Word wins over face: Emotional Stroop effect activates the frontal cortical network

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn 4, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Ovaysikia, Shima ^a   Tahir, Khalid A ^b   Chan, Jason L ^a   DeSouza, Joseph F X ^a,b  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anti saccade; Emotion; Face expression; fMRI; Inferior frontal gyrus; Inhibition; Medial prefrontal cortex

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REACTION TIME; READING; STIMULUS RESPONSE; STROOP TEST; SUPERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; SYSTEMATIC ERROR; VISUAL STIMULATION;

EID: 79953019173     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: 16625161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00234     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Allport, A. (1993). "Attention and control: have we been asking the wrong questions? A critical review of twenty-five years," in Attention and Performance, Vol. XIV, eds D. E. Meyer and S. Kornblum (London: MIT Press), 183-218.
2. Asaad, W. F., Rainer, G., and Miller, E. K. (2000). Task-specific neural activity in the primate prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 451-459.
3. Badre, D., and D'Esposito, M. (2009). Is the rostro-caudal axis of the frontal lobe hierarchical? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 659-669.
4. Barch, D. M., Braver, T. S., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T., Ollinger, J., and Snyder, A. (2001). Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: effects of response modality and processing domain. Cereb. Cortex 11, 837-848.
5. Beall, P. M., and Herbert, A. M. (2008). The face wins: stronger automatic processing of affect in facial expressions than words in a modified Stroop task. Cogn. Emot. 22, 1613-1642.
6. Behrens, T. E. J., Woolrich, M. W., Walton, M. E., Rushworth, M. F. S. (2007). Learning the value of information in an uncertain world. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1214-1221.
7. Bench, C., Frith, C., Grasby, P., Friston, K., Paulesu, E., Frackowiak, R., and Dolan, R. (1993). Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop test. Neuropsychologia 31, 907-922.
8. Borod, J. C., Obler, L. K., Erhan, H. M., Grunwald, I. S., Cicero, B. A., Welkowitz, J., Santschi, C., Agosti, R. M., and Whalen, J. R. (1998). Right hemisphere emotional perception: evidence across multiple channels. Neuropsychology 12, 446-458.
9. Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., and Carter, C. S. (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 539-546.
10. Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Thomason, M. E., Vaidya, C. J., and Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: evidence from fMRI. Neuron 33, 301-311.
11. Bush, G., Whalen, P. J., Rosen, B. R., Jenike, M. A., McInerney, S. C., and Rauch, S. L. (1998). Counting Stroop: an interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging validation study with functional MRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 6, 270-282.
12. Carter, C. S., Botvinick, M. M., and Cohen, J. D. (1999). The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 49-57.
13. Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., and Cohen, J. D. (1998). Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280, 747-749.
14. Chong, T. T. J., Williams, M. A., Cunnington, R., and Mattingley, J. B. (2008). Selective attention modulates inferior frontal gyrus activity during action observation. Neuroimage 40, 298-307.
15. Cisek, P., Puskas, G. A., and El Murr, S. (2009). Decisions in changing conditions: the urgency-gating model. J. Neurosci. 29, 11560-11571.
16. Ciulla, C., and Deek, F. P. (2002). Performance assessment of an algorithm for the alignment of fMRI time series. Brain Topogr. 14, 313-332.
17. Desimone, R., and Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 193-222.
18. DeSouza, J. F. X., Menon, R. S., and Everling, S. (2003). Preparatory set associated with pro-saccades and antisaccades in humans investigated with event-related fMRI. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 1016-1023.
19. Dolan, R. J., and Vuileumier, P. (2003). Amygdala automaticity in emotional processing. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 985, 348-355.
20. Duncan, J. (2001). An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 820-829.
21. Everling, S., and DeSouza, J. F. X. (2005). Rule-dependent activity for prosaccades and antisaccades in the primate prefrontal cortex. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 1483-1496.
22. Farah, M. J., Rabinowitz, C., Quinn, G. E., and Liu, G. T. (2000). Early commitment of neural substrates for face recognition. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 17, 117-123.
23. Felleman, D. J., and van Essen, D. C. (1991). Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1, 1-47.
24. Fellows, L. K., and Farah, M. J. (2005). Is anterior cingulate cortex necessary for cognitive control? Brain 128, 788-796.
