Nitrosamines and water

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volumn 189, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 1-18

  Nawrocki, Jacek ^a   Andrzejewski, Przemysław ^a  

^a ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

Author keywords

Disinfection by products; Drinking water; NDMA; NDMA precursors; Nitrosamine; Wastewater

Indexed keywords

CHLORAMINATION; DIMETHYLAMINES; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT; DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS; DRINKING WATER; N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE; NDMA; NDMA PRECURSORS; TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS; UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE; WATER TECHNOLOGIES;

AMINATION; DISINFECTION; WASTEWATER; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

POTABLE WATER;

CHLORINE; DIMETHYLAMINE; DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE; DRINKING WATER; NITROSAMINE; OXIDIZING AGENT;

DISINFECTION; DRINKING WATER; PHOTOLYSIS; WASTEWATER; WATER TECHNOLOGY;

DISINFECTION; OXIDATION; PHOTOLYSIS; REVIEW; TECHNOLOGY; WASTE COMPONENT REMOVAL; WASTE WATER; WATER CONTAMINATION;

DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE; HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; NITROSAMINES; WATER; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 79953685158     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Mitch W.A., Sharp J.O., Trussell R.R., Valentine R.L., Alvarez-Cohen L., Sedlak D.L. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a drinking water contaminant: a review. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2003, 20:389-404.
2. Kimoto W.I., Dooley C.J., Carre J., Fiddler W. Role of strong ion exchange resins in nitrosamine formation in water. Water Res. 1980, 14:869-876.
3. Fiddler W., Pensabene J.W., Doerr R.C., Dooley C.J. The presence of dimethyl- and diethyl-nitrosamines in deionized water. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1977, 15:441-443.
4. Gough T.A., Webb K.S., McPhail M.F. Volatile nitrosamines from ion exchange resins. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1977, 15:437-440.
5. Nicholson B. NDMA-an emerging issue for the water industry. Water 2006, 33(6):46-51.
6. Krasner S.W. The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 2009, 367:4077-4095.
7. Richardson S.D. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81:4645-4677.
8. Richardson S.D. Environmental mass spectrometry: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82:4742-4774.
9. Walse S.S., Mitch W.A. Nitrosamine carcinogens also swim in chlorinated pools. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:1032-1037.
10. Jurado-Sánchez B., Ballesteros E., Gallego M. Screening of N-nitrosamines in tap and swimming pool waters using fast gas chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 2010, 33:610-616.
11. Muellner M.G., Wagner E.D., McCalla K., Richardson S.D., Woo Y.-T., Plewa M.J. Haloacetonitriles vs. regulated haloacetic acids: are nitrogen-containing DBPs more toxic?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:645-651.
12. Wang L.-S., Hu H.-Y., Wang C. Effect of ammonia nitrogen and dissolved organic matter fractions on the genotoxicity of wastewater effluent during chlorine disinfection. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:160-165.
13. California Department of Public Health, last accessed: June 29, 2010. http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents/Notificationlevel s/NotificationLevels.pdf.
14. Ministry of Environment, Ontario, Canada, last accessed: June 29, 2010. http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/envision/gp/4449e.pdf.
15. Drinking Water Inspectorate, Guidance on the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000 specific to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) concentrations in drinking water.
16. Planas C., Palacios Ó., Ventura F., Rivera J., Caixach J. Analysis of nitrosamines in water by automated SPE and isotope dilution GC/HRMS. Occurrence in the different steps of a drinking water treatment plant, and in chlorinated samples from a reservoir and a sewage treatment plant effluent. Talanta 2008, 76:906-913.
17. Barnes J.M., Magee P.N. Some toxic properties of dimethylnitrosamine. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1954, 11:167-174.
18. Charrois J.W.A., Boyd J.M., Froese K.L., Hrudey S.E. Occurence of N-nitrosoamines in Alberta public drinking-water distribution systems. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2007, 6:103-114.
