Iron age Mediterranean Chronology: A rejoinder

Radiocarbon

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 179-198

  Fantalkin, Alexander ^a   Finkelstein, Israel ^a   Piasetzky, Eli ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY; IRON AGE; RADIOCARBON DATING; RADIOMETRIC SURVEY; SAMPLING;

ISRAEL; ITALY; LEVANT; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; SPAIN; TUNISIA;

EID: 79953219822     PISSN: 00338222     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200034469     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Avni G, Avni Y, Porat N. 2009. A new look at ancient agriculture in the Negev. Cathedra 133: 13-44. In Hebrew.
2. Bartoloni G, Delpino F, editors. 2005. Oriente e Occidente: metodi e discipline a confronto. Riflessioni sulla cronologia dell'età del ferro in Italia, Atti dell'Incontro di studi, Roma, 30-31 ottobre 2003. Mediterranea, 1 (2004). Pisa: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali.
3. Bietti Sestieri AM, De Santis A. 2008. Relative and absolute chronology of Latium Vetus from the Late Bronze Age to the transition to the Orientalizing Period. In: Brandherm D, Trachsel M, editors. A New Dawn for the Dark Age? Shifting Paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age Chronology (BAR International Series 1871). Oxford: Archaeopress. p 119-33.
4. Blakeway A. 1932-1933. Prolegomena to the study of Greek commerce with Italy, Sicily and France in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. Annual of the British School at Athens 33: 170-208.
5. Blakeway A. 1935. Demaratus, a study of some aspects of the earliest hellenization of the Latium and Etruria. Journal of Roman Studies 25: 129-49.
6. Boardman, J. 1980. The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade. London: Thames and Hudson.
7. Boaretto E. 2006. Radiocarbon dates. In: Finkelstein I, Ussishkin D, Halpern B, editors. Megiddo IV: The 1998-2002 Seasons. Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology. p 550-7.
8. Boaretto E, Jull AJT, Gilboa A, Sharon I. 2005. Dating the Iron Age I/II transition in Israel: first intercomparison results. Radiocarbon 47(1): 39-55.
9. Boaretto E, Finkeltsein I, Shahack-Gross R. 2010. Radiocarbon results from the Iron IIA site of Atar Haroa in the Negev Highlands and their archaeological and historical implications. Radiocarbon 52(1): 1-12.
10. Bronk Ramsey C. 1995. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: the OxCal program. Radiocarbon 37(2): 425-30.
11. Bronk Ramsey C. 2001. Development of the radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon 43(2A): 355-63.
12. Brandherm D. 2006. Zur Datierung der ältesten griechischen und phönizischen Importkeramik auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Bemerkungen zum Beginn der Eisenzeit in Südwesteuropa. Madrider Mitteilungen 47: 1-23.
13. Brandherm D. 2008. Greek and Phoenician potsherds between East and West: a chronological dilemma? In: Brandherm D, Trachsel M, editors. A New Dawn for the Dark Age? Schifting Paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age Chronology (BAR International Series 1871). Oxford: Archaeopress. p 149-74.
14. Bruins HJ, van der Plicht J. 2005. Desert settlement through the Iron Age: radiocarbon dates from Sinai and the Negev Highlands. In: Levy TE, Higham T, editors. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London: Equinox. p 349-66.
15. Bruins HJ, van der Plicht J. 2007. Radiocarbon dating the "Wilderness of Zin. " Radiocarbon 49(2): 481-97.
16. 14C dates from Tel Rehov: Iron-Age chronology, pharaohs, and Hebrew kings. Science 300(5617): 315-8.
17. Bruins HJ, van der Plicht J, Mazar A, Bronk Ramsey C, Manning SW. 2005. The Groningen radiocarbon series from Tel Rehov: OxCal Bayesian computations for the Iron IB-IIA boundary and Iron IIA destruction events. In: Levy TE, Higham T, editors. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London: Equinox. p 271-93.
18. Bruins HJ, Mazar A, van der Plicht J. 2007. The end of the 2nd millennium BCE and the transition from Iron I to Iron IIA: radiocarbon dates of Tel Rehov, Israel. In: Bietak M, Czerny E, editors. The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p 79-100.
19. Christensen P. 2007. Olympic Victor Lists and Ancient Greek History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Close-Brooks J. 1967. Considerazioni sulla cronologia delle facies arcaiche dell'Etruria. Studi Etruschi 35: 323-9.
