Types of automatically activated prejudice: Assessing possessor- Versus other-relevant valence in the evaluative priming task

Social Cognition

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 182-209

  Degner, Juliane ^a   Wentura, Dirk ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b SAARLAND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953122533     PISSN: 0278016X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/soco.2011.29.2.182     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison Wesley.
2. Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006). Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 652-661. (Pubitemid 44600892)
3. Asbrock, F. (2010). Stereotypes of social groups in Germany in terms of warmth and competence. Social Psychology, 41, 76-81.
4. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. (1998). Intergroup relations. In Gilbert, Fisk, & Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 554-594). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
5. Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to "prejudice". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770-789. (Pubitemid 40735501)
6. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631-648.
7. Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2010). Automatic prejudice in childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 356-374.
8. Degner, J., Wentura, D., Gniewosz, B., & Noack, P. (2007). Hostility-related prejudice against Turks in adolescents: Masked affective priming allows for a differentiation of automatic prejudice. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29, 245-256.
9. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
10. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Beach, K. R. (2001). Implicit and explicit attitudes: Examination of the relationship between measures of intergroup bias. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Vol. 4. Intergroup relations (pp. 175-197). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
11. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510-540.
12. Draine, S. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 286-303. (Pubitemid 128460247)
13. Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 543-558.
14. Echebarria-Echabe, A., & Fernández Guede, E. (2007). A new measure of anti-Arab prejudice: Reliability and validity evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, 1077-1091.
15. Eckes, T. (2002). Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: Testing predictions from the stereotype content model. Sex Roles, 47, 99-114. (Pubitemid 39587649)
16. Fazio, R. H. (2007). Attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength. Social Cognition, 25, 603-637.
17. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
18. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
19. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social perception: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11, 77-83. (Pubitemid 46188417)
20. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902.
21. Fiske, S. T., Xu, J., Cuddy, A. C., & Glick, P. (1999). (Dis)respecting versus (dis)liking: Status and interdependence predict ambivalent stereotypes of competence and warmth. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 473-491.
22. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, selfesteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
23. Hager, W., Mecklenbräuker, S., Möller, H., & Westermann, R. (1985). Emotionsgehalt, Bildhaftigkeit, Konkretheit und Bedeutungshaltigkeit von 580 Adjektiven: Ein Beitrag zur Normierung und zur Prüfung einiger Zusammenhangshypothesen. [Emotionality, imageability, concreteness, and meaningfulness of 580 adjectives: A contribution to norming and test of correlations.] Archiv für Psychologie, 137, 75-97.
24. Inquisit 2.0.61004.4 [Computer software]. (2006). Seattle, WA: Millisecond Software.
25. Iyer, A., & Leach, C. W. (2008). Emotion in inter-group relations. European Review of Social Psychology, 19, 86-125.
26. Judd, C. M., James-Hawkins, L., Yzerbyt, V., & Kashima, Y. (2005). Fundamental dimensions of social judgments: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 899-913. (Pubitemid 43083775)
27. Kahraman, B., & Knoblich, G. (2000). "Stechen statt Sprechen": Valenz und Aktivierbarkeit von Stereotypen über Türken. [Stereotypes about Turks: Valence and activation.] Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 31, 31-43.
28. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 280-290.
29. Kite, E. M., Stockdale, G. D., Whitley Jr., B. E., & Johnson, B. T. (2005). Attitudes toward younger and older adults: An updated meta-analytic review. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 241-266. (Pubitemid 40882281)
30. Klauer, K. C., & Musch, J. (2003). Affective priming: Findings and theories. In Musch & Klauer (Eds.), Psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 7-49). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Klauer, K. C., Roßnagel, C., & Musch, J. (1997). List-context effects in evaluative priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 246-255. (Pubitemid 127541500)
32. Klinger, M. R., Burton, P. C., & Pitts, G. S. (2000). Mechanisms of unconscious priming: I. Response competition, not spreading activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 441-455.
33. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-6. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
