Genetic and demographic population management in zoos and aquariums: Recent developments, future challenges and opportunities for scientific research

International Zoo Yearbook

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 213-225

  Leus, K ^a   Traylor Holzer, K ^b   Lacy, R C ^c  

^a CENTER FOR ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL HEALTH   (Denmark)

^b IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group ^*  (United States)

^c BROOKFIELD ZOO   (United States)

Author keywords

Analysis tools; Group management; Metapopulation management; Population fragmentation; Record keeping

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953105259     PISSN: 00749664     EISSN: 17481090     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00138.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Baker, A. (2007): Animal ambassadors: an analysis of the effectiveness and conservation impact of ex situ breeding efforts. In Zoos in the 21st century: catalysts for conservation?: 139-154. Zimmermann, A., Hatchwell, M., Dickie, L. & West, C. (Eds). London: Zoological Society of London.
2. Ballou, J. D. & Foose, T. J. (1996): Demographic and genetic management of captive populations. In Wild mammals in captivity: 263-283. Kleiman, D. G., Allen, M. E., Thompson, K. V. & Lumpkin, S. (Eds). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
3. Ballou, J. D. & Lacy, R. C. (1995): Identifying genetically important individuals for management of genetic diversity in pedigreed populations. In Population management for survival and recovery: 76-111. Ballou, J. D., Gilpin, M. & Foose, T. J. (Eds). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
4. Ballou, J. D., Kleiman, D. G., Mallinson, J. J. C., Rylands, A. B., Valladares-Padua, C. B. & Leus, K. (2002): History, management and conservation role of the captive lion tamarin populations. In Lion tamarins: biology and conservation: 95-114. Kleiman, D. G. & Rylands, A. B. (Eds). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
5. Ballou, J. D., Lacy, R. C. & Pollak, J. P. (2010): PMx: software for demographic and genetic analysis and management of pedigreed populations. Brookfield, IL: Chicago Zoological Society.
6. Bouzat, J. L., Johnson, J. A., Toepfer, J. E., Simpson, S. A., Esker, T. L. & Westemeier, R. L. (2009): Beyond the beneficial effects of translocations as an effective tool for the genetic restoration of isolated populations. Conservation Genetics 10: 191-201.
7. Burlingham-Johnson, A., Clarke, D. & Pearce-Kelly, P. (1994): CERCI: a computer system for the demographic and genetic analysis of captive invertebrates, fish and other populations of colony animals. International Zoo Yearbook 33: 278-283.
8. CBSG (2009): Ex situ population management tools working group report. CBSG News20(1): 1-8.
9. CBSG (2010): Ex situ population management tools working group report. CBSG News21: 1-7.
10. Conway, W. G. (2010): Buying time for wild animals with zoos. Zoo Biology 29: 1-8.
11. Darwall, W. R. T., Smith, K. G., Tweddle, D. & Skelton, P. (Eds) (2009): The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in southern Africa. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, and Grahamstown, South Africa: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB).
12. Davies-Mostert, H. T., Mills, M. G. L. & Macdonald, D. W. (2009): A critical assessment of South Africa's managed metapopulation recovery strategy for African wild dogs and its value as a template for large-carnivore conservation elsewhere. In Reintroduction of top-order predators: 10-42. Hayward, M. & Somers, M. (Eds). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
13. Dickie, L. A. (2009): The sustainable zoo: an introduction. International Zoo Yearbook 43: 1-5.
14. Doyle, R. W., Perez-Enriquez, R., Takagi, M. & Taniguchi, N. (2001): Selective recovery of founder genetic diversity in aquacultural broodstocks and captive, endangered fish populations. Genetica 111: 291-304.
15. Earnhardt, J. M., Bergstrom, Y. M., Lin, A., Faust, L. J., Schloss, C. A. & Thompson, S. D. (2008): ZooRisk: a risk assessment tool version 3.8. Chicago, IL: Lincoln Park Zoo.
16. Faust, L. J., Bergstrom, Y. M., Thompson, S. D. & Bier, L. (2009): PopLink version 2.1. Chicago, IL: Lincoln Park Zoo.
17. Fiumera, A. C., Parker, P. G. & Fuerst, P. A. (2000): Effective population size and maintenance of genetic diversity in captive-bred populations of a Lake Victoria cichlid. Conservation Biology 14: 886-892.
18. Flesness, N. R. (1977): Gene pool conservation and computer analysis. International Zoo Yearbook 17: 77-81.
19. Foose, T. J. & Ballou, J. D. (1988): Population management: theory and practice. International Zoo Yearbook 27: 26-41.
20. Foose, T. J., Lande, R., Flesness, N. R., Rabb, G. & Read, B. (1986): Propagation plans. Zoo Biology 5: 139-146.
21. Frankham, R. (2008): Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs. Molecular Ecology 17: 325-333.