21. Close-Brooks J, Ridgway D. 1979. Veii in the Iron Age. In: Ridgway D, Ridgway FR, editors. Italy before the Romans. London: Academic Press. p 95-127.
22. Cohen R. 1970. Atar Haroa. Atiqot 6:6-24. In Hebrew.
23. Cohen R, Bernick-Greenberg H. 2007. Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982. IAA Reports 34. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
24. Cohen R, Cohen-Amin R. 2004. Ancient Settlement of the Negev Highlands Vol. II. The Iron Age and the Persian Periods. IAA Reports 20. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
25. Coldstream N. 2003. Some Aegean reactions to the chronology debate in the southern Levant. Tel Aviv 30: 247-58.
26. Colonna G. 1974. Preistoria e protoistoria di Roma e del Lazio. Popoli e Civiltà dell'ltalia Antica 2: 275-346.
27. Colonna G. 1976. Le fasi protourbane dell'età del ferro dal IX al VII secolo a.C. (periodi II B, II, IV). In: Colonna G, editor. Civiltà del Lazio Primitivo. Rome: Multigrafica. p 25-36.
28. Das AA. 2008. Paul of Tarshish: Isaiah 66.19 and the Spanish Mission of Romans 15.24, 28. New Testament Studies 54: 60-73.
29. Descoeudres J-P. 2002. Al Mina across the great divide. Mediterranean Archaeology 15: 49-72.
30. Descoeudres J-P, Kearsley R. 1983. Greek pottery at Veii: another look. Annual of the British School at Athens 78: 9-53.
31. Docter RF, Niemeyer HG, Nijboer AJ, van der Plicht J. 2005. Radiocarbon dates of animal bones in the earliest levels of Carthage. In: Bartoloni G, Delpino F, editors. Oriente e Occidente: metodi e discipline a confronto. Rifflessioni sulla cronologia dell'età del ferro italiana. Pisa: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. p 557-77.
32. Docter RF, Chelbi F, Maraoui Telmini B, Nijboer AJ, van der Plicht J, van Neer W, Mansel K, Garsallah S. 2008. New radiocarbon dates from Carthage: bridging the gap between history and archaeology? In: Sagona C, editor. Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenician Chronology (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 28). Leuven: Peeters. p 379-422.
33. Fantalkin A. 2001. Low Chronology and Greek Protogeometric and Geometric pottery in the Southern Levant. Levant 33: 117-25.
34. Fantalkin A, Finkelstein I. 2006. The Sheshonq I campaign and the 8th-century BCE earthquake-more on the archaeology and history of the south in the Iron I-IIA. Tel Aviv 33: 18-42.
35. Feeney D. 2007. Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History (Sather Classical Lectures, 65). Berkeley: University of California Press.
36. Finkelstein I. 2010. Kadesh Barnea: a reevaluation of its archaeology and history. Tel Aviv 37: 111-25.
37. Finkelstein I, Piasetzky E. 2003a. Recent radiocarbon results and King Solomon. Antiquity 77(298): 771-9.
38. 14C dates from Tel Rehov and Iron Age chronology. Tel Aviv 30:283-95.
39. 14C dates from Tel Rehov: Iron-Age chronology, pharaohs, and Hebrew kings. " Science 302(5645): 568b.
40. 14C and the Iron Age chronology debate: Rehov, Khirbet en-Nahas, Dan, and Megiddo. Radiocarbon 48(3): 373-86.
41. 14C and the history of copper production at Khirbet en-Nahas. Tel Aviv 35: 82-95.
42. Finkelstein I, Piasetzky E. 2009. Radiocarbon-dated destruction layers: a skeleton for Iron Age chronology in the Levant. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28(3): 255-74.
43. Finkelstein I, Piasetzky E. 2010a. Radiocarbon dating the Iron Age in the Levant: a Bayesian model for six ceramic phases and six transitions. Antiquity 84(324): 374-85.
44. Finkelstein I, Piasetzky E. 2010. The Iron I/IIA transition in the Levant: a reply to Mazar and Bronk Ramsey and a new perspective. Radiocarbon 52(4): 1667-80.
45. Finkelstein I, Silberman NA. 2006. David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible 's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. New York: Free Press.
46. Finkelstein I, Singer-Avitz L. 2008. The pottery of Edom: a correction. Antiguo Oriente 6: 13-24.
47. Finkelstein I, Singer-Avitz L. 2009. The pottery of Khirbet en-Nahas: a rejoinder. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 141: 207-18.
