Titan's aerosol and stratospheric ice opacities between 18 and 500μm: Vertical and spectral characteristics from Cassini CIRS

Icarus

Volumn 212, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 762-778

  Anderson, Carrie M ^a   Samuelson, Robert E ^b  

^a NASA HEADQUARTERS   (United States)

^b Bldg 142   (United States)

Author keywords

Ices; Radiative transfer; Titan

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952901485     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.01.024     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Achterberg Richard K., Conrath Barney J., Gierasch Peter J., Flasar Michael F., Nixon Conor A. Titan's middle-atmospheric temperatures and dynamics observed by the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer. Icarus 2008, 194:263-277.
2. Anderson C.M., Samuelson R.E., Bjoraker G.L., Achterberg R.K. Particle size and abundance of HC3N ice in Titan's lower stratosphere at high northern latitudes. Icarus 2010, 207:914-922.
3. Angus S., Armstrong B., de Reuck K.M. International thermodynamic tables of the fluid state-5: Methane. IUPAC 1976, Pergamon, Oxford.
4. Armstrong G.T., Brickwedde F.G., Scott R.B. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std. 1955, 55:39.
5. Borysow A., Frommhold L. Theoretical collision-induced rototranslational absorption spectra for modeling Titan's atmosphere - H2-N2 pairs. Astrophys. J. 1986, 303:495-510.
6. Borysow A., Frommhold L. Theoretical collision-induced rototranslational absorption spectra for the outer planets - H2-CH4 pairs. Astrophys. J. 1986, 304:849-865.
7. Borysow A., Frommhold L. Collision induced roto-translational absorption spectra of N2-N2 pairs for temperatures from 50 to 300K. Astrophys. J. 1986, 311:1043-1057.
8. Borysow Aleksandra, Frommhold Lothar Collision-induced rototranslational absorption spectra of CH4-CH4 pairs at temperatures from 50 to 300K. Astrophys. J. 1987, 318:940-943.
9. Borysow Aleksandra, Tang Chunmei Far infrared CIA spectra of N2-CH4 pairs for modeling of Titans atmosphere. Icarus 1993, 105:175-183.
10. Boudon, V., Pirali, O., Roy, P., Brubach, J.-B., Manceron, L., Vander Auwera, J., in press. The high-resolution far-infrared spectrum of methane at the SOLEIL synchrotron. Icarus.
11. Brown Michael E., Roberts Jessica E., Schaller Emily L. Clouds on Titan during the Cassini prime mission: A complete analysis of the VIMS data. Icarus 2010, 205:571-580.
12. Conrath B.J., Gierasch P.J. Evidence for disequilibrium of ortho and para hydrogen on Jupiter from Voyager IRIS measurements. Nature 1983, 306:571-572.
13. Courtin Régis, Wagener Richard, McKay Christopher P., Caldwell John, Fricke Karl-Heinrich, Raulin Franco̧is, Bruston Paul UV spectroscopy of Titan's atmosphere, planetary organic chemistry and prebiological synthesis: II. Interpretation of new IUE observations in the 220-335nm range. Icarus 1991, 90:43-56.
14. Courtin R., Gautier D., McKay C.P. Titan's thermal emission spectrum: Reanalysis of the voyager infrared measurements. Icarus 1995, 114:144-162.
15. Coustenis A., Lellouch E., Maillard J.P., McKay C.P. Titan's surface: composition and variability from the near-infrared albedo. Icarus 1995, 118:87-104.
16. Coustenis A., et al. The composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra. Icarus 2007, 189:35-62.
17. de Kok R., et al. Characteristics of Titan's stratospheric aerosols and condensate clouds from Cassini CIRS far-infrared spectra. Icarus 2007, 191:223-235.
18. Del Genio A.D., Zhou W., Eichler T.P. Equatorial superrotation in a slowly rotating GCM: implications for Titan and Venus. Icarus 1993, 101:1-17.
19. Dello Russo N., Khanna R.K. Laboratory infrared spectroscopic studies of crystalline nitriles with relevance to outer planetary systems. Icarus 1996, 123:366-395.
20. Dire James R. Seasonal photochemical and meridional transport model for the stratosphere of Titan. Icarus 2000, 145:428-444.
21. Flasar F.M., Samuelson R.E., Conrath B.J. Titan's atmosphere: Temperature and dynamics. Nature 1981, 292:693-698.
22. Flasar F.M., et al. Exploring the Saturn system in the thermal infrared: The composite infrared spectrometer. Space Sci. Rev. 2004, 115:169-297.
23. Griffith C.A., et al. Evidence for a polar ethane cloud on Titan. Science 2006, 313:1620-1622.
24. Hanel R.A., Conrath B.J., Jennings D.E., Samuelson R.E. Exploration of the Solar System by Infrared Remote Sensing 2003, Cambridge University Press, UK. second ed.
25. Jacquinet-Husson N., et al. The 2003 edition of the GEISA/IASA spectroscopic data base. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Tran. 2005, 95:429-467.
26. Jennings D.E., et al. Titan's surface brightness temperatures. Astrophys. J. 2009, 691:L103-L105.
27. Karkoschka Erich Spectrophotometry of the jovian planets and Titan at 300- to 1000-nm wavelength: The methane spectrum. Icarus 1994, 111:174-192.
28. Karkoschka Erich Methane, ammonia, and temperature measurements of the jovian planets and titan from CCD-spectrophotometry. Icarus 1998, 1323:134-146.
