Recovery of Bacillus spore contaminants from rough surfaces: A challenge to space mission cleanliness control

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 77, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1628-1637

  Probst, Alexander ^a,b   Facius, Rainer ^c   Wirth, Reinhard ^a   Wolf, Marco ^b   Moissl Eichinger, Christine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

^b AIRBUS DEFENCE AND SPACE   (Germany)

^c GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLIZATION; ANTHRACIS; BACILLUS ATROPHAEUS; BACILLUS SPECIES; BACILLUS SPORE; BIOBURDEN; EFFICIENT METHOD; EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY; INOCULATION METHOD; LIFE DETECTION; MEGATERIUM; MICROBIAL CONTAMINANT; RECOVERY EFFICIENCY; ROUGH SURFACES; SAMPLING METHOD; SPACE AGENCY; SPACE MISSIONS; STANDARD METHOD; TEST SURFACES; THURINGIENSIS;

BACILLI; BACTERIOLOGY; EXPERIMENTS; RECOVERY; SPACE SHUTTLES; STANDARDS; SURFACE MEASUREMENT; SURFACES;

SPACE FLIGHT;

BACTERIUM; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; SAMPLING; SPACECRAFT; SPORE; SURFACE ROUGHNESS;

ARTICLE; BACILLUS; BACTERIAL SPORE; EVALUATION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MICROBIOLOGY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPACE FLIGHT;

BACILLUS; BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPACE FLIGHT; SPACECRAFT; SPECIMEN HANDLING; SPORES, BACTERIAL;

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACILLUS ATROPHAEUS; BACILLUS MEGATERIUM; BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS;