19. Zhao Y.-Y., Boyd J., Hrudey S.E., Li X.-F. Characterization of new nitrosamines in drinking water using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(24):7636-7641.
20. Zhou W.-J., Boyd J.M., Qin F., Hrudey S.E., Li X.-F. Formation of N-nitrosodiphenylamine and two new N-containing disinfection byproducts from chlorination of water containing diphenylamine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 43:8443-8448.
21. US EPA, last accessed: June 29, 2010. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceLi st%26list_type=alpha%26view=N.
22. Ventanas S., Ruiz J. On-site analysis of volatile nitrosamines in food model system by solid-phase microextraction coupled a direct extraction device. Talanta 2006, 70:1017-1023.
23. Wilczak A., Assadi-Rad A., Lai H.H., Hoover L.L., Smith J.F., Berger R., Rodigari F., Beland J.W., Lazzelle L.J., Kincannon E.G., Baker H., Heany C.T. Formation of NDMA in chloraminated water coagulated with DAMAC cationic polymer. JAWWA 2003, 95(9):94-106.
24. Charrois J.W.A., Hrudey S.E. Breakpoint chlorination and free-chlorine contact time: implications for drinking water N-nitrosodimethylamine concentrations. Water Res. 2007, 41(3):674-682.
25. Barrett S., Hwang C., Guo Y., Andrews S.A., Valentine R. Occurrence of NDMA in drinking water: a North American survey, 2001-2002. AWWA Annual Conference, Anaheim, CA 2003, AWWA, Denver, CO, USA.
26. Komarova N.V., Velicanov: A.A. Determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in food by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 2001, 56(4):359-363.
27. Cárdenes L., Ayala J.H., González V., Afonso: A.M. Fast microwave-assisted dansylation of N-nitrosamines. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 946:133-140.
28. Perez-Ruiz T., Martinez-Lozano C., Tomas V., Mart J. Automated solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nitrosamines using post-column photolysis and tris(2,2″-bipiridyl) ruthenium(III) chemiluminescence. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1077:49-56.
29. Noffsinger J.B., Danielson N.D. Generation of chemiluminescence upon reaction of aliphatic amines with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium (III). Anal. Chem. 1987, 59:865-868.
30. Tomkins B.A., Griest W.H.C.E., Higgins C.E. Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine at part-per-trillion concentrations in contaminated groundwaters and drinking waters featuring carbo-based membrane extraction disks. Anal Chem. 1995, 67:4387-4395.
31. Tomkins B.A., Griest: W.H. Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine at part-per-trillion concentrations in contaminated groundwaters and drinking waters featuring carbo-based membrane extraction disks. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68:2533-2540.
32. Charrois J.W.A., Arend M.W., Froese K.L., Hrudey S.E. Detecting N-nitrosamines in drinking water at nanogram per liter levels using ammonia positive chemical ionization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(18):4835-4841.
33. Krauss M., Hollender: J. Analysis of nitrosamines in wastewater: exploring the trace level quantification capabilities of a hybrid linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80:834-842.
34. Cheng R.C., Hwang C.J., Andrews -Tate C., Yingbo G., Carr S., Suffet I.H. Alternative methods for the analysis of NDMA and other nitrosamines in water. JAWWA 2006, 98(12):82-96.
35. Munch J.W., Bassett M.V. Method development for the analysis of N-nitrosodimethylamine and other N-nitrosamines in drinking water at low nanogram/liter concentrations using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 2006, 89(2):486-497.
36. Grebel J.E., Young C.C., Suffet I.H. Solid-phase microextraction of N-nitrosamines. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1117:11-18.
37. Jenkins S.W., Koester C.J., Taguchi V.Y., Wang D.T., Palmentier J.P., Hong: K.P. N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water using a rapid, solid-phase extraction method. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1995, 2(4):207-210.
38. Padhye L., Wang P., Karanfil T., Huang C.-H. Unexpected role of activated carbon in promoting transformation of secondary amines to N-nitrosamines. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:4161-4168.
39. Zhao Y.-Y., Boyd J.M., Woodbeck M., Andrews R.C., Qin F., Hrudey S.E., Li X.-F. Formation of N-nitrosamines from eleven disinfection treatments of seven different surface waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:4857-4862.
40. California Department of Public Health (last accessed: June 29, 2010). http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents/NDMA/NDMAstudies. pdf.
