, Hodges LC, Shue V. Prevalence of glioblastoma multiforme subjects with prior herbicide exposure. J Neurosci Nurs 1992;24:260-4.
139. Provost D, Cantagrel A, Lebailly P, et al. Brain tumours and exposure to pesticides: a case-control study in southwestern France. Occup Environ Med 2007;64:509-14.
140. Carreon T, Butler MA, Ruder AM, et al. Gliomas and farm pesticide exposure in women: the Upper Midwest Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:546-51.
141. Ruder AM, Waters MA, Carreon T, et al. The Upper Midwest Health Study: a case-control study of primary intracranial gliomas in farm and rural residents. J Agric Saf Health 2006;12:255-74.
142. Ruder AM, Waters MA, Butler MA, et al. Gliomas and farm pesticide exposure in men: the upper midwest health study. Arch Environ Health 2004;59:650-7.
143. Menegoz F, Little J, Colonna M, et al. Contacts with animals and humans as risk factors for adult brain tumours. An international case-control study. Eur J Cancer 2002;38:696-704.
144. Cerhan JR, Cantor KP, Williamson K, et al. Cancer mortality among Iowa farmers: recent results, time trends, and lifestyle factors (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998;9:311-9.
145. Lee E, Burnett CA, Lalich N, et al. Proportionate mortality of crop and livestock farmers in the United States, 1984-1993. Am J Ind Med 2002;42:410-20.
146. Spinelli V, Chinot O, Cabaniols C, al. e. Occupational and environmental risk factors for brain cancer: A pilot case-control study in France. Presse Medicale 2010;39:35-44.
147. Williams A, Jalaludin B. Cancer incidence and mortality around a hazardous waste depot. Aust N Z J Public Health 1998;22:342-6.
148. Jarup L, Briggs D, de Hoogh C, et al. Cancer risks in populations living near landfill sites in Great Britain. Br J Cancer 2002;86:1732-6.
149. Liu CC, Chen CC, Wu TN, Yang CY. Association of brain cancer with residential exposure to petrochemical air pollution in Taiwan. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2008;71:310-4.
150. Lim U, Subar AF, Mouw T, et al. Consumption of aspartame-containing beverages and incidence of hematopoietic and brain malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1654-9.
151. Yu CL, Wang SF, Pan PC, et al. No association between residential exposure to petrochemicals and brain tumor risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:3007-9.
152. Neuberger JS, Ward-Smith P, Morantz RA, et al. Brain cancer in a residential area bordering on an oil refinery. Neuroepidemiology 2003;22:46-56.
153. McKean-Cowdin R, Calle EE, Peters JM, et al. Ambient air pollution and brain cancer mortality. Cancer Causes Control 2009;20:1645-51.
154. Inskip PD, Tarone RE, Hatch EE, et al. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. N Engl J Med 2001;344:79-86.
155. Connelly JM, Malkin MG. Environmental risk factors of brain cancers. Current Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007;7:208-14.
156. Berleur MP, Cordier S. The role of chemical, physical, or viral exposures and health factors in neurocarcinogenesis: implications for epidemio-logic studies of brain tumors. Cancer Causes Control 1995;6:240-56.
157. Davis FG, McCarthy BJ. Epidemiology of brain tumors. Curr Opin Neurol 2000;13:635-40.
158. Davis FG, McCarthy B, Jukich P. The descriptive epidemiology of brain tumors. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1999;9:581-94.
159. Bondy ML, Wang LE, El-Zein R, et al. Gamma-radiation sensitivity and risk of glioma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:1553-7.
160. Gu J, Liu Y, Kyritsis AP, Bondy ML. Molecular epidemiology of primary brain tumors. Neurothera-peutics 2009;6:427-35.
161. Schwartzbaum JA, Fisher JL, Aldape KD, Wrensch M. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of glioma. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006;2:494-503; quiz 1 p following 16.
162. Lai R, Crevier L, Thabane L. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases and the risk of adult brain tumors: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:1784-90.
163. Cocco P, Heineman EF, Dosemeci M. Occupational risk factors for cancer of the central nervous system (CNS) among US women. Am J Ind Med 1999;36:70-4.
164. Schreinemachers DM. Cancer mortality in four northern wheat-producing states. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:873-81.
165. Divine BJ, Hartman CM. Update of a study of crude oil production workers 1946-94. Occup Environ Med 2000;57:411-7.
166. Wong O, Raabe GK. A critical review of cancer epidemiology in the petroleum industry, with a meta-analysis of a combined database of more than 350,000 workers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2000;32:78-98.
167. Savitz DA, Cai J, van Wijngaarden E, et al. Case-cohort analysis of brain cancer and leukemia in electric utility workers using a refined magnetic field job-exposure matrix. Am J Ind Med 2000;38:417-25.
168. Johansen C, Olsen JH. [Risk of cancer among Danish electricity workers. A cohort study]. Ugeskr Laeger 1999;161:2079-85.
169. Davis S, Kaune WT, Mirick DK, et al. Residential magnetic fields, light-at-night, and nocturnal urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentration in women. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:591-600.
170. Socie G, Curtis RE, Deeg HJ, et al. New malignant diseases after allogeneic marrow transplantation for childhood acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:348-57.
171. Preston-Martin S, Mack W. Neoplasms and the nervous system. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996: 1231-81.
172. Shintani T, Hayakawa N, Hoshi M, et al. High incidence of meningioma among Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1999;40:49-57.
173. Alexander V, DiMarco JH. Reappraisal of brain tumor risk among U.S. nuclear workers: a 10-year review. Occup Med 2001;16:289-315.
174. Mundt KA, Dell LD, Austin RP, et al. Historical cohort study of 10 109 men in the North American vinyl chloride industry, 1942-72: update of cancer mortality to 31 December 1995. Occup Environ Med 2000;57:774-81.
175. Lewis R. Use of rank-order analysis of ordinal exposure data: Application to vinyl chloride exposure. Appl Occu Environ Hyg 2001;16:188-91.
176. Preston-Martin S, Pogoda JM, Schlehofer B, et al. An international case-control study of adult glioma and meningioma: the role of head trauma. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:579-86.
177. Blair A, Saracci R, Stewart PA, et al. Epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 1990;16:381-93.
178. Rachet B, Partanen T, Kauppinen T, Sasco AJ. Cancer risk in laboratory workers: an emphasis on biological research. Am J Ind Med 2000;38:651-65.
179. Burnett C, Robinson C, Walker J. Cancer mortality in health and science technicians. Am J Ind Med 1999;36:155-8.
180. Zheng T, Cantor K P, Zhang Y, et al. Occupational risk factors for brain cancer: a population-based case-control study in Iowa. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:317-24.
181. Hu J, Little J, Xu T, et al. Risk factors for meningi-oma in adults: a case-control study in northeast China. Int J Cancer 1999;83:299-304.
182. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, et al. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surg Neurol 2009;72:205-14; discussion 14-5.
183. Lahkola A, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries. Int J Cancer 2007;120:1769-75.
184. Krewski D, Glickman BW, Habash RW, et al. Recent advances in research on radiofrequency fields and health: 2001-2003. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2007;10:287-318.
185. Eberhardt JL, Persson BR, Brun AE, et al. Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Electromagn Biol Med 2008;27:215-29.
186. Salford LG, Brun AE, Eberhardt JL, et al. Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:881-3; discussion A408.
187. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. JAMA 2000;284:3001-7.
188. Hardell L, Nasman A, Pahlson A, et al. Use of cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumours: A case-control study. Int J Oncol 1999;15:113-6.
189. Kundi M. The controversy about a possible relationship between mobile phone use and cancer. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117:316-24.