The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation: Implications for psychological health

Cognition and Emotion

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 532-545

  Hopp, Henrik ^a   Troy, Allison S ^a   Mauss, Iris B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive reappraisal; Implicit valuing of emotion regulation; Psychological health; Unconscious goal pursuit

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; DEPRESSION; EGO DEVELOPMENT; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; EMOTIONALITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIFE EVENT; LIFE STRESS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; SELF EVALUATION; SOCIAL ADAPTATION;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; COGNITION; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT; SOCIAL CONTROL, INFORMAL; UNCONSCIOUS (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 79952712018     PISSN: 02699931     EISSN: 14640600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.532606     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). The nonconscious regulation of emotion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 429-445). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2. Baumann, N., Kaschel, R., & Kuhl, J. (2005). Striving for unwanted goals: Stress-dependent discrepancies between explicit and implicit achievement motives reduce subjective well-being and increase psychosomatic symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 781-799.
3. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1984). Internal consistencies of the original and revised Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1365-1367.
4. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
5. Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15, 482-487.
6. Brunstein, J. C., & Maier, G. W. (2005). Implicit and self-attributed motives to achieve: Two separate but interacting needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 205-222.
7. Carrico, A. W., Antoni, M. H., Weaver, K. E., Lechner, S. C., & Schneiderman, N. (2005). Cognitive-behavioural stress management with HIV-positive homosexual men: Mechanisms of sustained reductions in depressive symptoms. Chronic Illness, 1, 207-215.
8. Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 73-94). Dordrecht, The Neth-erlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
9. Custers, R. C., & Aarts, H. (2005). Positive affect as implicit motivator: On the conscious operation of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 129-142.
10. Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Hoeft, F., Menon, V., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Failure of anterior cingulate activation and connectivity with the amygdala during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 545-554.
11. Fiori, M. (2009). A new look at emotional intelligence: A dual-process framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 21-44.
12. Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1311-1327.
13. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2005). Accessibility effects on implicit social cognition: The role of knowledge activation and retrieval experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 672-685.
14. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
15. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
16. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion-regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
17. Gross, J. J., & Munoz, R. F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 151-164.
18. Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3 24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
19. Haas, B. W., Omura, K., Constable, R. T., & Canli, T. (2007). Is automatic emotion regulation associated with agreeableness? A perspective using a social neuroscience approach. Psychological Science, 18, 130-132.
20. Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 4-41.
21. Koole, S. L., & Jostmann, N. B. (2004). Getting a grip on your feelings: Effects of action orientation and external demands on intuitive affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 974-990.
22. Lazarus, R. S., DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., & Gruen, R. (1985). Stress and adaptational outcomes: The problem of confounded measures. American Psychologist, 40, 770-779.
23. Lorenz, F. O., Wickrama, K. A. S., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2006). The short-term and decade-long effects of divorce on women's midlife health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 111-125.
24. Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., & Sinclair, S. (2001). Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 842-855.
25. Mauss, I. B., Bunge, S. A., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 146 167.
26. Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation during anger provocation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 698-711.
27. Mauss, I. B., Evers, C., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006). How to bite your tongue without blowing your top: Implicit evaluation of emotion regulation predicts affective responding to anger provocation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 589-602.
28. Mauss, I. B., & Robinson, M. D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 209-237.
29. Mischel, W., & Ayduk, O. (2004). Willpower in a cognitive affective processing system: The dynamics of delay of gratification. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 99 129). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
30. Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholdt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 993-1000.
31. Morales, J. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2006). Effects of multiple context and cumulative stress on urban children's adjustment in elementary school. Child Development, 77, 907-923.
32. Phillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008). A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: Implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 833-857.
33. Quirin, M., Bode, R. C., & Kuhl, J. (2011). Recovering from negative events by boosting implicit positive affect. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 559-570.
34. Rothermund, K., Voss, A., & Wentura, D. (2008). Counter-regulation in affective attentional bias: A basic mechanism that warrants flexibility in motivation and emotion. Emotion, 8, 34-46.
35. Ryff, C. D., Dienberg Love, G., Urry, H. L., Muller, D., Rosenkranz, M. A., Friedman, E. M., et al. (2006). Psychological well-being and ill-being: Do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 85-95.
36. Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
37. Sarason, I. G., Johnson, J. H., & Siegel, J. M. (1978). Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the life experiences survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 932-946.
38. Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Potter, E. H., & Antoni, M. H. (1985). Life events, social support, and illness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47, 156-163.
39. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247.
40. Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 101-105.
41. Tamir, M., Chiu, C. Y., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Business or pleasure? Utilitarian versus hedonic considerations in emotion regulation. Emotion, 7, 546-554.
42. Tamir, M., John, O. P., Srivastava, S., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Implicit theories of emotion: Affective and social outcomes across a major life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 731-744.
43. Tamir, M., and Mauss, I. B. (in press). Social-cognitive factors in emotion regulation: Implications for wellbeing. In I. Nyklicek, A. Vingerhoets, M. Zeelenberg, & J. Denollet (Eds.), Emotion regulation and well-being. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
44. Vinokur, A., & Selzer, M. L. (1975). Desirable versus undesirable life events: Their relationship to stress and mental distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 329-337.
45. Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2008). Mechanisms of implementation intention effects: The role of goal intentions, self-efficacy, and accessibility of plan components. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 373-395.
46. Williams, L. E., Bargh, J. A., Nocera, C. C., & Gray, J. R. (2009). The unconscious regulation of emotion: Nonconscious reappraisal goals modulate emotional reactivity. Emotion, 9, 847-854.