41. Andrzejewski P., Kasprzyk-Hordern B., Nawrocki J. The hazard of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during water disinfection with strong oxidants. Desalination 2005, 176:37-45.
42. Asami M., Oya M., Kosaka K. A nationwide survey of NDMA in raw and drinking water in Japan. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:3540-3545.
43. Krauss M., Longrée P., Dorusch F., Ort C., Hollender J. Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants. Water Res. 2009, 43:4381-4391.
44. Levallois P., Ayotte P., van Maanen J.M.S., Desrosierst T., Gingras S., Dallinga J.W., Vermeer I.T.M., Zee J., Poirier G. Excretion of volatile nitrosamines in a rural population in relation to food and drinking water consumption. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 2000, 38:1013-1019.
45. Padhye L., Tezel U., Mitch W.A., Pavlostatis S.G., Huang C.-H. Occurrence and fate of nitrosamines and their precursors in municipal sludge and anaerobic digestion systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:3087-3093.
46. Krasner S.W., Westerhoff P., Chen B., Rittmann B.E., Amy G. Occurrence of disinfection byproducts in United States wastewater treatment plant effluents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:8320-8325.
47. Zhou Q., McCraven S., Garcia J., Gasca M., Johnson T.A., Motzer W.E. Field evidence of biodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in groundwater with incidental and active recycled water recharge. Water Res. 2009, 43(3):793-805.
48. Sedlak D.L., Deeb R.A., Hawley E.L., Mitch W.A., Durbin T.D., Mowbray S., Carr S. Sources and fate of nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in municipal water treatment plants. Water Environ. Res. 2005, 77(1):32-39.
49. Pehlivanoglu-Mantas E., Hawley E.L., Deeb R.A., Sedlak D.L. Formation of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during chlorine disinfection of wastewater effluents prior to use in irrygation systems. Water Res. 2006, 40:341-347.
50. Pehlivanoglu-Mantas E., Sedlak D.L. The fate of the wastewater-derived NDMA precursors in the aquatic environment. Water Res. 2006, 40:1287-1293.
51. Chen B., Westerhoff P., Krasner S.W. Fate and Tranport of wastewater derived disinfection by-products in surface waters. Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water; Occurence, Formation, Health Effect and Control, ACS Symposium Series 2008, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, (Chapter 18).
52. Chen Z., Valentine R.L. Modeling the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine from the reaction of natural organic matter (NOM) with monochloramine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:7290-7297.
53. Gerecke A.C., Sedlak D.L. Precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine in natural waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:1331-1336.
54. Lee C., Yoon J., von Gunten U. Oxidative degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by conventional and the advanced oxidation process ozone/hydrogen peroxide. Water Res. 2007, 41:581-590.
55. Najm I., Trussell R.R. NDMA formation in water and wastewater. JAWWA 2001, 93(2):92-99.
56. Sacher F., Lenz S., Brauch H.-J. Analysis of primary and secondary aliphatic amines in waste water and surface water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene or benzenosulfonyl chloride. J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 764:85-93.
57. Cai L., Zhao Y., Gong S., Dong L., Wu C. Use of a novel sol-gel dibenzo-18-crown-6 solid-phase microextraction fiber and a new derivatizing reagent for determination of aliphatic amines in lake water and human urine. Chromatographia 2003, 58:615-621.
58. Zhao Y.-Y., Cai L.-S., Jing Z.-Z., Wang H., Yu J.-X., Zhang H.-S. Determination of aliphatic amines using N-succinimidyl benzoate as a new derivatization reagent in gas chromatography combined with solid-phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1021:175-181.
59. Ábalos M., Bayona J.M., Ventura F. Development of a solid-phase microextraction GC-NPD procedure for the determination of free volatile amines in wastewater and sewage-polluted waters. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71:3531-3537.
60. Boethling R.S., Alexander M. Microbial degradation of organic compounds at trace levels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1979, 13(8):989-991.
61. Chen Z., Valentine R.L. Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from humic substances in natural water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:6059-6065.