29. Khare B.N., Sagan C., Arakawa E.T., Suits F., Callcott T.A., Williams M.W. Optical constants of organic tholins produced in a simulated Titanian atmosphere: From soft X-ray to microwave frequencies. Icarus 1984, 60:127-137.
30. Lacis A.A., Oinas V. A description of the correlated k distribution method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96:9027-9063.
31. Lorenz R.D., Young E.F., Lemmon M.T. Titan's smile and collar: HST observations of seasonal change 1994-2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:4453-4456.
32. Lorenz Ralph D., Smith Peter H., Lemmon Mark T. Seasonal change in Titan's haze 1992-2002 from Hubble Space Telescope observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L10702.
33. Marquardt D.W. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 1963, 11:431-441.
34. Mayo L.M., Samuelson R.E. Condensate clouds in Titan's north polar stratosphere. Icarus 2005, 176:316-330.
35. McKay C.P., Pollack J.B., Courtin R. The thermal structure of Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 1989, 80:23-53.
36. McKay Christopher P., Pollack James B., Courtin Regis The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan. Science 1991, 253:1118-1121.
37. McKay C.P., Coustenis A., Samuelson R.E., Lemmon M.T., Lorenz R.D., Cabane M., Rannou P., Drossart P. Physical properties of the organic aerosols and clouds on Titan. Planet. Space Sci. 2001, 49:79-99.
38. Moore, M., Ferrante, Robert F., Moore, James W., Hudson, Reggie, submitted for publication. Infrared spectra and optical constants of nitrile ices relevant to Titans atmosphere. Astrophys. J.
39. Niemann H.B., et al. The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe. Nature 2005, 438:779-784.
40. Penteado Paulo F., et al. Latitudinal variations in Titans methane and haze from Cassini VIMS observations. Icarus 2010, 206:352-365.
41. Rages K., Pollack J.B. Vertical distribution of scattering hazes in Titan's upper atmosphere. Icarus 1983, 55:50-62.
42. Rages K., Pollack J.B., Smith P.H. Size estimates of Titan's aerosols based on Voyager high-phase-angle images. J. Geophys. Res. 1983, 88:8721-8728.
43. Rannou P., Cabane M., Chassefiere E., Botet R., McKay C.P., Courtin R. Titan's geometric albedo: Role of the fractal structure of the aerosols. Icarus 1995, 118:355-372.
44. Ricca Alessandra, Bauschlicher Charles W., Bakes E.L.O. A computational study of the mechanisms for the incorporation of a nitrogen atom into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Titan haze. Icarus 2001, 154:516-521.
45. Rothman L.S., et al. The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Tran. 2005, 96:139-204.
46. Samuelson R.E. Radiative equilibrium model of Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 1983, 53:364-387.
47. Samuelson R.E., Mayo L.A. Thermal infrared properties of Titan's stratospheric aerosol. Icarus 1991, 91:207-219.
48. Samuelson R.E., Hanel R.A., Kunde V.G., Maguire W.C. Mean molecular weight and hydrogen abundance of Titan's atmosphere. Nature 1981, 292:688-693.
49. Samuelson R.E., Nath N.R., Borysow A. Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere. Planet. Space Sci. 1997, 45:959-980.
50. Samuelson R.E., Smith M.D., Achterberg R.K., Pearl J.C. Cassini CIRS update on stratospheric ices at Titan's winter pole. Icarus 2007, 189:63-71.
51. Schwartz Y.A., Ron A., Kimel S. Far-infrared spectral of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene. J. Chem. Phys. 1971, 54:99-105.
52. Smith B.A., et al. Encounter with Saturn - Voyager 1 imaging science results. Science 1981, 212:163-191.
53. Smith B.A., et al. A new look at the Saturn system: The Voyager 2 images. Science 1982, 215:505-537.
54. Teanby N.A., et al. Vertical profiles of HCN, HC3N, and C2H2 in Titan's atmosphere derived from Cassini/CIRS data. Icarus 2007, 186:364-384.
55. Tomasko Martin G., West Robert A. Aerosols in Titan's atmosphere, in Titan from Cassini-Huygens 2009, Springer.
56. Tomasko M.G., Doose L., Engel S., Dafoe L.E., West R., Lemmon M., Karkoschka E., See C. A model of Titan's aerosols based on measurements made inside the atmosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 2008, 56:669-707.
57. Toon O.B., McKay C.P., Griffith C.A., Turco R.P. A physical model of Titan's aerosols. Icarus 1992, 95:24-53.
58. Vinatier Sandrine, et al. Vertical abundance profiles of hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere at 15S and 80N retrieved from Cassini/CIRS spectra. Icarus 2007, 188:120-138.
59. Vinatier Sandrine, et al. Analysis of Cassini/CIRS limb spectra of Titan acquired during the nominal mission II. Aerosol extinction profiles in the 600-1420 cm-1 spectral range. Icarus 2010, 210:852-866.
60. Waite J.H., et al. Ion neutral mass spectrometer results from the first flyby of Titan. Science 2005, 308:982-986.
61. Waite J.H., Young D.T., Cravens T.E., Coates A.J., Crary F.J., Magee B., Westlake J. The process of tholin formation in Titans upper atmosphere. Science 2007, 316:870-875.
62. Young D.T., et al. Cassini plasma spectrometer investigation. Space Sci. Rev. 2004, 114:1-112.