34. Leibowitz, L., & Krueger, J. L. (2005). Attitudes and stereotypes about the homeless: A study on self-persuasion and stereotype accuracy. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 14, 125-150. (Pubitemid 43007964)
35. Locke, V., MacLeod, C., & Walker, I. (1994). Automatic and controlled activation of stereotypes: Individual differences associated with prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 29-46.
36. Lorch, R. F., Jr., & Myers, J. L. (1990). Regression analyses of repeated measures data in cognitive research. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 149-157.
37. Mackie, D. M., Davis, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616.
38. Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (1998). Intergroup relations. Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review, 105, 499-529. (Pubitemid 128459551)
39. Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2002). Beyond prejudice: Moving from positive and negative evaluations to differentiated reactions to social groups. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 1-12). New York: Psychology Press.
40. Masson, M. E. J. (1995). A distributed memory model of semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 3-23.
41. McNamara, T. P. (2005). Semantic priming: Perspectives from memory and word recognition. New York: Psychology Press.
42. Möller, H., & Hager, W. (1991). Angenehmheit, Bedeutungshaltigkeit, Bildhaftigkeit und Konkretheit-Abstraktheit von 452 Adjektiven. [Pleasantness, meaningfulness, imageability and concreteness of 452 adjectives.] Sprache und Kognition, 10, 39-51.
43. Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading. Visual word recognition (pp. 264-336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Nelson, T. D. (2005). Ageism: Prejudice against our feared future self. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 207-221. (Pubitemid 40882279)
45. Oswald, D. L. (2005). Understanding anti-Arab reactions post-9/11: The role of threats, social categories, and personal ideologies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 1775-1799. (Pubitemid 43098300)
46. Peeters, G. (1983). Relational and informational patterns in social cognition. In W. Doise & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Current issues in European social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 201-237). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positivenegative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 1, 33-60.
48. Phalet, K., & Poppe, E. (1997). Competence and morality dimensions of national and ethnic stereotypes: A study in six eastern-European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 703-723. (Pubitemid 127362998)
49. Phelan, J., Link, B., Moore, R., & Stueve, A. (1997). The stigma of homelessness: The impact of the label "homeless" on attitudes toward poor persons. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 323-337.
50. Rothermund, K., & Brandtstädter, J. (2003). Age stereotypes, self- views, and wellbeing in later life: Evaluating rival assumptions. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 549-554. (Pubitemid 37408022)
51. Wentura, D. (1999). Activation and inhibition of affective information: Evidence for negative priming in the evaluation task. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 65-91.
52. Wentura, D. (2000). Dissociative affective and associative priming effects in the lexical decision task: Yes vs. no responses to word targets reveal evaluative judgment tendencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 456-469.
53. Wentura, D., & Brandtstädter, J. (2003). Age stereotypes in younger and older women: Analyses of accommodative shifts with a sentence-priming task. Experimental Psychology, 50, 16-26. (Pubitemid 38355437)
54. Wentura, D., & Degner, J. (2010a). Automatic evaluation isn't that crude! Moderation of masked affective priming by type of valence. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 609-628.
55. Wentura, D., & Degner, J. (2010b). Practical guide to sequential priming and related tasks. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 95-116). New York: Guilford.
56. Wentura, D., Kulfanek, M., & Greve, W. (2005). Masked affective priming by name letters: Evidence for a correspondence of explicit and implicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 654-663. (Pubitemid 41487924)
57. Wentura, D., & Rothermund, K. (2003). The "meddling-in" of affective information: A general model of automatic evaluation effects. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), Psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 51-86). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. Wentura, D., Rothermund, K., & Bak, P. (1998). [Ratings for possessor- vs. other-relevance of adjectives]. Unpublished raw data.
59. Wentura, D., Rothermund, K., & Bak, P. (2000). Automatic vigilance: The attentiongrabbing power of approach- and avoidance-related social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1024-1037.
60. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Evaluative versus conceptual judgments in automatic stereotyping and prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 244-252.
61. Wojciszke, B. (2005). Morality and competence in person- and self-perception. European Review of Social Psychology, 16, 155-188.
62. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.