22. Frankham, R. (2010): Challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation. Biological Conservation 143: 1919-1927.
23. Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D. & Briscoe, D. A. (2010): Introduction to conservation genetics (2nd edn). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
24. Gascon, C., Collins, J. P., Moore, R. D., Church, D. R., McKay, J. E. & Mendelson III, J. R. (Eds) (2007): Amphibian conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland/Cambridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group.
25. Glatston, A. & Leus, K. (2005): Global captive breeding masterplan for the red or lesser panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens and Ailurus fulgens styani. Rotterdam: Royal Rotterdam Zoological and Botanical Gardens.
26. ISIS (2004): SPARKS (single population analysis and records keeping system) version 1.54. Eagan, MN: International Species Information System.
27. ISIS (2010): ARKS4 (animal records keeping system) version 4 (release 26 February 2010). Eagan, MN: International Species Information System.
28. Kitadi, S., Shishidou, H., Sugaya, T., Kitakado, T., Hamasaki, K. & Kishino, H. (2009): Genetic effects of long-term stock enhancement programs. Aquaculture 290: 69-79.
29. Lacy, R. C. (1987): Loss of genetic diversity from managed populations: interacting effects of drift, mutation, immigration, selection, and population subdivision. Conservation Biology 1: 143-158.
30. Lacy, R. C. (1994): Managing genetic diversity in captive populations of animals. In Restoration of endangered species: 63-89. Bowles, M. L. & Whelan, C. J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Lacy, R. C. (1998): Extending pedigree analysis and management to groups. In Proceedings population group management workshop, 5-7 October 1998, London, UK: 25-26. Mace, G., Hall, H. & Vedmar, A. (Eds). London: Zoological Society of London.
32. Lacy, R. C. & Lindenmayer, D. B. (1994): A simulation study of the impacts of subdivision on the mountain brushtail possum Trichosurus caninus Ogilby (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia), in southeastern Australia. II. Loss of genetic variation within and between subpopulations. Biological Conservation 73: 131-142.
33. Lacy, R. C., Ballou, J. D., Princée, F., Starfield, A. & Thompson, E. A. (1995): Pedigree analysis for population management. In Population management for survival and recovery. Analytical methods and strategies in small population conservation: 57-75. Ballou, J. D., Gilpin, M. & Foose, T. J. (Eds). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
34. Lacy, R. C., Borbat, M. & Pollak, J. P. (2009): Vortex: a stochastic simulation of the extinction process version 9.99. Brookfield, IL: Chicago Zoological Society.
35. Laikre, L. (2010): Genetic diversity is overlooked in international conservation policy implementation. Conservation Genetics 11: 349-354.
36. Lees, C. M. & Wilcken, J. (2008): Sustaining the ark: the challenges faced by zoos in maintaining viable populations. International Zoo Yearbook 43: 6-18.
37. Lemay, M. A. & Boulding, E. G. (2009): Microsatellite pedigree analysis reveals high variance in reproductive success and reduced genetic diversity in hatchery-spawned northern abalone. Aquaculture 295: 22-29.
38. Leus, K. (Ed.) (2004): Proceedings of the okapi EEP/SSP joint meeting, Cologne Zoo 29 June-2 July 2003. Antwerp: Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp.
39. Lindsey, P., Marnewick, K., Davies-Mostert, H., Rehse, T., Mills, M. G. L., Brummer, R., Buk, K., Traylor-Holzer, K., Morrison, K., Mentzel, C. & Daly, B. (Eds). (2009): Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population habitat viability assessment workshop report. Apple Valley, MN: Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN), CBSG Southern Africa, Endangered Wildlife Trust.
40. Mace, G., Hall, H. & Vedmar, A. (Eds) (1998): Proceedings of the population group management workshop, 5-7 October 1998, London, UK. London: Zoological Society of London.
41. Madsen, T., Ujvari, B. & Olssen, M. (2004): Novel genes continue to enhance population growth in adders (Vipera berus). Biological Conservation 120: 145-147.
42. Margan, S. H., Nurthen, R. K., Montgomery, M. E., Woodworth, L. M., Lowe, E. H., Briscoe, D. A. & Frankham, R. (1998): Single large or several small? Population fragmentation in the captive management of endangered species. Zoo Biology 17: 467-480.
43. Montgomery, M. E., Ballou, J. D., Nurthen, R. K., England, P. R., Briscoe, D. A. & Frankham, R. (1997): Minimising kinship in captive breeding programmes. Zoo Biology 16: 377-389.
44. Pearce-Kelly, P., Mace, G. M. & Clarke, D. (1995): The release of captive bred snails (Partula taeniata) into a semi-natural environment. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 645-663.
45. Pedrono, M., Smith, L. L., Clobert, J., Massot, M. & Sarrazin, F. (2004): Wild-captive metapopulation viability analysis. Biological Conservation 119: 463-473.