48. Gilboa A, Sharon I, Boaretto E. 2008. Tel Dor and the chronology of Phoenician 'pre-colonisation' stages. In: Sagona C, editor. Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenician Chronology (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 28). Leuven: Peeters. p 113-204.
49. González de Canales F, Serrano L, Llompart J. 2008. The emporium of Huelva and Phoenician chronology: present and future possibilities. In: Sagona C, editor. Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenician Chronology (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 28). Leuven: Peeters. p 631-55.
50. González de Canales F, Serrano L, Llompart J. 2009. The two phases of western Phoenician expansion beyond the Huelva finds: an interpretation. Ancient West and East 8: 1-20.
51. Ilan D. 1999. Northeastern Israel in the Iron Age I: cultural, socioeconomic and political perspectives [PhD thesis]. Tel Aviv University.
52. Jung R. 2006. Chronologia Comparata. Vergleichende Chronologie von Südgriechenland und Süditalien von ca. 1700/1600 bis 1000 v.u.Z. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
53. Knauf EA. 1991. King Solomon's copper supply. In: Lipinski E, editor. Phoenicia and the Bible. Leuven: Peeters. p 167-86.
54. Kourou N. 2005. Early Greek imports in Italy: a comparative approach to a case study. In: Bartoloni G, Delpino F, editors. Oriente e Occidente: metodi e discipline a confronto. Rifflessioni sulla cronologia dell'età del ferro italiana. Pisa: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. p 497-515.
55. Leighton R. 2000. Time versus tradition: Iron Age chronologies in Sicily and southern Italy. In: Ridgway C, Serra Ridgway FR, Pearce M, Herring E, Whitehouse RD, Wilkins JB, editors. Ancient Italy in Its Mediterranean Setting. Studies in Honour of Ellen Macnamara. London: University of London. p 33-48.
56. Lemaire A. 2000. Tarshish-Tarsisi: problème de topographie historique biblique et assyrienne. In: Galil G, Weinfeld M, editors. Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography Presented to Zecharia Kallai. Leiden: Brill. p 44-62.
57. 14C dates from Khirbet en-Nahas (Jordan). Antiquity 78(302):865-79.
58. Levy TE, Higham T, Bronk Ramsey C, Smith NG, Ben-Yosef E, Robinson M, Munger S, Knabb K, Schulze JP, Najjar M, Tauxe L. 2008. High-precision radiocarbon dating and historical biblical archaeology in southern Jordan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(43): 16, 460-5.
59. Lipiński E. 2004. Itineraria Phoenicia (Studia Phoenicia XVIII, OLA 127). Leuven: Peeters.
60. Maeir AM, Fantalkin A, Zukerman A. 2009. The earliest Greek import in the Iron Age Levant: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Ancient West and East 8: 57-80.
61. 14C dates and the Iron Age chronology of Israel: a response. Radiocarbon 50(2): 159-80.
62. Mazar A, Bruins HJ, Panitz-Cohen N, van der Plicht J. 2005. Ladder of time at Tel Rehov: stratigraphy, archaeological context, pottery and radiocarbon dates. In: Levy TE, Higham T, editors. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London: Equinox. p 193-255.
63. Mazar E. 2004. The Phoenician Family Tomb n.1 at the Northern Cemetery of Achziv (10th-6th centuries BCE) Sam Turner Expedition. Final Report of the Excavations. Cuadernos de Arqueología Mediterránea 10. Barcelona: Universidad Pompeu Fabra de Barcelona.
64. Meyer JC. 1983. Pre-Republican Rome: An Analysis of the Cultural and Chronological Relations 1000-500 BC. Odense: Odense University Press.
65. Miller MJ. 1997. Separating the Solomon of history from the Solomon of legend. In: Handy LK, editor. The Age of Solomon, Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium. Leiden: Brill. p 1-24.
66. Möller A. 2005. Epoch-making Eratosthenes. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 45: 245-60.
67. Müller-Karpe H. 1962. Zur Stadtwerdung Roms (Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung 8). Heidelberg: F.H. Kerle.
68. Newton MW, Kuniholm PI, Wardle KA. 2005a. Dendrochronology and radiocarbon determinations from Assiros and the beginning of the Greek Iron Age. To Arhaiologiko Ergo sti Makedonia kai Thraki 17 (2003): 173-90.
69. 14C wigglematch for the early Iron Age of North Greece. In: Levy TE, Higham T, editors. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London: Equinox. p 104-13.
