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The division of the cold zone into five zones represents a design compromise between the spatial resolution of the temperature control (which improves with more zones) and the complexity of the plate Our first experiments, which include the ones for the data shown in Fig. 6, used a three-zone plate. We later abandoned this design because it did not provide enough flexibility in setting the cooling conditions With the Peltier elements off, the cold zones reached temperatures of -30 to -35 °C when the heat exchanger had a temperature of -60 °C, because of heating from the lab environment We limited the maximum temperature of any zone to 50 °C to protect the Peltier elements, which were sealed in-house with silicone (PDMS) to prevent water condensation during operation at low temperatures. The silicone expansion at high temperatures is large enough to cause irreversible mechanical damage to the elements
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This mechanism of heterogeneous ice nucleation, in which the impurity inside the sample of water initiates the nucleation, is sometimes called 'immersion mode' nucleation, to distinguish it from other mechanisms (e.g. the 'contact mode' nucleation - which is due to the contact between an impurity particle and a drop)
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