Idiopathic toe-walking in children, adolescents and young adults: A matter of local or generalised stiffness?

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Volumn 12, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Engelbert, Raoul ^a,b   Gorter, Jan Willem ^c   Uiterwaal, Cuno ^d   Van De Putte, Elise ^d   Helders, Paul ^d  

^a AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

^b ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANKLE; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BONE DENSITY; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; GAIT DISORDER; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC TOE WALKING; JOINT FUNCTION; JOINT STIFFNESS; MALE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; RANGE OF MOTION; SCHOOL CHILD; SPORT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; JOINT CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NETHERLANDS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TOE; WALKING;

ADOLESCENT; ANKLE JOINT; BONE DENSITY; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NETHERLANDS; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR; TOES; WALKING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79953073633     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712474     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-61     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Sutherland D, Olshen R, Cooper L, Woo S: The development of mature gait. J Bone Joint Surg 1980, 62:336-353. (Pubitemid 10094187)
2. Sala DA, Shulman LH, Kennedy RF, Grant AD, Chu ML: Idiopathic toewalking: a review. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999, 41(12):846-848.
3. Furrer F, Deonna T, Persistent toe-walking in children: A comprehensive clinical study of 28 cases. Helv Paediatr Acta 1982, 37(4):301-316. (Pubitemid 12018438)
4. Accardo P, Morrow J, Heaney MS, Whitman B, Tomazic T: Toe walking and language development. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1992, 31(3):158-160.
5. Shulman LH, Sala DA, Chu ML, McCaul PR, Sandler BJ: Developmental implications of idiopathic toe walking. J Pediatr 1997, 130(4):541-546. (Pubitemid 27492643)
6. Sobel E, Caselli MA, Velez Z: Effect of persistent toe-walking on ankle equinus; analysis of 60 idiopathic toewalkers. J Am Podiatric Med Association 1997, 87(1):17-22.
7. Westberry DE, Davids JR, Davis RB, de Morais Filho MC: Idiopathic toe walking: a kinematic and kinetic profile. J Pediatr Orthop 2008, 28(3):352-358. (Pubitemid 351440846)
8. Engelbert RHH, Uiterwaal CSPM, Sakkers RJB, Van Tintelen JP, Helders PJM, Bank RA: Benign generalised hypomobility of the joints; a new clinical entity? -clinical, biochemical and osseal characteristics-. Pediatrics 2004, 113(4):714-719.
9. Engelbert RHH, Bank RA, Beemer FA, Helders PJM, Sakkers RJB, Uiterwaal CSPM: Pediatric generalised joint hypermobility with musculoskeletal complaints; a localized or systemic disorder ? Pediatrics 2003, 111(3):e248-e254.
10. Hogeweg JA, Langereis MJ, Bernards ATM, Faber JAJ, Helders PJM: Goniometry - variability in the clinical practice of a conventional goniometer in healthy subjects. Eur J Phys Med Rehab 1994, 4:2-7. (Pubitemid 24115585)
11. Beenakker EA, van der Hoeven JH, Fock JM, Maurits NM: Reference values of maximum isometric muscle force obtained in 270 children aged 4-16 years by hand-held dynamometry. Neuromuscul Disord 2001, 11(5):441-6. (Pubitemid 32510003)
12. Gerver WJM, De Bruin R: Paediatric morphometrics, a reference manual. Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij Bunge Utrecht, The Netherlands; 1996.
13. Gluer CC, Wu CY, Jergas M, Goldstein SA, Genant HK: Three quantitative ultrasound parameters reflect bone structure. Calcif Tissue Int 1994, 55:46-52. (Pubitemid 24192837)
14. Van Daele PLA, Burger H, De Laet CEDH: Ultrasound measurement of bone. Clin Endocrinol 1996, 44:363-369. (Pubitemid 26141681)
15. Hirsch G, Wagner B: The natural history of idiopathic toe-walking: a longterm follow-up of fourteen conservatively treated children. Acta Paediatr 2004, 93(2):196-9. (Pubitemid 38230714)
16. Alvarez C, De Vera M, Beauchamp R, Ward V, Black A: Classification of idiopathic toe walking based on gait analysis: development and application of the ITW severity classification. Gait Posture 2007, 26(3):428-35. (Pubitemid 47248274)
17. Hemo Y, Macdessi SJ, Pierce RA, Aiona MD, Sussman MD: Outcome of patients after Achilles tendon lengthening for treatment of idiopathic toe walking. J Pediatr Orthop 2006, 26(3):336-40. (Pubitemid 44357060)
18. Stricker S, Angulo J: Idiopathic toe walking: a comparison of treatment methods. J Pediatr Orthop 1998, 18:289-93. (Pubitemid 28212935)
19. Brouwer B, Davidson LK, Olney SJ: Serial casting on idiopathic toe walkers and children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 2000, 20(2):221-225. (Pubitemid 30140654)
20. Fox A, Deakin S, Pettigrew G, Paton R: Serial casting in the treatment of idiopathic toe walkers and review of the literature. Acta Orthop Belg 2006, 72:722-730. (Pubitemid 46048239)
21. Eastwood DM, Menelaus MB, Dickens DR, Broughton NS, Cole WG: Idiopathic toe-walking: does treatment alter the natural history? J Pediatr Orthop B 2000, 9(1):47-49.
22. Brunt D, Woo R, Kim HD, Ko MS, Senesac C, Li S: Effect of botulinum toxin type A on gait of children who are idiopathic toe walkers. J Surg Orthop Adv 2004, 13(3):149-155.
23. Gajdosik RL: Passive extensibility of skeletal muscle: review of the literature with clinical implications. Clinical Biomechanics 2001, 16:87-101.
24. Gorter JW, Becher J, Oosterom I: "To stretch or not to stretch in children with cerebral palsy". Dev Med Child Neur 2007, , 49: 797-800.
25. Williams CM, Tinley P, Curtin M: The Toe Walking Tool: a novel method for assessing idiopathic toe walking children. Gait Posture 2010, 32(4):508-511.
26. Williams CM, Tinley P, Curtin M: Idiopathic toe walking and sensory processing dysfunction. J Foot Ankle Res 2010, 16:3-16.
27. Armand S, Watelain E, Mercier M, Lensel G, Lepoutre FX: Identification and classification of toe-walkers based on ankle kinematics, using a datamining method. Gait Posture 2006, 23(2):240-248. (Pubitemid 43052556)
28. Newman CJ, Ziegler AL, Jeannet PY, Roulet-Perez E, Deonna TW: Transient dystonic toe-walking: differentiation from cerebral palsy and a rare explanation for some unexplained cases of idiopathic toe-walking. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006, 48(2):96-102. (Pubitemid 43125653)
29. Song KM, Halliday SE, Little DG: The effect of limb-length discrepancy on gait. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997, 79(11):1690-1698. (Pubitemid 27508529)