Externally applied electric fields up to 1.6 × 105 V/m do not affect the homogeneous nucleation of ice in supercooled water

Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Volumn 115, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1089-1097

  Stan, Claudiu A ^a   Tang, Sindy K Y ^a   Bishop, Kyle J M ^a   Whitesides, George M ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DROPS; ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECTS; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; FREEZING; NUCLEATION; SUPERCOOLING;

APPLIED ELECTRIC FIELD; CONDUCTING ELECTRODES; FREE IONS; FREEZING TEMPERATURES; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; INSULATING SURFACES; MICROSCOPIC MECHANISMS; PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITORS; PERFLUORINATED LIQUIDS; SUPERCOOLED WATER; THERMODYNAMIC MODEL; UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELDS; WATER MOLECULE;

ICE;

EID: 79952827690     PISSN: 15206106     EISSN: 15205207     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp110437x     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Pruppacher, H. R.; Klett, J. D. Microphysics of clouds and precipitation; D. Reidel Publishing Co.: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1978.
2. Weickmann, H. K. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1981, 119, 538-547
3. Politovich, M. K. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1989, 28, 856-868
4. Fahy, G. M.; Macfarlane, D. R.; Angell, C. A.; Meryman, H. T. Cryobiology 1984, 21, 407-426
5. Winn, W. P.; Schwede, G. W.; Moore, C. B. J. Geophys. Res. 1974, 79, 1761-1767
6. Marshall, T. C.; Rust, W. D. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1991, 96, 22297-22306
7. Laforte, J. L.; Allaire, M. A.; Laflamme, J. Atmos. Res. 1998, 46, 143-158
8. Stan, C. A.; Schneider, G. F.; Shevkoplyas, S. S.; Hashimoto, M.; Ibanescu, M.; Wiley, B. J.; Whitesides, G. M. Lab Chip 2009, 9, 2293-2305
9. Edwards, G. R.; Evans, L. F. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1962, 58, 1649-1655
10. Smith, M. H.; Griffiths, R. F.; Latham, J. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 1971, 97, 495-505
11. Dawson, G. A.; Cardell, G. R. J. Geophys. Res. 1973, 78, 8864-8866
12. Pruppacher, H. R. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1973, 104, 623-634
13. Doolittle, J. B.; Vali, G. J. Atmos. Sci. 1975, 32, 375-379
14. Gavish, M.; Wang, J. L.; Eisenstein, M.; Lahav, M.; Leiserowitz, L. Science 1992, 256, 815-818
15. Braslavsky, I.; Lipson, S. G. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 72, 264-266
16. Hozumi, T.; Saito, A.; Okawa, S.; Watanabe, K. Int. J. Refrig. 2003, 26, 537-542
17. Choi, E. M.; Yoon, Y. H.; Lee, S.; Kang, H. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 95, 085701
18. Sun, W.; Xu, X. B.; Zhang, H.; Xu, C. X. Cryobiology 2008, 56, 93-99
19. Orlowska, M.; Havet, M.; Le-Bail, A. Food Res. Int. 2009, 42, 879-884
20. Wilson, P. W.; Osterday, K.; Haymet, A. D. J. Cryoletters 2009, 30, 96-99
21. Ehre, D.; Lavert, E.; Lahav, M.; Lubomirsky, I. Science 2010, 327, 672-675
22. Searles, J. A.; Carpenter, J. F.; Randolph, T. W. J. Pharm. Sci. 2001, 90, 860-871
23. Karlsson, J. O. M.; Cravalho, E. G.; Rinkes, I.; Tompkins, R. G.; Yarmush, M. L.; Toner, M. Biophys. J. 1993, 65, 2524-2536
24. Petersen, A.; Rau, G.; Glasmacher, B. Heat Mass Transfer 2006, 42, 929-938
25. Hartel, R. W. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1996, 7, 315-321
26. Inada, T.; Zhang, X.; Yabe, A.; Kozawa, Y. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2001, 44, 4523-4531
27. Croteau, T.; Bertram, A. K.; Patey, G. N. J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 8396-8405
28. Jung, D. H.; Yang, J. H.; Jhon, M. S. Chem. Phys. 1999, 244, 331-337
29. Vegiri, A. J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 8786-8798
30. Alper, H. E.; Levy, R. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 8401-8403
31. Yeh, I. C.; Berkowitz, M. L. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110, 7935-7942
32. Svishchev, I. M.; Kusalik, P. G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 73, 975-978
33. Kolodziej, H. A.; Jones, G. P.; Davies, M. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1975, 71, 269-274
34. Song, C. R.; Wang, P. S. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2010, 81, 054702
35. Petersen, A.; Schneider, H.; Rau, G.; Glasmacher, B. Cryobiology 2006, 53, 248-257
36. Kashchiev, D. Philos. Mag. 1972, 25, 459-470
37. Jeffery, C. A.; Austin, P. H. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1997, 102, 25269-25279
38. Koop, T.; Luo, B. P.; Tsias, A.; Peter, T. Nature 2000, 406, 611-614
39. Anna, S. L.; Bontoux, N.; Stone, H. A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 364-366
40. Goldsmith, H. L.; Mason, S. G. J. Colloid Sci. 1962, 17, 448-476
41. Chan, P. C. H.; Leal, L. G. J. Fluid Mech. 1979, 92, 131-170
42. Lee, J. N.; Park, C.; Whitesides, G. M. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 6544-6554
43. Stockel, P.; Weidinger, I. M.; Baumgartel, H.; Leisner, T. J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 2540-2546
44. Natzle, W. C.; Moore, C. B. J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 2605-2612
45. Matsumoto, M.; Saito, S.; Ohmine, I. Nature 2002, 416, 409-413
46. von Hippel, A.; Maurer, R. J. Phys. Rev. 1941, 59, 820-823
47. We believe that the immunity of PDMS and of the carrier fluid to electrical breakdown was caused by the spacers. An electrical breakdown requires a sudden, and large, increase in the electrical current that leaks between the electrodes, but such an increase was impossible because the spacers were effective electrical insulators.
48. In principle, we could have turned the voltages on and off during the experiment rather than amplitude-modulating the signal, but during the on-off switching the high-voltage amplifier generated large voltage spikes that interfered with measurements.
49. Papanastasiou, T. C.; Georgiou, G.; Alexandrou, A. N. Viscous Fluid Flow; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
50. Saville, D. A. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1997, 29, 27-64
51. Stan, C. A.; Tang, S. K. Y.; Whitesides, G. M. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 2399-2402
52. Hasted, J. B.; Shahidi, M. Nature 1976, 262, 777-778
53. Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. Electrodynamics of continuous media, 2nd ed.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK, 1984.
54. 6 V/m is valid for atmospheric pressure and a distance of approximately 1 cm conditions similar to those encountered in previous ice nucleation experiments.
55. Johari, G. P.; Whalley, E. J. Chem. Phys. 1981, 75, 1333-1340
56. Kramer, B.; Hubner, O.; Vortisch, H.; Woste, L.; Leisner, T.; Schwell, M.; Ruhl, E.; Baumgartel, H. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 111, 6521-6527
57. Giauque, W. F.; Stout, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 1144-1150
58. Tajima, Y.; Matsuo, T.; Suga, H. Nature 1982, 299, 810-812
59. Tajima, Y.; Matsuo, T.; Suga, H. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1984, 45, 1135-1144
60. Jackson, S. M.; Nield, V. M.; Whitworth, R. W.; Oguro, M.; Wilson, C. C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 6142-6145
61. Pauling, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 2680-2684