25. Fuster, J. M. (2009). Cortex and memory: emergence of a new paradigm. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 21, 2047-2072.
26. Gregoriou, G. G., Gotts, S. J., Zhou, H., and Desimone, R. (2009). High-Frequency, long-range coupling between prefrontal and visual cortex during attention. Science 324, 1207-1210.
27. Hallett, P. E. (1978). Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions. Vision Res. 18, 1279-1296.
28. Hauser, M. D. (1993). Right hemisphere dominance for the production of face expression in monkeys. Science 261, 475-477.
29. Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Horwitz, B., Maisog, J. M., Rapoport, S. I., and Grady, C. L. (1996). Face encoding and recognition in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 922-927.
30. Ito, S., Stuphorn, V., Brown, J. W., and Schall, J. D. (2003). Performance monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex during saccade countermanding. Science 302, 120-122.
31. Kemmotsu, N., Villalobos, M. E., Gaffrey, M. S., Courchesne, E., and Muller, R. (2005). Activity and functional connectivity of inferior frontal cortex associated with response conflict. Cogn. Brain Res. 24, 335-342.
32. Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., and Carter, C. S. (2004). Anterior cingulated conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303, 1023-1026.
33. Killgore, W. D. S., and Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2007). The right-hemisphere and valence hypotheses: could they both be right (and sometimes left)? Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2, 240-250.
34. Konishi, S., Nakajima, K., Uchida, I., Sekihara, K., and Miyashita, Y. (1998). No-go dominant brain activity in human inferior prefrontal cortex revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 1209-1213.
35. Lamme, V. A. (2003). Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 12-18.
36. Lancaster, J. L. (2000). Automated Talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Hum. Brain Mapp. 10, 120-131.
37. Lévesque, J., Joanette, Y., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J. M., Bourgouin, P., and Beauregard, M. (2004). Neural basis of emotional self-regulation in childhood. Neuroscience 129, 361-369.
38. MacDonald, A. W., Cohen, J. D., Stenger, V. A., and Carter, C. S. (2000). Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science 288, 1835-1838.
39. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychol. Bull. 109, 163-203.
40. Marinkovic, K., Trebon, P., Chauvel, P., and Halgren, E. (2000). Localised face processing by the human prefrontal cortex: face-selective intracerebral potentials and post-lesion deficits. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 17, 187-199.
41. Matsuda, T., Matsuura, M., Ohkubo, T., Ohkubo, H., Matsushima, E., Inoue, K., Taira, M., and Kojima, T. (2004). Functional MRI mapping of brain activation during visually guided saccades and antisaccades: cortical and subcortical networks. Psychiatry Res. 131, 147-155.
42. Matthews, S. C., Paulus, M. P., Simmons, A. N., Nelesen, R. A., and Dimsdale, J. E. (2004). Functional subdivisions within anterior cingulate cortex and their relationship to autonomic nervous system function. Neuroimage 22, 1151-1156.
43. Melcher, T., and Gruber, O. (2009). Decomposing interference during Stroop performance into different conflict factors: an event-related fMRI study. Cortex 45, 189-200.
44. Meltzoff, A. N., and Moore, M. K. (1983). Newborn infants imitate adult face gestures. Child Dev. 54, 702-709.
45. Menon, V., Adleman, N. E., White, C. D., Glover, G. H., and Reiss, A. L. (2001). Error-related brain activation during a go/nogo response inhibition task. Hum. Brain Mapp. 12, 131-143.
46. Milham, M. P., Banich, M. T., and Barad, V. (2003). Competition for priority in processing increases prefrontal cortex's involvement in top-down control: an event-related fMRI study of the Stroop task. Cogn. Brain Res. 17, 212-222.
47. Milham, M. P., Banich, M. T., Webb, A., Barad, V., Cohen, N. J., and Wszalek, T. (2001). The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict. Cogn. Brain Res. 12, 467-473.
48. Miller, E. K. (2000). The prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1, 59-65.
49. Miller, E. K., and Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 167-202.
50. Milner, A. D., and Goodale, M. A. (2006). The Visual Brain in Action, 2nd Edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
51. Moore, T., and Fallah, M. (2001). Control of eye movements and spatial attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 1273-1276.
52. Natale, M., Gur, R. E., and Gur, R. C. (1983). Hemispheric asymmetries in processing emotional expressions. Neuropsychologia 21, 555-565.
