A qualitative analysis of child sex offenders involved in the manufacture of indecent images of children

Journal of Sexual Aggression

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 143-167

  Sheehan, Valerie ^a   Sullivan, Joe ^b  

^a Mentor Forensic Services Limited   (Ireland)

^b CEOP   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Child pornography; Child sexual abuse; Indecent images of children; Internet; Producers of indecent images

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952731248     PISSN: 13552600     EISSN: 17426545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13552601003698644     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Beech, A., Elliott, I., Birgden, A., & Findlater, D. (2008). The internet and child sexual offending: A criminological review. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 13, 216-228.
2. Bourke, M. L., & Hernandez, A. E. (2009). The "Butner Study" redux: A report of the incidence of hands-on child victimization by child pornography offenders. Journal of Family Violence, 24, 183-191.
3. Briggs, F., & Hawkins, R. M. F. (1996). A comparison of the childhood experiences of convicted male child abusers and men who were sexually abused in childhood and claimed to be non-offenders. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 221-233.
4. Bringer, J. D., Johnston, L. H., & Brackenridge, C. H. (2006). Using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software to develop a grounded theory project. Field Methods, 8, 245-266.
5. British Psychological Society (2009). Code of Ethics and Conduct: Guidance Published by the Ethics Committee of the British Psychological Society. Retrieved May 2009, from http://www.bps.org.uk/document-download-area/documentdownload$. cfm?file_uuid_E6917759_9799-434A-F313-9C35698E1864&ext_pdf
6. Carr, A. (2009). The social dimension of the online trade of child sexual exploitation materials. Paper presented to the global symposium for examining the relationship between online and off-line offences and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 5-7 April 2009.
7. Calder, M. (Ed.) (2004). Child Sexual Abuse and the Internet: Tackling the New Frontier. Lyme Regis, UK: Russell House Publishing Ltd.
8. Cameron, M. (2008). Sources of indecent images of children on the internet: Poll of forensic computer analysts. Presentation to Child Exploitation and Online Protection centre (CEOP) UK, 10 August 2008.
9. Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (2009). Annual Review 2008-9. Retrieved 17 May 2009, from http:// www.ceop.gov.uk/downloads/documents/CEOP_Annual_Review_2008_09.pdf.
10. Elliott, I., Beech, A. R., & Mandeville-Norden, R. (2009). Psychological profiles of internet sex offenders: Comparisons with contact sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal or Research and Treatment, 21, 76-92.
11. Estes, R. J., & Weiner, N. A. (2007). The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U. S, Canada, and Mexico. Available at: www.sp2.upenn.edu/~restes/CSEC.htm (accessed January 2008).
12. Finkelhor, D. (1984). Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research. New York: The Free Press.
13. Golsworthy, R., & Coyle, A. (2001). Practitioners" accounts of religious and spiritual dimensions in bereavement therapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14, 183-202.
14. Grubin, D., & Madsen, L. (2006). Accuracy and utility of post-conviction polygraph testing of sex offenders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 479-483.
15. Hall, G. C. N., & Hirschman, R. (1992). Sexual aggression against children: a conceptual perspective on etiology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 19, 8-23.
16. Hammersley, M. (2004). Some reflections on ethnography and validity. In C. Seale (Ed.), Social Research Methods: A Reader (pp. 241-245). London: Routledge.
17. Hanson, K. (2009). How should we advance our knowledge or risk assessment for internet sex offenders? Paper presented to the global symposium for examining the relationship between online and off-line offences and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 5-7 April 2009.
18. Hernandez, A. E. (2009). Psychological and behavioural characteristics of child pornography offenders in treatment. Paper presented to the global symposium for examining the relationship between online and off-line offences and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 5-7 April 2009.
19. Howitt, D. (1995). Paedophiles and Sexual Offences against Children. Chichester: Wiley.
20. Howitt, D. (1998). Crime, the Media and the Law. Chichester: Wiley.
21. Howitt, D., & Sheldon, K. (2007). The role of cognitive distortions in paedophilic offending: Internet and contact offenders compared. Psychology, Crime & Law, 13, 469-486.
22. Jones, T. (in press). The ethnicity of child victims in indecent images appearing on the internet. Child Exploitation and Online Protection (CEOP).
23. Kingston, D. A., Fedoroff, P., Firestone, P., Currie, S., & Bradford, J. M. (2008). Pornography use and sexual aggression: The impact of frequency and type of pornography use on recidivism among sexual offenders. Aggressive Behaviour, 34, 1-11.
24. Lanning, K. V. (2001). Child Molesters: A Behavioural Analysis, 4th edn. Arlington, VA: National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Retrieved 2 May 2009, from http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC70.pdf.
25. Mann, R. E., & Beech, A. R. (2003). Cognitive distortions, schemas and implicit theories. In T. Ward, D. R. Laws & S. M. Hudson (Eds.), Sexual Deviance: Issues and Controversies (pp. 135-153). London: Sage.
26. Mann, R. E., & Hollin, C. R. (2007). Sexual offenders" explanations of their offending. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 13, 3-9.
27. Marshall, W. L., & Barbaree, H. E. (1990). An integrated theory of the etiology of sexual offending. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws & H. E. Barbaree (Eds.), Handbook of Sexual Assault: Issues Theories and Treatment of the Offender (pp. 257-275). New York: Plenum Press.
28. Marshall, W. L. (2000). Revisiting the use of pornography by sexual offenders: Implications for theory and practice. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 6, 67-77.
