메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 160-165

Knowing when to stop: Futility in the ICU

Author keywords

Intensive care; medical futility; terminal care; treatment refusal; withholding treatment

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; FAMILY DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL ETHICS; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURVIVAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL;

EID: 79952986765     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e328343c5af     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (151)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 77951208394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Death in emergency departments: A multicenter cross-sectional survey with analysis of withholding and withdrawing life support
    • Le Conte P, Riochet D, Batard E, et al. Death in emergency departments: a multicenter cross-sectional survey with analysis of withholding and withdrawing life support. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:765-772.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med. , vol.36 , pp. 765-772
    • Le Conte, P.1    Riochet, D.2    Batard, E.3
  • 2
    • 77951000309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome prediction in mechanically ventilated neurologic patients by junior neurointensivists
    • A study of the relationship between predicted and actual outcome for patients ventilated for at least 3 days in a single neurosurgical ICU
    • Finley Caulfield A, Gabler L, Lansberg MG, et al. Outcome prediction in mechanically ventilated neurologic patients by junior neurointensivists. Neurology 2010;74:1096-1101. A study of the relationship between predicted and actual outcome for patients (ventilated for at least 3 days) in a single neurosurgical ICU.
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , pp. 1096-1101
    • Finley Caulfield, A.1    Gabler, L.2    Lansberg, M.G.3
  • 3
    • 77949471299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies in intensive care: An Australian experience
    • Brieva JL, Cooray P, Rowley M. Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies in intensive care: an Australian experience. Crit Care Resusc 2009;11:266-268.
    • (2009) Crit. Care Resusc , vol.11 , pp. 266-268
    • Brieva, J.L.1    Cooray, P.2    Rowley, M.3
  • 4
    • 70149094159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The practice of and documentation on withholding and withdrawing life support: A retrospective study in two Dutch intensive care units
    • Spronk PE, Kuiper AV, Rommes JH, et al. The practice of and documentation on withholding and withdrawing life support: a retrospective study in two Dutch intensive care units. Anesth Analg 2009;109:841-846.
    • (2009) Anesth. Analg. , vol.109 , pp. 841-846
    • Spronk, P.E.1    Kuiper, A.V.2    Rommes, J.H.3
  • 5
    • 67649669892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy in injured patients: Variations between trauma centers and nontrauma centers
    • Cooper Z, Rivara FP, Wang J, et al. Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy in injured patients: variations between trauma centers and nontrauma centers. J Trauma 2009;66:1327-1335.
    • (2009) J. Trauma. , vol.66 , pp. 1327-1335
    • Cooper, Z.1    Rivara, F.P.2    Wang, J.3
  • 6
    • 68849092998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of life support in critically ill neurosurgical patients and in-hospital death after discharge from the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Clinical article
    • Varelas PN, Hacein-Bey L, Schultz L, et al. Withdrawal of life support in critically ill neurosurgical patients and in-hospital death after discharge from the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2009;111:396-404.
    • (2009) J. Neurosurg. , vol.111 , pp. 396-404
    • Varelas, P.N.1    Hacein-Bey, L.2    Schultz, L.3
  • 7
    • 77955925220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of-life decision-making and quality of ICU performance: An observational study in 84 Italian units
    • Bertolini G, Boffelli S, Malacarne P, et al. End-of-life decision-making and quality of ICU performance: an observational study in 84 Italian units. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:1495-1504.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med. , vol.36 , pp. 1495-1504
    • Bertolini, G.1    Boffelli, S.2    Malacarne, P.3
  • 9
    • 77956083497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating end of life practices in ten Brazilian paediatric and adult intensive care units
    • Piva J, Lago P, Othero J, et al. Evaluating end of life practices in ten Brazilian paediatric and adult intensive care units. J Med Ethics 2010;36:344-348.