53. Nobre, A. C., Coull, J. T., Frith, C. D., and Mesulam, M. M. (1999). Orbitofrontal cortex is activated during breaches of expectation in tasks of visual attention. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 11-12.
54. ÓScalaidhe, S. P., Wilson, F. A. W., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1997). Areal segregation of face-processing neurons in prefrontal cortex. Science 278, 1135-1138.
55. Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., and Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004). For better or for worse: neural systems supporting the cognitive downand upregulation of negative emotion. Neuroimage 23, 483-499.
56. Ohira, H., Nomura, M., Ichikawa, N., Isowa, T., Iidaka, T., and Sato, A. (2006). Association of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression. Neuroimage 29, 721-733.
57. Öhman, A. (2002). Automaticity and the amygdala: nonconscious responses to emotional faces. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 11, 62-69.
58. Ovaysikia, S., Danckert, J., and DeSouza, J. F. X. (2008). "A common medial frontal cortical network for the Stroop and anti-saccade tasks but not for the subcortical area in the putamen," in Poster presented at Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, CA.
59. Pardo, J. V., Pardo, P. J., Janer, K. W., and Raichle, M. E. (1990). The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 256-259.
60. Perret, E. (1974). The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behaviour. Neuropsychologia 12, 323-330.
61. Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., Moore, G. J., Uhde, T. W., and Tancer, M. E. (2005). Neural substrates for voluntary suppression of negative affect: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry 57, 210-219.
62. Picard, N., and Strick, P. L. (2001). Imaging the premotor areas. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 663-672.
63. Rosinski, R. R., Golinkoff, R. M., and Kukish, K. S. (1975). Automatic semantic processing in a picture word interference task. Child Dev. 46, 247-253.
64. Rota, G., Sitaram, R., Veit, R., Erb, M., Weiskopf, N., Dogil, G., and Birbaumer, N. (2009). Self-regulation of regional cortical activity using real-time fMRI: the right inferior frontal gyrus and linguistic processing. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 1605-1614.
65. Rubia, K., Russell, T., Overmeyer, S., Brammer, M. J., Bullmore, E. T., and Sharma, T. (2001). Mapping motor inhibition: conjunctive brain activations across different versions of go/ no-go and stop tasks. Neuroimage 13, 250-261.
66. Schall, J. D., Hanes, D. P., Thompson, K. G., and King, D. J. (1995). Saccade target selection in frontal eye field of macaque. I. Visual and premovement activation. J. Neurosci. 15, 6905-6918.
67. Schall, J. D., Stuphorn, V., and Brown, J. W. (2002). Monitoring and control of action by the frontal lobes. Neuron 36, 309-322.
68. Schlag-Rey, M., Amador, N., Sanchez, H., and Schlag, J. (1997). Antisaccade performance predicted by neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field. Nature 390, 398-401.
69. Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., and Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain 132, 617-627.
70. Sprengelmeyer, R., Rausch, M., Eysel, U. T., and Przuntek, H. (1998). Neural structures associated with recognition of face expressions of basic emotions. Proc. Biol. Sci. 265, 1927-1931.
71. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. 18, 643-662.
72. Sugita, Y. (2009). Innate face processing. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 19, 39-44.
73. Sumner, P., Nachev, P., Morris, P., Peters, A. M., Jackson, S. R., and Kennard, C. (2007). Human medial frontal cortex mediates unconscious inhibition of voluntary action. Neuron 54, 697-711.
74. Talairach, J., and Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: 3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging. New York: G. Thieme/Thieme Medical Publishers.
75. Valenza, E., Simion, F., Cassia, V. M., and Umiltà, C. (1996). Face preference at birth. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 22, 892-903.
76. Vendrell, P., Junque, C., Pujol, J., Jurado, M., Molet, J., and Grafman, J. (1995). The role of prefrontal regions in the Stroop task. Neuropsychologia 33, 341-352.
77. Wallis, J. D., Anderson, K. C., and Miller, E. K. (2001). Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules. Nature 411, 953-956.
78. White, I. M., and Wise, S. P. (1999). Ruledependent neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 126, 315-335.
79. Zysset, S., Müller, K., Lohmann, G., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2001). Colourword matching Stroop task: separating interference and response conflict. Neuroimage 13, 29-36.