EID: 79953171185     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: 10985336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02037-10     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Anonymous. 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation of Bacillus anthracis contamination inside the Brentwood Mail Processing and Distribution Center B District of Columbia. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 50:1129-1133.
2. Anonymous. 2002. COSPAR planetary protection policy. COSPAR/IAU Workshop on Planetary Protection, October 2002 ed. Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), International Council for Science, Paris, France. (Amended 2005.) http://cosparhq.cnes.fr/Scistr/Pppolicy.htm.
3. Anonymous. 2008. Microbial examination of flight hardware and cleanrooms. ECSS-Q-ST-70-55C. European Cooperation for Space Standardization, ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
4. Anonymous. 1999. NASA standard procedures for the microbiological examination of space hardware, NPG 5340.1D. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, CA.
5. Anonymous. 2003. USP 1223: validation of alternative microbiological methods. Pharm. Forum 29:256-264.
6. Ash, C., J. A. Farrow, M. Dorsch, E. Stackebrandt, and M. D. Collins. 1991. Comparative analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and related species on the basis of reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16S rRNA. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41:343-346.
7. Barnes, J. M. 1952. The removal of bacteria from glass surfaces with calcium alginate, gauze and absorbent cotton wool swabs. J. Appl. Microbiol. 15:34-40.
8. Brown, G. S., et al. 2007. Evaluation of a wipe surface sample method for collection of Bacillus spores from nonporous surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:706-710.
9. Brown, G. S., et al. 2007. Evaluation of vacuum filter sock surface sample collection method for Bacillus spores from porous and non-porous surfaces. J. Environ. Monit. 9:666-671.
10. Brown, G. S., et al. 2007. Evaluation of rayon swab surface sample collection method for Bacillus spores from nonporous surfaces. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103:1074-1080.
11. Buttner, M. P., P. Cruz-Perez, and L. D. Stetzenbach. 2001. Enhanced detection of surface-associated bacteria in indoor environments by quantitative PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2564-2570.
12. Buttner, M. P., et al. 2004. Evaluation of the biological sampling kit (BiSKit) for large-area surface sampling. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 7040-7045.
13. Edmonds, J. M., et al. 2009. Surface sampling of spores in dry-deposition aerosols. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:39-44.
14. Estill, C. F., et al. 2009. Recovery efficiency and limit of detection of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis Sterne from environmental surface samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:4297-4306.
15. Fast, P. G. 1972. The σ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis III: a rapid method for separating parasporal bodies from spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 20:139-140.
16. Hodges, L. R., L. J. Rose, A. Peterson, J. Noble-Wang, and M. J. Arduino. 2006. Evaluation of a macrofoam swab protocol for the recovery of Bacillus anthracis spores from a steel surface. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:4429-4430.
17. Horneck, G., H. Bucker, and G. Reitz. 1994. Long-term survival of bacterial spores in space. Adv. Space Res. 14:41-45.
18. Kirschner, L. E., and J. R. Puleo. 1979. Wipe-rinse technique for quantitating microbial contamination on large surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:466-470.
19. La Duc, M. T., et al. 2007. Isolation and characterization of bacteria capable of tolerating the extreme conditions of clean room environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:2600-2611.
20. La Duc, M. T., R. Kern, and K. Venkateswaran. 2004. Microbial monitoring of spacecraft and associated environments. Microb. Ecol. 47:150-158.
21. La Duc, M. T., W. Nicholson, R. Kern, and K. Venkateswaran. 2003. Microbial characterization of the Mars Odyssey spacecraft and its encapsulation facility. Environ. Microbiol. 5:977-985.
22. Lewandowski, R., K. Kozlowska, M. Szpakowska, M. Stepinska, and E. A. Trafny. 2010. Use of a foam spatula for sampling surfaces after bioaerosol deposition. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:688-694.
23. Manheimer, W. A., and T. Ybanez. 1917. Observations and experiments on dish-washing. Am. J. Public Health (N.Y.) 7:614-618.
24. Moeller, R., G. Horneck, R. Facius, and E. Stackebrandt. 2005. Role of pigmentation in protecting Bacillus sp. endospores against environmental UV radiation. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 51:231-236.
25. Moissl, C., et al. 2007. Molecular bacterial community analysis of clean rooms where spacecraft are assembled. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 61:509-521.
26. Nakamura, L. K. 1989. Taxonomic relationship of black-pigmented Bacillus subtilis strains and a proposal for Bacillus atrophaeus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:295-300.
27. Newcombe, D. A., et al. 2005. Survival of spacecraft-associated microorganisms under simulated Martian UV irradiation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:8147-8156.
28. Nicholson, W. L., N. Munakata, G. Horneck, H. J. Melosh, and P. Setlow. 2000. Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64:548-572.
29. Pfanzagl, J., and F. Puntigam. 1961. Aussagen über den Quotienten zweier Poisson-Parameter und deren Anwendungen auf ein Problem der Pockenschutzimpfung. Biometr. Z. 3:135-142.
30. Probst, A., R. Facius, R. Wirth, and C. Moissl-Eichinger. 2010. Validation of a nylon-flocked-swab protocol for efficient recovery of bacterial spores from smooth and rough surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:5148-5158.
31. Probst, A., et al. 2010. Diversity of anaerobic microbes in spacecraft assembly clean rooms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:2837-2845.
32. Przyborowski, J., and H. Wilenski. 1940. Homogeneity of results in testing samples from Poisson series. Biometrika 31:313-323.
33. Puleo, J. R., et al. 1977. Microbiological profiles of the Viking spacecraft. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:379-384.
34. Ronner, U., U. Husmark, and A. Henriksson. 1990. Adhesion of Bacillus spores in relation to hydrophobicity. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69:550-556.
35. Rose, L., B. Jensen, A. Peterson, S. N. Banerjee, and M. J. Srduino. 2004. Swab materials and Bacillus anthracis spore recovery from nonporous surfaces. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:1023-1029.
36. Sahai, H., and S. C. Misra. 1992. Comparing means of two Poisson distributions. Math Scientist 17:60-67.
37. Sanderson, W. T., et al. 2002. Surface sampling methods for Bacillus anthracis spore contamination. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:1145-1151.
38. Stieglmeier, M., R. Wirth, G. Kminek, and C. Moissl-Eichinger. 2009. Cultivation of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from spacecraftassociated clean rooms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:3484-3491.
39. Venkateswaran, K., et al. 2001. Molecular microbial diversity of a spacecraft assembly facility. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 24:311-320.