    • (2010) J. Med. Ethics , vol.36 , pp. 344-348
    • Piva, J.1    Lago, P.2    Othero, J.3
  • 10
    • 76549099311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in very long-stay pediatric intensive care unit patients and incidence of withdrawal of treatment
    • Naghib S, van der Starre C, Gischler SJ, et al. Mortality in very long-stay pediatric intensive care unit patients and incidence of withdrawal of treatment. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:131-136.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med. , vol.36 , pp. 131-136
    • Naghib, S.1    Van Der Starre, C.2    Gischler, S.J.3
  • 11
    • 79952990621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of deaths in paediatric intensive care: A 10-year study
    • Sands R, Manning JC, Vyas H, et al. Characteristics of deaths in paediatric intensive care: a 10-year study. Nurs Crit Care 2009;14:235-240.
    • (2009) Nurs. Crit. Care , vol.14 , pp. 235-240
    • Sands, R.1    Manning, J.C.2    Vyas, H.3
  • 13
    • 72049100665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Categorizing neonatal deaths: A cross-cultural study in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands
    • Verhagen AA, Janvier A, Leuthner SR, et al. Categorizing neonatal deaths: a cross-cultural study in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands. J Pediatr 2010;156:33-37.
    • (2010) J. Pediatr. , vol.156 , pp. 33-37
    • Verhagen, A.A.1    Janvier, A.2    Leuthner, S.R.3
  • 14
    • 70449707668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal briefing: Medical futility and assisted suicide
    • this article, US legal scholar Thaddeus Pope provides a summary of recent changes to the law and key legal cases involving medical futility in the USA, Canada, UK and Australia. He summarizes statutes, ex-ante cases that have gone to the courts, cases replacing surrogates and ex-post cases of court review after treatment withdrawal
    • Pope TM. Legal briefing: medical futility and assisted suicide. J Clin Ethics 2009;20:274-286. In this article, US legal scholar Thaddeus Pope provides a summary of recent changes to the law and key legal cases involving medical futility in the USA, Canada, UK and Australia. He summarizes statutes, ex-ante cases that have gone to the courts, cases replacing surrogates and ex-post cases of court review after treatment withdrawal.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Ethics , vol.20 , pp. 274-286
    • Pope, T.M.1
  • 15
    • 68349133787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical futility: A paradigm as old as Hippocrates
    • Whitmer M, Hurst S, Prins M, et al. Medical futility: a paradigm as old as Hippocrates. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2009;28:67-71.
    • (2009) Dimens Crit. Care Nurs. , vol.28 , pp. 67-71
    • Whitmer, M.1    Hurst, S.2    Prins, M.3
  • 17
    • 0034721254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise and fall of the futility movement
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJM200007273430411
    • Helft PR, Siegler M, Lantos J. The rise and fall of the futility movement. N Engl J Med 2000;343:293-296. (Pubitemid 30490400)
    • (2000) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.343 , Issue.4 , pp. 293-296
    • Helft, P.R.1    Siegler, M.2    Lantos, J.3
  • 18
    • 77954958495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A history of resolving conflicts over end-of-life care in intensive care units in the United States
    • A review of the history of conflicts over end-of-life care in intensive care, including key legal decisions, futility policies and criticisms of 'futility'
    • Luce JM. A history of resolving conflicts over end-of-life care in intensive care units in the United States. Crit Care Med 2010;38:1623-1629. A review of the history of conflicts over end-of-life care in intensive care, including key legal decisions, futility policies and criticisms of 'futility'.
    • (2010) Crit. Care Med. , vol.38 , pp. 1623-1629
    • Luce, J.M.1
  • 19
    • 77949340075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case of Samuel Golubchuk and the right to live
    • An interesting article in the American Journal of Bioethics with a set of accompanying commentaries. The authors review a Canadian futility dispute and a policy developed by the College of Physicians and surgeons in Manitoba. They argue that the doctors' attempt to withdraw treatment and the new guidelines were contrary to the principle of autonomy, culturally insensitive, and flawed because of prognostic uncertainty
    • Jotkowitz A, Glick S, Zivotofsky AZ. The case of Samuel Golubchuk and the right to live. Am J Bioeth 2010;10:50-53. An interesting article in the American Journal of Bioethics (with a set of accompanying commentaries). The authors review a Canadian futility dispute and a policy developed by the College of Physicians and surgeons in Manitoba. They argue that the doctors' attempt to withdraw treatment and the new guidelines were contrary to the principle of autonomy, culturally insensitive, and flawed because of prognostic uncertainty.
