Accelerated weathering testing principles to estimate the service life of organic PV modules

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 95, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1284-1292

  Haillant, Olivier ^a  

^a Atlas Material Testing Technology GmbH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Accelerated weathering; Durability; OPV; Photo ageing; Service life

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATED AGING; ACCELERATED TESTING; ACCELERATED WEATHERING; BASIC PRINCIPLES; END-USES; INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS; LONG TERM STABILITY; OPV; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; PHOTO-AGEING; POLYMER-BASED MATERIALS; PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE; PV MODULES; TEST PROGRAM; TESTING PROCEDURE; TIME-TO-MARKET;

DURABILITY; ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE; ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY; ESTIMATION; FAILURE ANALYSIS; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT; SERVICE LIFE; SOIL MECHANICS;

WEATHERING;

EID: 79953705962     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.033     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. R.S. Claasen, and B.L. Butler Introduction to solar materials science L.E. Murr, Solar Materials Science 1980 Academic Press New York 3 51
2. A.W. Czanderna, G.J. Jorgensen, Accelerated life testing and service lifetime prediction for PV technologies in the twenty-first century, Presented at Photovoltaics for the 21st Century Seattle, Washington, May 4, 2009, NREL/CP-520-26710, pp. 5767.
3. A. Riedl Life in fast forward PV Mag. July 2010 64 69
4. M. Vasquez, and I. Rey-Stolle Photovoltaic module reliability model based on field degradation studies Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 16 2008 419 433
5. OPERA project, WP5 Report, Collection of ongoing international standardization activities in the area of OLAE: 〈 http://opera-project.eu/ uploads/ WP5%20Collection%20of%20ongoing%20international%20standardization%20activities %20in%20the%20area%20of%20OLAE.pdf 〉 (accessed 16.08.2010; 14pp).
6. G.E. Hobbs HALT and HASS overview: the new quality and reliability paradigm K.B. Misra, Handbook of performability engineering 2008 Springer 563
7. T. Sample, A. Skoczek, E.D. Dunlop, H.A. Ossenbrink, Data analysis of electrical performance measurements from 15 years of module qualification tests, in: Proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on PV Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, 2006, pp. 20422045
8. E.-U. Reisner, G. Stollwerk, H. Peerlings, F. Shafiq, Humidity in a solar module - horror vision or negligible?, in: Proceedings of the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden, Germany, 2006; pp. 20582060.
9. T. Sample, A. Skoczek, M. Field, M. Köhl, D. Geyer, W. Hermann, Accelerated ageing of seven different thin-film module types by sequential exposure to damp heat or damp heat with either additional applied voltage or ultraviolet light, in: Proceedings of the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference; 2009, pp. 32413247.
10. J.H. Wohlgemuth, D.W. Cunningham, D. Amin, J. Shaner, Z. Xia, J. Miller, Using accelerated tests and field data to predict module reliability and lifetime, in: Proceedings of the 23rd EU PVSEC, Valencia, Spain, 2008, pp. 26632669.
11. C.R. Osterwald, and T.J. McMahon History of accelerated and qualification testing of terrestrial photovoltaic modules: a literature review Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 17 2009 11 33
12. M. Koehl, M. Heck, D. Philipp, K.-A. Weiss, C. Ferrara, and W. Herrmann Indoor and outdoor weathering of PV-modules Proc. SPIE 7048 2008 704806 (pp. 18)
13. J.A. Hauch, P. Schilinsky, S.A. Choulis, R. Childers, M. Biele, and C.J. Brabec Flexible organic P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction modules with more than 1 year outdoor lifetime Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 2008 727 731
14. S. Schuller, P. Schilinsky, J. Hauch, and C.J. Brabec Determination of the degradation constant of bulk heterojunction solar cells by accelerated lifetime measurements Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 79 2004 37 40
15. R. De Bettignies, J. Leroy, M. Firon, and C. Sentein Accelerated lifetime measurements of P3HT:PCBM solar cells Synth. Met. 156 2006 510 513
16. S.A. Gevorgyan, M. Jørgensen, and F.C. Krebs A setup for studying stability and degradation of polymer solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 2008 736 745
17. M.O. Reese, A.J. Morfa, M.S. White, N. Kopidakis, S.E. Shaheen, G. Rumbles, and D.S. Ginley Pathways for the degradation of organic photovoltaic P3HT:PCBM based devices Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90 2008 746 752
18. F.C. Krebs, J. Alstrup, H. Spangaard, K. Larsen, and E. Kold Production of large-area polymer solar cells by industrial silk screen printing, lifetime considerations and lamination with polyethyleneterephthalate Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 83 2004 293 300