29. Middleton, D., Elliott, I. A., Mandeville-Norden, R., & Beech, A. R. (2006). An investigation into the application of the Ward and Seigert"s Pathways model of child sexual abuse with internet offenders. Psychology Crime & Law, 12, 589-603.
30. Midgley, N. (2004). Sailing between Scylla and Charybdis: Incorporating qualitative approaches into child psychotherapy research. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 30, 89-111.
31. Miles, M., & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Source Book. London: Sage.
32. Paul, B., & Linz, D. G. (2008). The effects of exposure to virtual child pornography and viewer cognitions and attitudes to deviant sexual behaviour. Communication Research, 35, 3-38.
33. Pawson, R., Boaz, A., Grayson, L., Long, A., & Barnes, C. (2003). Types and quality of knowledge in social care. Available at: http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/knowledgereviews/kr03.pdf (accessed May 2008).
34. Porter, S. (2007). Validity, trustworthiness and rigour: Asserting realism in qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60, 79-86.
35. Quayle, E. (2004). The impact of viewing on offending behaviour. In M. Calder (Ed.), Child Sexual Abuse and the Internet: Tackling the New Frontier. Lyme Regis, UK: Russell House Publishing.
36. Quayle, E. (2009). Abuse images of children: Identifying gaps in our knowledge. Paper presented to the global symposium for examining the relationship between online and off-line offences and preventing the sexual exploitation of children. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, 5-7 April 2009.
37. Quayle, E., Vaughan, M., & Taylor, M. (2006). Sex offenders, Internet child abuse images and emotional avoidance: The importance of values. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 1-11.
38. Quayle, E., Lööf, L., & Palmer, T. (2008). Chid Pornography and the Sexual Exploitation Of Children Online. Bangkok: ECPAT International.
39. Salter, A. (2003). Predators: Pedophiles, Rapists, and Other Sex Offenders: Who They Are, How They Operate, and How We Can Protect Our Children. New York: Basic Books.
40. Sentencing Advisory Panel (2002). The panel's advice to the court of appeal on offences involving child pornography. UK: Home Office.
41. Seto, M. C., Cantor, J. M., & Blanchard, R. (2005). Child pornography offences are a valid diagnostic indicator of paedophilia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 610-615.
42. Sher, J. (2007). One Child at a Time. London: Satin Publications Ltd.
43. Silverman, D. (2000). Doing Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
44. Smith, J. A. (1996). Evolving issues for qualitative psychology. In T. E. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods (pp. 189-201). Norwich, UK: Biddles Ltd.
45. Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1, 39-54.
46. Smith, J. A., Jarman, M., & Osborn, M. (1999). Doing interpretative phenomenological analysis. In M. Murray & K. Chamberlain (Eds.), Qualitative Health Psychology (pp. 216-240). London: Sage.
47. Sullivan, J. (2002). The spiral of sexual abuse: A conceptual framework for understanding child sex offender behaviour. NOTA News, 41, 17-21.
48. Sullivan, J. (2005). Child sex offenders on the Internet. Conference presentation to the Transnational Sex Crimes Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 31 January-3 February.
49. Sullivan, J. (2009). Professionals who sexually abuse the children with whom they work. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy, Psychology, University of Birmingham.
50. Sullivan, J. (in press). The spiral of sexual abuse. A revision.
51. Sullivan, J., & Beech, A. J. (2003). Are collectors of child abuse images a risk to children? in A. MacVean & P. Spindler (Eds). Policing Paedophiles on the Internet (pp. 11-20). London: The New Police Bookshop (Benson Publications).
52. Sullivan, J., & Beech, A. J. (2004). Assessing internet sex offenders. In M. C. Calder (Ed.). Child sexual abuse and the Internet: Tackling the new frontier (pp. 69-83). Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing.
53. Sullivan, J., & Sheehan, V. (2002). The Internet sex offender: Understanding the behaviour and engaging the assessment and treatment issues. Paper presented to the 21st Annual Conference of ATSA (The Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers) Montreal, Canada.
54. Taylor, M., & Quayle, E. (2003). Child pornography: An internet crime. Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge. Cited in J. Sher (2007). One Child at a Time. Canada: Random House.
55. Thornton, D. (2003). The Machiavellian sex offender. In A. Matravers (Ed.), Sex Offenders in the Community: Managing and Reducing the Risks (pp. 144-152). Cullompton, UK: Willan.
56. Timotigevic, L., & Breakwell, G. M. (2000). Migration and threat to identity. Journal of Community and Applied Psychology, 10, 355-372.
57. Ward, T., & Keenan, T. (1999). Child abusers" implicit theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 821-838.
58. Ward, T., & Siegert, R. J. (2002). Towards a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective. Psychology, Crime and Law, 8, 319-351.
59. Ward, T., & Beech, A. R. (2006). An integrated theory of sexual offending. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 11, 44-63.
60. Webb, L., Craissati, J., & Keen, S. (2007). Characteristics of internet child pornography offenders: Comparison with child molesters. Sex Abuse, 19, 449-465.
61. Wilcox, D. T., & Sosnowski, D. E. (2005). Polygraph examination of British sexual offenders: A pilot study on sexual history disclosure testing. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 11, 3-25.
62. Wollak, J., Finkelhor, D., & Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Child pornography possessors arrested in internet-related crimes: Findings from the National Online Victimization Study. Retrieved 1 March 2009, from http://www.missingkids. com/en_US/publications/NC144.pdf
63. Wood, S. (2007). Compulsive use of virtual sex and internet pornography: Addiction or perversion? In S. Ruszczynski & D. Morgan (Eds). Clinical Lectures on Violence Delinquency and Perversion (pp. 157-178). London: Karnac.
64. Young, S. (1997). The use of normalization as a strategy in the sexual exploitation of children by adult offenders. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 6, 285-295.