    • (2010) Am. J. Bioeth , vol.10 , pp. 50-53
    • Jotkowitz, A.1    Glick, S.2    Zivotofsky, A.Z.3
  • 20
    • 77949334253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case of Samuel Golubchuk: The dangers of judicial deference and medical self-regulation
    • this article, Thaddeus Pope disagrees with Jotkowitz et al. on the legal principle of patient autonomy and argues that there is a need for an independent dispute resolution process when as is often the case futility disputes are religiously motivated
    • Pope TM. The case of Samuel Golubchuk: the dangers of judicial deference and medical self-regulation. Am J Bioeth 2010;10:59-61. In this article, Thaddeus Pope disagrees with Jotkowitz et al. on the legal principle of patient autonomy and argues that there is a need for an independent dispute resolution process when (as is often the case) futility disputes are religiously motivated.
    • (2010) Am. J. Bioeth , vol.10 , pp. 59-61
    • Pope, T.M.1
  • 21
    • 77949333919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autonomy does not confer sovereignty on the patient: A commentary on the Golubchuk case
    • this article, ethicist John Paris replies to Jotkowitz et al. arguing that the principle of autonomy does not confer a right to demand treatment
    • Paris JJ. Autonomy does not confer sovereignty on the patient: a commentary on the Golubchuk case. Am J Bioeth 2010;10:54-56. In this article, ethicist John Paris replies to Jotkowitz et al. arguing that the principle of autonomy does not confer a right to demand treatment.
    • (2010) Am. J. Bioeth , vol.10 , pp. 54-56
    • Paris, J.J.1
  • 22
    • 76149093528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End of life management of adult patients in an Australian metropolitan intensive care unit: A retrospective observational study
    • Bloomer MJ, Tiruvoipati R, Tsiripillis M, et al. End of life management of adult patients in an Australian metropolitan intensive care unit: a retrospective observational study. Aust Crit Care 2010;23:13-19.
    • (2010) Aust. Crit. Care , vol.23 , pp. 13-19
    • Bloomer, M.J.1    Tiruvoipati, R.2    Tsiripillis, M.3
  • 23
    • 71549144081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hastening death in end-of-life care: A survey of doctors
    • A survey reporting the practice of 2923 UK doctors who had cared for patients who had died in the previous 12 months. 28.9% of doctors reported having taken actions that they expected or intended to hasten death
    • Seale C. Hastening death in end-of-life care: a survey of doctors. Soc Sci Med 2009;69:1659-1666. A survey reporting the practice of 2923 UK doctors who had cared for patients who had died in the previous 12 months. 28.9% of doctors reported having taken actions that they expected or intended to hasten death.
    • (2009) Soc. Sci. Med. , vol.69 , pp. 1659-1666
    • Seale, C.1
  • 25
    • 0023795052 scopus 로고
    • Who defines futility?
    • Youngner SJ. Who defines futility? JAMA 1988;260:2094-2095.
    • (1988) JAMA , vol.260 , pp. 2094-2095
    • Youngner, S.J.1
  • 26
    • 0029285550 scopus 로고
    • Is futility a futile concept?
    • Brody BA, Halevy A. Is futility a futile concept? J Med Philos 1995;20:123-144.
    • (1995) J. Med. Philos. , vol.20 , pp. 123-144
    • Brody, B.A.1    Halevy, A.2
  • 28
    • 75149135125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The conversation around CPR/DNR should not be revived - At least for now
    • Truog RD. The conversation around CPR/DNR should not be revived - at least for now. Am J Bioeth 2010;10:84-85.