19. ISO, Plastics methods of exposure to laboratory light sources part 1 general guidance, DIS 4892-1:2008-12, Paragraph 4.2.4.
20. W. Ketola, How long do I have to run my accelerated test?, presented at the Sixth International Automotive Weathering Technology Symposium, Dearborn, MI, USA, October 30, 2007, pp. 143.
21. J.E. Pickett, D.A. Gibson, and M.M. Gardner Effects of irradiation conditions on the weathering of engineering thermoplastics Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 2008 1597 1606
22. A. Rivaton, S. Chambon, M. Manceau, J.-L. Gardette, N. Lemaître, and S. Guillerez Light-induced degradation of the active layer of polymer-based solar cells Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 2010 278 284
23. M. Manceau, S. Chambon, A. Rivaton, J.-L. Gardette, S. Guillerez, and N. Lemaître Effects of long-term UVvisible light irradiation in the absence of oxygen on P3HT and P3HT:PCBM blend Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 2010 1572 1577
24. 2 atmosphere: a powerful tool to elucidate the mechanism of UVvisible light oxidation of polymers - application to the photodegradation of MDMO-PPV Polymer 49 2008 3288 3294
25. O. Haillant, Polymer weathering: a mix of empiricism and science, SunSpots, 76 (2006) 1-10, available at 〈 http://www.atlas-mts.com/sunspots/ vol36issue76.pdf 〉 (accessed 16.08.2010).
26. J.E. Pickett, D.A. Gibson, S.T. Rice, and M.M. Gardner Effects of temperature on the weathering of engineering thermoplastics Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 2008 684 691
27. S. Kurtz, D. Miller, M. Kempe, N. Bosco, K. Whitefield, J. Wohlgemuth, N. Dhere, T. Zgonena, Evaluation of high-temperature exposure of photovoltaic modules, Presented at the 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 712, 2009.
28. D.Y. Perera, T. Nguyen, Hygroscopic stress and failure of coating/metal systems, in: Proceedings of the Eurocoat Congress, September 1996, Italy, pp. 1-17
29. 〈 http://www.atlas-mts.com/en/services/photovoltaic-testing- services/atlas-25plus/index.shtml 〉 (accessed 16.08.2010).
30. O. Haillant, and J. Lemaire Natural and artificial photo-aging of non-stabilized and pigmented, hindered-amine stabilized propylene-ethylene copolymers Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91 2006 2748 2760 (Pubitemid 44331393)
31. ASTM G15406, Standard practice for operating fluorescent light apparatus for UV exposure of nonmetallic materials, Section X1.2.2, 2006, p. 7.
32. J. Lemaire Predicting polymer durability Chemtech October 1996 42 47 (Pubitemid 126494249)
33. M. Jørgensen, K. Norrman, and F.C. Krebs Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 2008 686 714
34. For a general review on reliability concerns associated with PV technologies, see 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/pv/performance-reliability/pdfs/ failure-references.pdf 〉 (accessed 16.08.2010).
35. M. Manceau, A. Rivaton, J.-L. Gardette, S. Guillerez, and N. Lemaître The mechanism of photo- and thermooxidation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) reconsidered Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94 2009 898 907
36. ISO/DIS 10640, Plastics - method of assessing accelerated photoageing by FTIR and UV/visible spectrometry, 2010.
37. K. Norrman, N.B. Larsen, and F.C. Krebs Lifetimes of organic photovoltaics: combining chemical and physical characterisation techniques to study degradation mechanisms Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90 2006 2793 2814 (Pubitemid 44233217)
38. M. Hoeflaak, B. De Ruiter, and J.H. Maas Calibrating the climate. II: correlations between different weathering tests Eur. Coat. J. 3 2006 30 35
39. J.A. Simms The acceleration shift factor and its use in evaluating weathering data Coat. Technol. 59 1987 45 53
40. J.E. Pickett, M.M. Gardner, D.A. Gibson, and S.T. Rice Global weathering of aromatic engineering thermoplastics Polym. Degrad. Stab. 90 2005 405 417 (Pubitemid 41376405)
41. ASTM G11309, Standard terminology relating to natural and artificial weathering tests of nonmetallic materials, 2009, p. 3.
42. F.C. Krebs A round robin study of flexible large-area roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cell modules Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2009 1968 1977
43. ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - part 2: basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method, 1994.
44. J.E. Pickett, and J.R. Sargent Sample temperatures during outdoor and laboratory weathering exposures Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94 2009 189 195
45. A. Schoenlein, O. Haillant, S. Senff, Surface temperatures of colour painted samples in natural and artificial weathering with different laboratory light sources for optimized testing and investigations, in natural and artificial ageing of polymers, in: T. Reichert (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth European Weathering Symposium, September 1618, 2009, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 47-59.