62. Lee W., Westerhoff P., Croue J.-P. Dissolved organic nitrogen as a precursor for chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and trichloronitromethane. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41(15):5485-5490.
63. Mitch W.A., Sedlak D.L. Characterization and fate of N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(5):1445-1454.
64. Schreiber I.M., Mitch W.A. Occurrence and fate of nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors in wastewater-impacted surface waters with boron as a conservative tracer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:3203-3210.
65. Barker D.J., Stuckey D.C. A review of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater treatment systems. Water Sci. Technol. 1999, 33(14):3063.
66. Krasner S.W., Mitch W., Westerhoff P., Dotson A. Occurrence of emerging DBPs in wastewater or algal impacted drinking waters. American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conference 2008.
67. Krasner S.W., Prescot M., Garcia E.A., Dale M.S., Labernik S.M., Yun T. Factors affecting the formation of NDMA. American Water Works Association Annual Conference and Exhibition 2009.
68. Lee W., Westerhoff P., Esparza-Soto M. Occurrence and removal of dissolved organic nitrogen in US water treatment plants. JAWWA 2006, 98(10):102-110.
69. Hua B., Veum K., Koirala A., Jones J., Clevenger T., Deng B. Fluorescence fingerprints to monitor total trihalomethanes and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potentials in water. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2007, 5:73-77.
70. Krasner S.W., Garcia E.A., Dale M.S., Labernik S.M., Yun T.I. Source and removal of NDMA precursors. American Water Works Association Annual Conference and Exhibition 2008.
71. Pehlivanoglu-Mantas E., Sedlak D.L. Wastewater-derived dissolved organic nitrogen: analytical methods. Characterization and effects-a review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 36:261-285.
72. Plewa M.J., Wagner E.D., Jazwierska P., Richardson S.D., Chen P.H., McKague A.B. Halonitromethane drinking water disinfection byproducts: chemical characterization and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:62-68.
73. Yang X., Shang Ch., Westerhoff: P. Factors affecting formation of haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloropicrin and cyanogen halides during chloramination. Water Res. 2007, 41:1193-1200.
74. Sharp J.H., Rinker K.R., Savidge K.B., Abell J., Benaim J.Y., Bronk D., Burdige D.J., Cauwet G., Chen W., Doval M.D., Hansell D., Hopkinson C., Kattner G., Kaumeyer N., McGlathery K.J., Merriam J., Morley N., Nagel K., Ogawa H., Pollard C., Pujo-Pay M., Raimbault P., Sambrotto R., Seitzinger S., Spyres G., Tirendi F., Walsh T.W., Wong C.S. A preliminary methods comparison for measurement of dissolved organic nitrogen in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2002, 78:171-184.
75. Lee W., Westerhoff P. Dissolved organic nitrogen measurement using dialysis pretreatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:879-884.
76. Kemper J., Westerhoff P., Dotson A., Mitch W.A. Nitrosamine, dimethylnitramine, and chloropicrin formation during strong base anion-exchange treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:466-472.
77. Kohut K.D., Andrews S.A. Polyelectrolyte age and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation in drinking water. Water Qual. Res. J. Can. 2003, 38(4):719-735.
78. Park S.H., Wei S., Mizaikoff B., Taylor A.E., Favero C., Huang C.-H. Degradation of amine-based water treatment polymers during chloramination as N-nitrosodimethyloamine (NDMA) precursors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:1360-1366.
79. Park S.H., Piyachaturawat P., Taylor A.E., Huang: C.-H. Potential N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from amine-based water treatment polymers in the reactions with chlorine-based oxidants and nitrosifying agents. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2009, 9(3):279-288.
80. Kemper J., Walse S.S., Mitch W.A. Quaternary amines as nitrosamine precursors: a role for consumer products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:1224-1231.
81. Dotson A., Westerhoff P., Krasner S.W. Nitrogen enriched dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates and their affinity to form emerging disinfection by-products. Water Sci. Technol. 2009, 60(1):135-143.
82. Krasner S.W., Westerhoff P., Chen B., Rittmann B.E., Nam S.-N., Amy G. Impact of wastewater treatment processes on organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and DBP precursors in effluent organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:2911-2918.