70. Niemann HM. 1997. The socio-political shadow cast by the biblical Solomon. In: Handy LK, editor. The Age of Solomon, Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium. Leiden: Brill. p 252-99.
71. Nijboer AJ. 2005. The Iron Age in the Mediterranean: a chronological mess or 'trade before the flag', part II. Ancient West and East 4: 254-77.
72. Nijboer AJ, van der Plicht J. 2006. An interpretation of the radiocarbon determinations of the oldest indigenous-Phoenician stratum thus far, excavated at Huelva, Tartessos (south-west Spain). BABESCHAnnual Papers on Mediterranean Archaeology 81: 31-6.
73. Nijboer AJ, van der Plicht J. 2008. The Iron Age in the Mediterranean: recent radiocarbon research at the University of Groningen. In: Brandherm D, Trachsel M, editors. A New Dawn for the Dark Age? Schifting Paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age Chronology (BAR International Series 1871). Oxford: Archaeopress. p 103-18.
74. Nijboer AJ, van der Plicht J, Bietti Sestieri AM, De Santis A. 1999/2000. A high chronology for the early Iron Age in central Italy. Palaeohistoria 41/42: 163-76.
75. Núñes Calvo F. 2008. Western challenges to east Mediterranean chronological framework. In: Brandherm D, Trachsel M, editors. A New Dawn for the Dark Age? Schifting Paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age Chronology (BAR International Series 1871). Oxford: Oxford: Archaeopress. p 3-27.
76. th centuries BC and the absolute chronology of the Dark Age Mediterranean. In: Brandherm D, Trachsel M, editors. A New Dawn for the Dark Age? Schifting Paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age Chronology (BAR International Series 1871). Oxford: Archaeopress. p 77-101.
77. Popham MR, Lemos IS. 1992. Review of Rosalinde Kearsley: the Pendent Semi-Circle Skyphos. Gnomon 64: 152-5.
78. Rosen SA, Savinetsky AB, Plakht Y, Kisseleva NK, Khassanov BF, Pereladov AM, Haiman M. 2005. Dung in the desert: preliminary results of the Negev Holocene Ecology Project. Current Anthropology 46: 317-27.
79. Schiffer MB. 1986. Radiocarbon dating and the "old wood" problem: the case of the Hohokam chronology. Journal of Archaeology Science 13(1): 13-30.
80. Shahack-Gross R, Finkelstein I. 2008. Subsistence practices in an arid environment: a geoarchaeological investigation in an Iron Age site, the Negev Highlands, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(4): 965-82.
81. Sharon I, Gilboa A, Jull TAJ, Boaretto E. 2007a. Report on the first stage of the Iron Age Dating Project in Israel: supporting a Low Chronology. Radiocarbon 49(1): 1-46.
82. 14C and the Early Iron Age in Israel-where are we really at? A commentary on the Tel Rehov radiometric dates. In: Bietak M, Czerny E, editors. The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p 149-56.
83. Shor P, Bernick-Greenberg H. 2007. Area C: the eastcentral part of the Strata 3-2 courtyard. In: Cohen R, Bernick-Greenberg H. Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982. IAA Reports 34. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. p 67-85.
84. Singer-Avitz L. 2008. The earliest settlement at Kadesh Barnea. Tel Aviv 35: 73-81.
85. Smith NG, Levy TE. 2008. The Iron Age pottery from Khirbat en-Nahas, Jordan: a preliminary study. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 352: 41-91.
86. van der Plicht J, Bruins HJ, Nijboer AJ. 2009. The Iron Age around the Mediterranean: a High Chronology perspective from the Groningen radiocarbon database. Radiocarbon 51(1): 213-42.
87. Van Seters J. 1983. In Search of History. New Haven: Yale University.
88. Wardle KA, Newton MW, Kuniholm PI. 2007. Troy VIIB2 revisited: the date of the transition from Bronze to Iron Age in the northern Aegean. In: Todorova H, Stefanovich M, Ivanov G, editors. The Struma/Strymon River Valley in Prehistory. Sofia: Gerda Henkel Stiftung. p 481-97.
89. Weninger B, Jung R. 2009. Absolute chronology of the end of the Aegean Bronze Age. In: Deger-Jalkotzy S, Bächle AE, editors. LH III C Chronology and Synchronisms III: LH III C Late and the Transition to the Early Iron Age. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p 373-416.