46. Penning, M., Reid, G. McG., Koldewey, H., Dick, G., Andrews, B., Arai, K., Garratt, P., Gendron, S., Lange, J., Tanner, K., Tonge, S., Van den Sande, P., Warmolts, D. & Gibson, C.(Eds) (2009): Turning the tide: a global aquarium strategy for conservation and sustainability. Bern, Switzerland: World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
47. Perez-Enriquez, R., Takemura, M., Tabata, K. & Taniguchi, N. (2001): Genetic diversity of red sea bream Pagrus major in western Japan in relation to stock enhancement. Fisheries Science 67: 71-78.
48. Pollak, J. P., Lacy, R. C. & Ballou, J. D. (2007): Population management 2000 version 1.213. Brookfield, IL: Chicago Zoological Society.
49. Princée, F. P. G. (1995): Overcoming the constraints of social structure and incomplete pedigree data through low-intensity genetic management. In Population management for survival and recovery: 124-154. Ballou, J. D., Gilpin, M. & Foose, T. J. (Eds). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
50. Princée, F. P. G. (1998): Genetic management of small animal populations in zoos and wildlife reserves. The use of genome models in estimation of genetic variation and the effects of social structures. PhD dissertation, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
51. Reid, G. McG. & Zippel, K. C. (2008): Can zoos and aquariums ensure the survival of amphibians in the 21st century? International Zoo Yearbook 42: 1-6.
52. Ross, C. N., French, J. A. & Orti, G. (2007): Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 6278-6282.
53. Schad, K. (Ed.) (2008) Amphibian population management guidelines. Amphibian Ark amphibian population management workshop, 10-11 December 2007, San Diego, CA, USA. Amphibian Ark
54. Sekino, M., Sugaya, T., Hara, M. & Taniguchi, N. (2004): Relatedness inferred from microsatellite genotypes as a tool for broodstock management of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 233: 163-172.
55. Semlitsch, R. D. (2002): Critical elements for biologically based recovery plans of aquatic-breeding amphibians. Conservation Biology 16: 619-629.
56. Soulé, M. E., Gilpin, M., Conway, W. & Foose, T. (1986): The millennium ark: how long a voyage, how many staterooms, how many passengers? Zoo Biology 5: 101-113.
57. Stuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A., Young, B. E., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Fischman, D. L. & Waller, R. W. (2004): Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306: 1783-1786.
58. Tallmon, D. A., Luikart, G. & Waples, R. (2004): The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19: 489-496.
59. Taniguchi, N. (2003): Genetic factors in broodstock management for seed production. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 13: 177-185.
60. Tave, D. (1993): Genetics for fish hatchery managers. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
61. Traill, L. W., Brook, B. W., Frankham, R. R. & Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2010): Pragmatic population viability targets in a rapidly changing world. Biological Conservation 143: 28-34.
62. Traylor-Holzer, K. (1999): Analysis of the regional qand global captive populations of Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). Apple Valley, MN: Minnesota Zoo.
63. Valladares-Padua, C. B., Ballou, J. D., Saddy Martins, C. & Cullen, L. (2002): Metapopulation management for the conservation of black lion tamarins. In Wild mammals in captivity: principles and techniques: 301-314. Kleiman, D. G., Allen, M. E., Thompson, K. V. & Lumpkin, S. (Eds). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
64. Vié, J.-C., Hilton-Taylor, C. & Stuart, S. N. (Eds) (2009): Wildlife in a changing world - an analysis of the 2008 IUCN red list of threatened species. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
65. Wang, J. (2004): Monitoring and managing genetic variation in group breeding populations without individual pedigrees. Conservation Genetics 5: 813-825.
66. Watts, P., Buley, K., Sanderson, S., Boardman, W., Ciofi, C. & Gibson, R. (2006): Parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. Nature 444: 1021-1022.
67. WAZA (2005): Building a future for wildlife. The world zoo and aquarium conservation strategy. Bern, Switzerland: World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
68. Wilkinson, C. (2008): Status of coral reefs of the world. Townsville, Australia: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network & Reef and Rainforest Research Centre.
69. Williams, S. E. & Hoffman, E. A. (2009): Minimizing genetic adaptation in captive breeding programs: a review. Biological Conservation 142: 2388-2400.
70. Woodworth, L. M., Montgomery, M. E., Briscoe, D. A. & Frankham, R. (2002): Rapid genetic deterioration in captive populations: causes and conservation implications. Conservation Genetics 3: 277-288.
71. Wright, S. (1921): Systems of matings (part I-V). Genetics 6: 111-178.