    • (2010) Am. J. Bioeth , vol.10 , pp. 84-85
    • Truog, R.D.1
  • 29
    • 67650809275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surrogate decision makers' responses to physicians' predictions of medical futility
    • A mixed qualitative and quantitative study of surrogate decision-makers of 50 critically ill patients in Californian ICUs. Surrogates were asked about their views of the accuracy of physician's futility predictions. A modified time trade-off technique was used to assess the probability of death predicted by doctors at which they would be willing to withdraw life support
    • Zier LS, Burack JH, Micco G, et al. Surrogate decision makers' responses to physicians' predictions of medical futility. Chest 2009;136:110-117. A mixed qualitative and quantitative study of surrogate decision-makers of 50 critically ill patients in Californian ICUs. Surrogates were asked about their views of the accuracy of physician's futility predictions. A modified time trade-off technique was used to assess the probability of death (predicted by doctors) at which they would be willing to withdraw life support.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.136 , pp. 110-117
    • Zier, L.S.1    Burack, J.H.2    Micco, G.3
  • 30
    • 0030293291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Preventive Ethics Approach to Counseling Patients About Clinical Futility in the Primary Care Setting
    • Doukas DJ, McCullough LB. A preventive ethics approach to counseling patients about clinical futility in the primary care setting. Arch Fam Med 1996;5:589-592. (Pubitemid 126445147)
    • (1996) Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 589-592
    • Doukas, D.J.1    McCullough, L.B.2
  • 32
    • 70350109371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Point: The Texas advance directives act effectively and ethically resolves disputes about medical futility
    • this article, ethicist Robert Fine involved in the development of the Texas act argues that it is a fair, effective and appropriate process for dealing with medical futility
    • Fine RL. Point: the Texas advance directives act effectively and ethically resolves disputes about medical futility. Chest 2009;136:963-967. In this article, ethicist Robert Fine (involved in the development of the Texas act) argues that it is a fair, effective and appropriate process for dealing with medical futility.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.136 , pp. 963-967
    • Fine, R.L.1
  • 33
    • 79952994083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chapter 166, Section 166.046, Accessed 7 October 2010
    • Texas Health and Safety Code. Chapter 166. Advance directives; 2002. Section 166.046. http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/SOTWDocs/HS/htm/HS.166. htm. [Accessed 7 October 2010]
    • (2002) Advance Directives
  • 34
    • 77954116493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: GMC;, accessed 7/10/2010, A revised UK guideline on end-of-life care. Treatment need not be provided if doctors believe that it would not be 'clinically appropriate', although patients or families should be explained the reasons for this judgement, and their options including seeking a second opinion and statutory review
    • General Medical Council. Treatment and care towards the end of life: good practice in decision making. London: GMC; 2010. http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/ ethical-guidance/6858.asp accessed 7/10/2010 A revised UK guideline on end-of-life care. Treatment need not be provided if doctors believe that it would not be 'clinically appropriate', although patients or families should be explained the reasons for this judgement, and their options (including seeking a second opinion and statutory review).
    • (2010) Treatment and Care Towards the End of Life: Good Practice in Decision Making
  • 35
    • 56749183057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When doctors and patients disagree about medical futility
    • McCabe MS, Storm C. When doctors and patients disagree about medical futility. J Oncol Pract 2008;4:207-209.
    • (2008) J. Oncol. Pract. , vol.4 , pp. 207-209
    • McCabe, M.S.1    Storm, C.2
  • 37
    • 67349141276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Futility: What Cool Hand Luke can teach the surgical community
    • Grossman E, Angelos P. Futility: what Cool Hand Luke can teach the surgical community. World J Surg 2009;33:1338-1340.
    • (2009) World J. Surg. , vol.33 , pp. 1338-1340
    • Grossman, E.1    Angelos, P.2
  • 38
    • 77953154023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure in children with severe neurological impairment: Is it futile medical treatment?
    • A study of 1-year outcomes for 22 severely neurologically impaired children admitted to a single paediatric ICU
    • van Gestel JP, Robroch AH, Bollen CW, et al. Mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure in children with severe neurological impairment: is it futile medical treatment? Dev Med Child Neurol 2010;52:483-488. A study of 1-year outcomes for 22 severely neurologically impaired children admitted to a single paediatric ICU.
