New information about Albert Einstein's brain

Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience

Volumn 1, Issue MAY, 2009, Pages

  Falk, Dean ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Albert einstein; Brodmann's area 40; Cortical asymmetries; Parietal operculum; Sensory and motor cortices; Sulcal patterns

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952739992     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1663070X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/neuro.18.003.2009     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Amunts, K., Schlaug, G., Jancke, L., Steinmetz, H., Schleicher, A., Dabringhaus, A., and Zilles, K. (1997). Motor cortex and hand motor skills: structural compliance in the human brain. Hum. Brain Mapp. 5, 206-215.
2. Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., Burgel, U., Mohlberg, H., Uylings, H. B., and Zilles, K. (1999). Broca's region revisited: cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. J. Comp. Neurol. 412, 319-341.
3. Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., and Zilles, K. (2004). Outstanding language competence and cytoarchitecture in Broca's speech region. Brain Lang. 89, 346-353.
4. Anderson, B., and Harvey, T. (1996). Alterations in cortical thickness and neuronal density in the frontal cortex of Albert Einstein. Neurosci. Lett. 210, 161-164.
5. Bangert, M., and Schlaug, G. (2006). Specialization of the specialized in features of external human brain morphology. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24, 1832-1834.
6. Brodmann, K. (1909). Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien Dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig, Barth.
7. Bucky, P. A. (1992). The Private Albert Einstein. Kansas City, Andrews and McMeel.
8. Caulo, M., Briganti, C., Mattei, P. A., Perfetti, B., Ferretti, A., Romani, G. L., Tartaro, A., and Colosimo, C. (2007). New morphologic variants of the hand motor cortex as seen with MR imaging in a large study population. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 28, 1480-1485.
9. Connolly, J. C. (1950). External Morphology of the Primate Brain. Springfield, IL, C. C. Thomas.
10. Crosby, E., Humphrey, T., and Lauer, E. W. (1962). Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous System. New York, Macmillan.
11. Diamond, M. C., Scheibel, A. B., Murphy, G. M. Jr., and Harvey, T. (1985). On the brain of a scientist: Albert Einstein. Exp. Neurol. 88, 198-204.
12. Eickhoff, S. B., Schleicher, A., Zilles, K., and Amunts, K. (2006). The human parietal operculum. I. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of subdivisions. Cereb. Cortex 16, 254-267.
13. Einstein, A. (1970). Autobiographical notes. In: Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Vol. II, The Library of Living Philosophers, 3rd Edn, P. A. Schilpp, eds (La Salle, IL, Open Court Press).
14. Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B., and Taub, E. (1995). Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science 270, 305-307.
15. Falk, D. (1982). Mapping fossil endocasts. In: Primate Brain Evolution: Methods and Concepts, E. Armstrong and D. Falk, eds (New York, Plenum), pp. 217-226.
16. Falk, D., Hildebolt, C., Cheverud, J., Kohn, L. A., Figiel, G., and Vannier, M. (1991). Human cortical asymmetries determined with 3D MR technology. J. Neurosci. Methods 39, 185-191.
17. Galaburda, A. M. (1999). Albert Einstein's brain. Lancet 354, 1821; author reply 1822.
18. Galaburda, A. M., Kosslyn, S. M., and Christen, Y. (2002). The Languages of the Brain. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
19. Gould, S. J. (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York, WW Norton.
20. Hadamard, J. (1945). The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Princeton, Dover Publications.
21. Hines, T. (1998). Further on Einstein's brain. Exp. Neurol. 150, 343-344.
22. Jancke, L., Schlaug, G., and Steinmetz, H. (1997). Hand skill asymmetry in professional musicians. Brain Cogn. 34, 424-432.
23. Jerison, H. J. (1973). Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York, Academic Press.
24. Lepore, F. E. (2001). Dissecting Genius: Einstein's Brain and the Search for the Neural Basis of Intellect, Vol. 3. New York, Dana Press, pp. 11-26.
25. Magnotta, V. A., Andreasen, N. C., Schultz, S. K., Harris, G., Cizadlo, T., Heckel, D., Nopoulos, P., and Flaum, M. (1999). Quantitative in vivo measurement of gyrification in the human brain: changes associated with aging. Cereb. Cortex 9, 151-160.
26. Ono, M., Kubik, S., and Abernathy, C. D. (1990). Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci. New York, Hafner Publishing Company.
27. Penfield, W., and Rasmussen, T. (1968). The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function. New York, Hafner Publishing Company.
28. Roth, G., and Dicke, U. (2005). Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 250-257.
29. Schlaug, G. (2001). The brain of musicians. A model for functional and structural adaptation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 930, 281-299.
30. Schlaug, G., Jancke, L., Huang, Y., and Steinmetz, H. (1995). In vivo evidence of structural brain asymmetry in musicians. Science 267, 699-701.
31. Shaw, P., Greenstein, D., Lerch, J., Clasen, L., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., Evans, A., Rapoport, J., and Giedd, J. (2006). Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature 440, 676-679.
32. Steinmetz, H., Ebeling, U., Huang, Y. X., and Kahn, T. (1990). Sulcus topography of the parietal opercular region: an anatomic and MR study. Brain Lang. 38, 515-533.
33. Volkmann, J., Schnitzler, A., Witte, O. W., and Freund, H. (1998). Handedness and asymmetry of hand representation in human motor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 2149-2154.
34. Welker, W. I., and Campos, G. B. (1963). Physiological significance of sulci in somatic sensory cerebral cortex in mammals of the family procyonidae. J. Comp. Neurol. 120, 19-36.
35. Wertheimer, M. (1959). Productive Thinking. New York, Harper.
36. Witelson, S. F., Kigar, D. L., and Harvey T. (1999a). Authors' reply. Lancet 354, 1822.
37. Witelson, S. F., Kigar, D. L., and Harvey T. (1999b). The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein. Lancet 353, 2149-2153.
38. Wolff, B., and Goodman, H. (2007). The legend of the dull-witted child who grew up to be a genius. Available at: http://www.albert-einstein.org/article_handicap.html
39. Yousry, T. A., Schmid, U. D., Alkadhi, H., Schmidt, D., Peraud, A., Buettner, A., and Winkler, P. (1997). Localization of the motor hand area to a knob on the precentral gyrus. A new landmark. Brain 120(Pt 1), 141-157.
40. Zilles, K., Schleicher, A., Langemann, C., Amunts, K., Morosan, P., Palomero-Gallagher, N., Schormann, T., Mohlberg, H., Burgel, U., Steinmetz, H., Schlaug, G., and Roland, P. E. (1997). Quantitative analysis of sulci in the human cerebral cortex: development, regional heterogeneity, gender difference, asymmetry, intersubject variability and cortical architecture. Hum. Brain Mapp. 5, 218-221.