83. Muñoz F., von Sonntag C. The reactions of ozone with tertiary amines including the complexing agents nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in aqueous solution. J. R. Soc. Chem. Perkin Trans. 2000, 2:2029-2033.
84. Mitch W., Schreiber M. Degradation of tertiary alkylamines during chlorination/chloramination: implications for formation of aldehydes, nitriles, halonitroalkanes, and nitrosamines. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42(13):4811-4817.
85. Chen W.-H., Young T.M. NDMA formation during chlorination and chloramination of aqueous diuron solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:1072-1077.
86. Chen W.-H., Young T.M. Influence of nitrogen source on NDMA formation during chlorination of diuron. Water Res. 2009, 43:3047-3056.
87. Schmidt C.K., Brauch: H.-J. N,N-dimethylsulfamide as precursor for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation upon ozonation and its fate during drinking water treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42(17):6340-6346.
88. Oya M., Kosaka K., Asami M., Kunikane S. Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by ozonation of dyes and related compounds. Chemosphere 2008, 73:1724-1730.
89. Andrzejewski P., Kasprzyk-Hordern B., Nawrocki J. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during ozonation of dimethylamine-containing waters. Water Res. 2008, 42:863-870.
90. Kosaka K., Asami M., Kono Y., Oya M., Kunikane S. Identification of antiyellowing agents as precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine on ozonation from sewage treatment plant influent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:5236-5524.
91. Krasner S.W., Mitch W., Westerhoff P., Dotson A. Control of N-DBP precursors: how does that compare to the control of THM precursors?. American Water Works Association Annual Conference and Exhibition 2008.
92. Lee W., Westerhoff: P. Dissolved organic nitrogen removal during water treatment by aluminium sulfate and cationic polymer coagulation. Water Res. 2006, 40:3767-3774.
93. Lee C., Schmidt C., Yoon J., von Gunten U. Oxidation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors with ozone and chlorine dioxide: kinetics and effect on NDMA formation potential. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:2056-2063.
94. Lee C., Lee Y., Schmidt C., Yoon J., von Gunten U. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI) kinetics and effect on NDMA formation potential of natural waters. Water Res. 2008, 42:433-441.
95. Andrzejewski P., Nawrocki: J. N-nitrosodimethylamine formation during treatment with strong oxidants of dimethylamine containing water. Water Sci. Technol. 2007, 56:125-131.
96. Andrzejewski P., Nawrocki J. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a product of potassium permanganate reaction with aqueous solutions of dimethylamine (DMA). Water Res. 2009, 43:1219-1228.
97. Krasner S.W., Sclimenti M.S., Lee C.F.T., Schramm J. Formation of nitrosamines in effluent -impacted drinking waters. Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water; Occurence, Formation, Health Effect and Control, ACS Symposium Series 2008, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, (Chapter 21). T. Karanfil, S.W.. Krasner, P. Westerhoff, Y. Xie (Eds.).
98. Williams D.L.H. Nitrosation Reaction and the Chemistry of Nitric Oxide 2004, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
99. Ohta T., Suzuki J., Iwano Y., Suzuki: S. Photochemical nitrosation of dimethylamine in aqueous solution containing nitrite. Chemosphere 1982, 11(8):797-801.
100. Keefer L.K., Roller P.P. N-nitrosation by nitrite ion in neutral and basic medium. Science 1976, 181:1245-1247.
101. Weerasooriya S.V.R., Dissanayake C.B. The enhanced formation of N-nitrosamines in fulvic acid mediated environment. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 1989, 25:57-62.
102. Lv C.L., Liu Y.D., Zhong R., Wang: Y. Theoretical studies on formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine. J. Mol. Struct. Theochem. 2007, 802:1-6.
103. Lv C.L., Liu Y.D., Zhong R. Theoretical investigation of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from dimethylamine nitrosation catalyzed by carbonyl compounds. J. Phys. Chem. US 2009, 113:713-718.
104. Mitch W.A., Sedlak D.L. Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from dimethylamine during chlorination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36:588-595.
105. Choi J., Valentine R.L. Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from reaction of monochloroamine: a new disinfection by-product. Water Res. 2002, 36:817-824.