    • (2010) Dev. Med. Child Neurol. , vol.52 , pp. 483-488
    • Van Gestel, J.P.1    Robroch, A.H.2    Bollen, C.W.3
  • 39
    • 70349572471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prediction model for out-of hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    • A nested study of factors predicting survival to hospital discharge and neurological outcome in 1166 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with advanced cardiac life support
    • Pircher IR, Stadlbauer KH, Severing AC, et al. A prediction model for out-of hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesth Analg 2009;109:1196-1201. A nested study of factors predicting survival to hospital discharge and neurological outcome in 1166 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with advanced cardiac life support.
    • (2009) Anesth. Analg. , vol.109 , pp. 1196-1201
    • Pircher, I.R.1    Stadlbauer, K.H.2    Severing, A.C.3
  • 40
    • 77649241852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The self-fulfilling prophecy in intensive care
    • An analysis of the practical and ethical problems arising from self-fulfilling prophecies in intensive care
    • Wilkinson D. The self-fulfilling prophecy in intensive care. Theor Med Bioeth 2009;30:401-410. An analysis of the practical and ethical problems arising from self-fulfilling prophecies in intensive care.
    • (2009) Theor. Med. Bioeth , vol.30 , pp. 401-410
    • Wilkinson, D.1
  • 44
    • 0041830140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of brain death and the dead-donor rule in the ethics of organ transplantation
    • DOI 10.1097/01.CCM.0000090869.19410.3C
    • Truog R, Robinson W. Role of brain death and the dead-donor rule in the ethics of organ transplantation. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2391-2396. (Pubitemid 37100844)
    • (2003) Critical Care Medicine , vol.31 , Issue.9 , pp. 2391-2396
    • Truog, R.D.1    Robinson, W.M.2
  • 45
    • 70649092009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of malignancy on the decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining therapy in critically ill patients
    • Cavallazzi R, Hirani A, Vasu TS, et al. Influence of malignancy on the decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining therapy in critically ill patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2009;26:464-469.
    • (2009) Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care , vol.26 , pp. 464-469
    • Cavallazzi, R.1    Hirani, A.2    Vasu, T.S.3
  • 46
    • 67650334150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical care management of cancer patients: Cause for optimism and need for objectivity
    • Darmon M, Azoulay E. Critical care management of cancer patients: cause for optimism and need for objectivity. Curr Opin Oncol 2009;21:318-326.
    • (2009) Curr. Opin. Oncol. , vol.21 , pp. 318-326
    • Darmon, M.1    Azoulay, E.2
  • 47
    • 77957192016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The empirical basis for determinations of medical futility
    • A systematic review including 92 articles that presented outcome data in critically ill or cardiac arrest patients and that claimed that this data supported or refuted a judgement of 'futility'. The authors looked at the criteria used for judging futility and the point estimates for mortality with confidence intervals based on the presented data. There was statistical overlap between data used to support and data used to refute claims of futility
    • Gabbay E, Calvo-Broce J, Meyer KB, et al. The empirical basis for determinations of medical futility. J Gen Intern Med 2010;25:1083-1089. A systematic review including 92 articles that presented outcome data in critically ill or cardiac arrest patients and that claimed that this data supported or refuted a judgement of 'futility'. The authors looked at the criteria used for judging futility and the point estimates for mortality (with confidence intervals) based on the presented data. There was statistical overlap between data used to support and data used to refute claims of futility.
    • (2010) J. Gen. Intern. Med. , vol.25 , pp. 1083-1089
    • Gabbay, E.1    Calvo-Broce, J.2    Meyer, K.B.3
  • 48
    • 70349840459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical futility statutes: No safe harbor to unilaterally refuse lifesustaining treatment
    • Pope TM. Medical futility statutes: no safe harbor to unilaterally refuse lifesustaining treatment. Tennessee Law Rev 2007;71:1-81.
    • (2007) Tennessee Law Rev. , vol.71 , pp. 1-81
    • Pope, T.M.1
  • 49
    • 0031086894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal and institutional policy responses to medical futility
    • Johnson SH, Gibbons VP, Goldner JA, et al. Legal and institutional policy responses to medical futility. J Health Hosp Law 1997;30:21-36.
