Longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between maladaptive trauma coping and distress: Examination following the mass shooting at Virginia Tech

Anxiety, Stress and Coping

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 273-290

  Littleton, Heather ^a   Axsom, Danny ^b   Grills Taquechel, Amie E ^c  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Coping; Longitudinal methods; Mass trauma; Psychological distress; PTSD; School violence

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GUNSHOT INJURY; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MASS DISASTER; MENTAL STRESS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STATISTICS; STUDENT; UNITED STATES; UNIVERSITY; VICTIM;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CRIME VICTIMS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MASS CASUALTY INCIDENTS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; STUDENTS; UNIVERSITIES; VIRGINIA; WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79953273526     PISSN: 10615806     EISSN: 14772205     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2010.500722     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Associated Press (2007, April 28). Va. Tech wounded may heal slowly. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/AP-Virginia-Tech-The-Wounded.html
2. Benight, C.C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1129-1148. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.008
3. Benight, C.C., Ironson, G., Klebe, K., Carver, C.S., Wynings, C., Burnett, K.,... Schneiderman, N. (1999). Conservation of resources and coping self-efficacy predicting distress following a natural disaster: A causal model analysis where the environment meets the mind. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, 107-126. doi:10.1080/10615809908248325
4. Benotsch, E.G., Brailey, K., Vasterling, J.J., Uddo, M., Constans, J.I., & Sutker, P.B. (2000). War zone stress, personal and environmental resources, and PTSD symptoms in Gulf War veterans: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 205-213. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.2.205
5. Bonanno, G.A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2006). Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science, 17, 181-186. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01682.x
6. Bonanno, G.A., Ho, S.M.Y., Chan, J.C.K., Kwong, R.S.Y., Cheung, C.K.Y., Wong, C.P.Y., & Wong, C.V.W. (2008). Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A latent class approach. Health Psychology, 27, 659-667. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.659
7. Bontempo, D.E., & Hofer, S.M. (2007). Assessing factorial invariance in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. In A.D. Ong & M.H.M. van Dulmen (Eds.), Oxford handbook of methods in positive psychology (pp. 153-175). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. Branscombe, N.R., Wohl, M.J.A., Owen, S., Allison, J.A., & N'gbala, A. (2003). Counterfactual thinking, blame assignment, and well-being in rape victims. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 265-273. doi:10.1207/S15324834BASP2504_1
9. Bystritsky, A., Linn, L.S., & Ware, J.E. (1990). Development of a multidimensional scale of anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 99-115. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(90)90002-Q
10. Coffey, S.F., Gudmundsdottir, B., Beck, J.G., Palyo, S.A., & Miller, L. (2006). Screening for PTSD in motor vehicle accident survivors using the PSS-SR and IES. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 119-128. doi:10.1002/jts.20106
11. Cook, C., Heath, F., & Thompson, R.L. (2000). A meta-analysis of response rates in Web-or Internet-based surveys. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 821-836. doi:10.1177/00131640021970934
12. Dunmore, E., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (1999). Cognitive factors involved in the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 809-829. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00181-8
13. Dunmore, E., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1063-1084. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00088-7
14. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D.M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
15. Ferrer, E., & McArdle, J. (2003). Alternative structural models for multivariate longitudinal data analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 10, 493-524. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM1004_1
16. Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S., Dancu, C.V., & Rothbaum, B.O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459-473. doi:10.1002/jts.2490060405
17. Gutner, C.A., Rizvi, S.L., Monson, C.M., & Resick, P.A. (2006). Changes in coping strategies, relationship to the perpetrator, and posttraumatic distress in female crime victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 813-823. doi:10.1002/jts.20158
18. Hammond, C.B., & Calhoun, K.S. (2007). Labeling of abuse experiences and rates of victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 371-380. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00386.x
19. Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
20. Hays, R.D., Marshall, G.N., Wang, E.Y.I., & Sherbourne, C.D. (1994). Four year cross-lagged associations between physical and mental health in the Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 441-449. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.441
21. Jenkins, S.R. (1997). Coping, routine activities, and recovery from acute distress among emergency personnel after a mass shooting incident. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 16, 3-19.
22. Johnson, S.D., North, C.S., & Smith, E.M. (2002). Psychiatric disorders among victims of a courthouse shooting spree: A three-year follow-up study. Community Mental Health Journal, 38, 181-194. doi:10.1023/A:1015269521969
23. Keppel, G. (1991). Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
24. Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
25. Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
26. Littleton, H.L., Grills-Taquechel, A.E., & Axsom, D. (2009). Resource loss as a predictor of posttrauma symptoms among college women following the mass shooting at Virginia Tech. Violence and Victims, 24, 669-687. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.24.5.669
27. Littleton, H.L., Horsley, S., John, S., & Nelson, D.V. (2007). Trauma coping strategies and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 977-988. doi:10.1002/jts.20276
28. Mohler-Kuo, M., Dowdall, G.W., Koss, M.P., & Wechsler, H. (2004). Correlates of rape while intoxicated in a national sample of college women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 37-45.
29. Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (1998). Mplus user's guide [Computer software]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
30. Myers, J.K., & Weissman, M.M. (1980). Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1081-1084.
31. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B.E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400-424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
32. Norris, F.H., Friedman, M.J., Watson, P.J., Byrne, C.N., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207-239. doi:10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173
33. North, C.S., Smith, E.M., & Spitznagel, E.L. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of a mass shooting. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 82-88.
34. Penley, J.A., Tomaka, J., & Weibe, J.S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 551-603. doi:10.1023/A:1020641400589
35. Radloff, L.S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
36. Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6, 461-464. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136
37. Shean, G., & Baldwin, G. (2008). Sensitivity and specificity of depression questionnaires in a college-age sample. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169, 281-288. doi:10.3200/GNTP.169.3.281-292
38. Silver, R.C., Poulin, M., Holman, E.A., McIntosh, D.N., Gil-Rivas, V., & Pizarro, J. (2004). Exploring the myths of coping with a national trauma: A longitudinal study of responses to the September 11th terrorist attacks. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 9, 129-141. doi:10.1300/J146v09n01_16
39. Snyder, C.R., & Pulvers, K.M. (2001). Dr. Seuss, the coping machine, and "Oh, the Places You'll Go". In C.R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping with stress: Effective people and processes (pp. 3-29). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Stoessel, P.W., Bystritsky, A., & Pasnau, R.O. (1995). Screening for anxiety disorders in the primary care setting. Family Practice, 12, 448-451. doi:10.1093/fampra/12.4.448
41. Tobin, D.L. (2001). User manual for the coping strategies inventory. Unpublished manuscript.
42. Tobin, D.L., Holroyd, K.A., Reynolds, R.V., & Wigal, J.K. (1989). The hierarchical factor structure of the coping strategies inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 343-361. doi:10.1007/BF01173478
43. Tucker, P., Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S.J., & Dickson, W. (2000). Predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms in Oklahoma city: Exposure, social support, peri-traumatic responses. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 27, 406-416. doi:10.1007/BF02287822
44. Virginia Tech 2006-2007 on-campus enrollment profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.vt.edu/about/factbook/student_overview.php
45. Wegner, D.M., Schneider, D.J., Carter, S.R., III, & White, T.L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5-13. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.5
46. Weissman, M.M., Sholomskas, D., Pottenger, M., Prusoff, B.A., & Locke, B.Z. (1977). Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: Avalidation study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 106, 203-214.
47. Wothke, W. (2000). Longitudinal and multigroup modeling with missing data. In T.D. Little, K.U. Schnaubel, & J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multilevel data: Practical issues, applied approaches, and specific examples (pp. 219-240). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.