106. Choi J., Valentine: R.L. A Kinetic model of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during water chlorination/chloramination. Water Sci. Technol. 2002, 46(3):65.
107. Choi J., Duirk S.E., Valentine R.L. Mechanistic studies of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in chlorinated drinking water. J. Environ. Monit. 2002, 4:249-252.
108. Mitch W.A., Gerecke A.C., Sedlak: D.L. A N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursor analysis for chlorination of water and wastewater. Water Res. 2003, 37:3733-3741.
109. Choi J., Valentine R.L. N-nitrosodimethylamine formation by free-chlorine-enhanced nitrosation of dimethylamine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:4871-4876.
110. Schreiber M., Mitch: W.A. Nitrosamine formation pathway revisited. The importance of chloramine speciation and dissolved oxygen. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:6007-6014.
111. Schreiber M., Mitch W.A. Influence of the order of reagent addition on NDMA formation during chloramination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(10):3811-3818.
112. Schreiber M., Mitch W.A. Enhanced nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation near the breakpoint: implications for nitrification control. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:7039-7046.
113. Yang L., Chen Z., Shen J., Xu Z., Liang H., Tian J., Ben Y., Zhai X., Shi W., Li G. Reinvestigation of the nitrosamine-formation mechanism during ozonation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:5481-5487.
114. Hollender J., Zimmermann S.G., Koepke S., Krauss M., McArdell C.S., Ort C., Singer H., von Gunten U., Siegriest H. Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:7862-7869.
115. Lee C., Yoon J. UV-A induced photochemical formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the presence of nitrite and dimethylamine. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2007, 189:128-134.
116. P. Andrzejewski, 2010, unpublished results.
117. Water Treatment Handbook 2007, Degremont, Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France. VIIth ed.
118. Xu B., Chen Z., Qi F., Shen J., Wu F. Factors influencing the photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China 2009, 3(1):91-97.
119. Lee C., Choi W., Kim Y.G., Yoon J. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(7):2101-2106.
120. Xu B., Chen Z., Qi F., Shen J., Wu F. Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water by UV/O3. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. 2009, 58(2):135-145.
121. Stefan M.L., Bolton J.R. UV direct photolysis of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA): kinetic and product study. Helv. Chim. Acta 2002, 85:1416-1426.
122. Xu B., Chen Z., Qi F., Ma J., Wu F. Rapid degradation of new disinfection by-products in drinking water by UV irradiation: N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N-nitrosopiperidine. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2009, 69:126-133.
123. Mezyk S.P., Cooper W.J., Madden K.P., Bartels D.M. Free radical destruction of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(11):3161-3167.
124. Landsman N.A., Swancutt K.L., Bradford C.N., Cox C.R., Kiddle J.J., Mezyk S.P. Free radical chemistry of advanced oxidation process removal of nitrosamines in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:5818-5823.
125. Xu B., Chen Z., Qi F., Shen J., Ma J., Wu F. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 168:108-114.
126. Xiao F. Comment on inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 168:108-114. (J. Hazard. Mater. 172 (2009) 518-519).
127. Xu B., Chen Z., Qi F., Shen J., Ma J., Wu F. Authors response to comments on: "Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation" by Xiao F. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 177(1-3):1167-1169.
128. Plumlee M.H., Reinhard M. Photochemical attenuation of N-nitrosodimethyloamine (NDMA) and other nitrosamines in surface water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:6170-6176.
129. Kim S., Choi W. Kinetics and Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of (CH3)nNH4-n (0
130. Lee C., Choi W., Yoon J. Photocatalytic degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine: mechanism, product distribution, and TiO2 surface modification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(17):6800-6807.
131. Lee C., Choi W., Yoon J. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: roles of dissolved oxygen and solution pH. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(24):9702-9709.