    • (1997) J. Health Hosp. Law , vol.30 , pp. 21-36
    • Johnson, S.H.1    Gibbons, V.P.2    Goldner, J.A.3
  • 50
    • 70449715682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counterpoint: The Texas advance directives act is ethically flawed - Medical futility disputes must be resolved by a fair process
    • discussion 963-973, In this article, ethicist and intensivist Robert Truog responds to Fine. He accepts that the Texas act is an effective compromise, however, argues that it is constitutionally and ethically problematic
    • Truog RD. Counterpoint: the Texas advance directives act is ethically flawed - medical futility disputes must be resolved by a fair process. Chest 2009;136:968-971; discussion 963-973. In this article, ethicist (and intensivist) Robert Truog responds to Fine. He accepts that the Texas act is an effective compromise, however, argues that it is constitutionally and ethically problematic.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.136 , pp. 968-971
    • Truog, R.D.1
  • 51
    • 69649083969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Futility clarified
    • In this article, philosopher Eric Chwang argues that futility is easy to define it is the same as 'uselessness'. However, it is not possible to concisely set out the criteria for futility, as the goals of medicine cannot to be reduced to a simple algorithm
    • Chwang E. Futility clarified. J Law Med Ethics 2009;37:487-495. In this article, philosopher Eric Chwang argues that futility is easy to define (it is the same as 'uselessness'). However, it is not possible to concisely set out the criteria for futility, as the goals of medicine cannot to be reduced to a simple algorithm.
    • (2009) J. Law Med. Ethics , vol.37 , pp. 487-495
    • Chwang, E.1
  • 52
    • 33846954786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical futility: A conceptual model
    • Mohindra RK. Medical futility: a conceptual model. J Med Ethics 2007;33:71-75.
    • (2007) J. Med. Ethics , vol.33 , pp. 71-75
    • Mohindra, R.K.1
  • 53
    • 78650324325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The delivery of futile care is harmful to other patients
    • Niederman M, Berger J. The delivery of futile care is harmful to other patients. Crit Care Med 2010;38: S518-S522.
    • (2010) Crit. Care Med. , vol.38
    • Niederman, M.1    Berger, J.2
  • 54
    • 79952990965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationing healthcare: It's a matter of the healthcare system's structure
    • Orentlicher D. Rationing healthcare: it's a matter of the healthcare system's structure. Ann Health Law 2010;19:449-464.
    • (2010) Ann. Health Law , vol.19 , pp. 449-464
    • Orentlicher, D.1
  • 55
    • 61349148747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonging life and delaying death: The role of physicians in the context of limited intensive care resources
    • McDermid RC, Bagshaw SM. Prolonging life and delaying death: the role of physicians in the context of limited intensive care resources. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2009;4:3.
    • (2009) Philos. Ethics Humanit Med. , vol.4 , pp. 3
    • McDermid, R.C.1    Bagshaw, S.M.2
  • 57
    • 76649126250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is it always wrong to perform futile CPR?
    • In this article, Truog discusses a case of futile CPR and argues that in some circumstances it can be an act of caring and compassion
    • Truog RD. Is it always wrong to perform futile CPR? N Engl J Med 2010;362:477-479. In this article, Truog discusses a case of futile CPR and argues that in some circumstances it can be an act of caring and compassion.
    • (2010) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.362 , pp. 477-479
    • Truog, R.D.1
  • 58
    • 78649651494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does compassion for a family justify providing futile CPR?
    • this article, Paris provides a commentary on the above case and argues that it violates the Kantian imperative against using individuals as a mere means and that there is no way of clearly defining cases in which futile treatment may be justifiably provided
    • Paris JJ, Angelos P, Schreiber MD. Does compassion for a family justify providing futile CPR? J Perinatol 2010;30:770-772. In this article, Paris provides a commentary on the above case and argues that it violates the Kantian imperative against using individuals as a mere means and that there is no way of clearly defining cases in which futile treatment may be justifiably provided.
    • (2010) J. Perinatol. , vol.30 , pp. 770-772
    • Paris, J.J.1    Angelos, P.2    Schreiber, M.D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.