132. Liang S., Min J.H., Davis M.K., Green J.F., Remer D.S. Use of pulsed-UV processes to destroy NDMA. JAWWA 2003, 95(9):121-131.
133. Plumlee M.H., López-Mesas M., Heidlberger A., Ishida K.P., Reinhard M. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) removal by reverse osmosis and UV treatment and analysis via LC-MS/MS. Water Res. 2008, 42:347-355.
134. Steile-Darling E., Zedda M., Plumlee M.H., Ridgway H.E., Reinhard M. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitrosoalkylamines, including NDMA. Water Res. 2007, 41:3959-3967.
135. Patterson B.M., Shackleton M., Furness A.J., Pearce J., Descourvieres C., Linge K.L., Busetti F., Spadek T. Fate of nine recycled trace organic contaminants and metal(oid)s during managed aquifier recharge into an anaerobic aquifier: column studies. Water Res. 2010, 44:1471-1481.
136. Gunnison D., Zappi M.E., Teeter C., Pennington J.C., Bajpai R. Attenuation mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine at an operatioing intercept and treat groudwater remediation system. J. Hazard. Mater. 2000, B73:179-197.
137. Sharp J.O., Wood T.K., Alvarez-Cohen L. Aerobic biodegradatyion of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by axenic bacterial strains. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2005, 89(5):608-618.
138. Fournier D., Hawari J., Streger S.H., McKlay K., Hatzinger P.B. Biotransformation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by Pseudomonas mendocina KR1. Appl. Environ. Microb. 2006, 72(10):6693-6698.
139. Fournier D., Hawari J., Halasz A., Streger S.H., McKlay K.R., Masuda H., Hatzinger P.B. Aerobic biodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by propanothroph Rhodococus ruber ENV425. Appl. Environ. Microb. 2009, 75(15):5088-5093.
140. Sharp J.O., Sales C.M., LeBlanck J.C., Liu J., Wood T.K., Eltis L.D., Mohn W.A., Alvarez-Cohen L. An inducible propane monooxygenase is responsible for N-nitrosodimethylamine degradation by Rhodococus sp. RHA1. Appl. Environ. Microb. 2007, 73(21):6930-6938.
141. Chung J., Ahn C.-H., Chen Z., Rittmann: B.E. Bio-reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Chemosphere 2008, 70:516-520.
142. Yifru D.D., Nzengung V.A. Uptake of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from water by phreatophytes in the absence and presence of perchlorate as a co-contaminant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:7374-7380.
143. Yang W.C., Gan J., Liu W.P., Green R. Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in landscape soils. J. Environ. Qual. 2005, 34:336-341.
144. Gan J., Bondarenko S., Ernst F., Yang W., Ries S.B., Sedlak: D.L. Leaching of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in turfgrass soils during wastewater irrigation. J. Environ. Qual. 2006, 35(1):277-284.
145. Arienzo M., Gan J., Ernst F., Qin S., Bondarenko S., Sedlak D.L. Loss pathways of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in turfgrass soils. J. Environ. Qual. 2006, 35(1):285-292.
146. Haruta S., Chen W., Gun J., Šimůnek J., Chang A.C., Wu: L. Leaching risk of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in soil receiving reclaimed wastewater. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 2008, 69:374-380.
147. Gui R., Gillham R.W., Odziemkowski M.S. Reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with granular iron and nickel-enhanced iron. 1. Pathways and kinetics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:3489-3494.
148. Gui R., Gillham R.W., Odziemkowski M.S. Reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with granular iron and nickel-enhanced iron. 2. Mechanistic studies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:3495-3500.
149. Davie M.G., Reinhard M., Shapley J.R. Metal-catalysed reduction of N-bitrosodimethylamine with hydrogen in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(10):7329-7335.
150. Davie M.G., Shih K., Pacheco F.A., Leckie J.O., Reinhard M. Palladium-indium catalysed reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine: indium as a promoter metal. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:3040-3046.
151. Frierdrich A.J., Sharpley J.R., Strathmann T.J. Rapid reduction of N-nitrosoamine disinfection by-products in water with hydrogen and porous nickiel catalysts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:262-269.
152. Frierdrich A.J., Joseph C.E., Strathmann T.J. Catalytic reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with nanophase nickel-boron. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2009, 90:175-183.
153. Fristachi A., Rice G. Estimation of the total daily oral intake of NDMA attributable to drinking water. J. Water Health 2007, 5:341-355.