Commentary - South Asians and risk of cardiovascular disease: Current insights and trends

Ethnicity and Disease

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 474-478

  Mangalmurti, Sandeep S ^a   Paley, Ari ^a   Gany, Francesca ^a   Fisher, Edward A ^a   Hochman, Judith S ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Preventative medicine; South Asian

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; APOLIPOPROTEIN B100; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; FIBRINOGEN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HOMOCYSTEINE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; AUTACOID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

AGE; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ASIAN; BANGLADESH; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUCASIAN; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIET; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ETHNICITY; GENE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HYPERTENSION; INDIAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NOTE; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; SOCIAL CLASS; SOUTH ASIA; ARTICLE; BLOOD; ETHNOLOGY; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79952668677     PISSN: 1049510X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Note

References (77)

1. Khunti K., Samani N.J. Coronary heart disease in people of south-Asian origin. Lancet. 2004; 364:2077.
2. Balarajan R. Ethnic differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in England and Wales. BMJ. 1991;302(9):560-564.
3. Beckles G.L.A., Kirkwood B.R., Carson D.C., et al. High total and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults of Indian descent in Trinidad, unexplained by major coronary risk factors. Lancet. 1986;327:1298-1301.
4. Chaturvedi N. Ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease. Heart. 2003;89:681-686. (Pubitemid 36606225)
5. Seth T., Nair C., Nargundkar M., et al. Cardiovascular and cancer mortality among Canadians of Europeans, south Asian and Chinese origin from 1979 to 1993: An analysis of 1.2 million deaths. CMAJ. 1999;161:132-138. (Pubitemid 29375967)
6. McKeigue P.M., Miller G.J., Marmot M.G. Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas: A review. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989; 42(7):597-609. (Pubitemid 19190639)
7. Wild S., McKeigue P. Mortality by country of birth in England and Wales, 1970-1992. BMJ. 1997;314:689-762.
8. Beckles G.L.A., Kirkwood B.R., Carson D.C., et al. High total and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults of Indian descent in Trinidad, unexplained by major coronary risk factors. Lancet. 1986;327:1298-1301.
9. Lee J., Heng D., Chia K.S., et al. Risk factors and incident coronary heart disease in Chinese, Malay and Asian Indians males: The Singapore Cardiovascular Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:983-988. (Pubitemid 33049026)
10. Collins V.R., Dowse G.K., Cabealawa S., et al. High mortality from cardiovascular disease and analysis of risk factors in Indian and Melanesian Fijians. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;25: 59-69. (Pubitemid 26060271)
11. Palaniappan L., Wang Y., Fortmann S.P. Coronary heart disease mortality for six ethnic groups in California, 1990-2000. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(7):499-506. (Pubitemid 39061161)
12. Anand S.S., Yusuf S., Vuksan V., et al. Difference in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: The Study of Heart Assessment and Risk in Ethnic Groups (SHARE). Lancet. 2000;356: 279-284. (Pubitemid 30459585)
13. Enas E.A., Garg A., Davidson M.A., Nair V.M., Huet B.A., Yusuf S. Coronary heart disease and its risk factors in first-generation immigrant Asian Indians to the United States of America. Indian Heart J. 1996;48:343-353. (Pubitemid 126496791)
14. Gupta M., Singh N., Warsi M., et al. South Asians have more severe angiographic coronary disease than European Canadians despite having fewer risk factors. Can J Cardiol. 2001; 17(suppl C):226C.
15. Hughes L.O., Raval U., Raftery E.D. First myocardial infarctions in Asians and White men. BMJ. 1989;298:1345-1350. (Pubitemid 19133220)
16. Singh N., Gupta M. Clinical characteristics of South Asian patients hospitalized with heart failure. Ethn Dis. 2005;15:615-619. (Pubitemid 41645128)
17. Venkataraman R., Nanda N.C., Baweja G., et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and related conditions in Asian Indians living in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:977-980. (Pubitemid 39349576)
18. Raji A., Gerhard-Herman M.D., Warren M., et al. Insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in nondiabetic Asian Indians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3965-3972. (Pubitemid 39071500)
19. Palaniappan L., Kwan A.C., Abbasi F., Lamendola C., McLaughlin T.L., Reaven G.M. Lipoprotein abnormalities are associated with insulin resistance in South Asian Indian women. Metabolism. 2007;56:899-904. (Pubitemid 46890971)
20. Hodge A.M., Dowse G.K., Collins V.R., et al. Abdominal fat distribution and insulin levels only partially explain adverse cardiovascular risk profile in Asian Indians. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996;3:263-270. (Pubitemid 26264425)
21. Banerji M.A., Faridi N., Atluri R., et al. Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:137-144. (Pubitemid 29036692)
22. Chow C., Naidu S., Raju K., et al. Significant lipid, adiposity and metabolic abnormalities among 4535 Indians from a developing region of rural Andhra Pradesh. Atherosclerosis. 2008; 196:943-952. (Pubitemid 351165787)
23. Abate N., Carulli L., Cabo-Chan A. Jr, et al. Genetic Polymorphism PC-1 K121Q and ethnic susceptibility to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5927-5934. (Pubitemid 38033074)
24. Radha V., Mohan V. Genetic predisposition to Type 2 diabetes among Asian Indians. Indian J Med Res. 2007;125(3):259-274. (Pubitemid 46805447)
25. Vimaleswaran K.S., Radha V., Anjana M., et al. Effect of polymorphisms in the PPARGC1A gene on body fat in Asian Indians. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30(6):884-891. (Pubitemid 43801186)
26. Vimaleswaran K.S., et al. Peroxisome proliferators- activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) gene polymorphisms and their relationship to Type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. Diabet Med. 2005 Nov;22(11): 1516-1521 (Pubitemid 41641158)
27. McKeigue P.M., Ferrie J.E., Pierpoint T., Marmot M.G. Association of early-onset coronary heart disease in South Asian men with glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. Circulation. 1993;87:152-161. (Pubitemid 23019345)
28. Anand S.S., Yusuf S., Vuksan V., et al. Difference in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: The Study of Heart Assessment and Risk in Ethnic Groups (SHARE). Lancet. 2000;356: 279-284. (Pubitemid 30459585)
29. Forouhi N.G., Sattar N., Tillin T., McKeigue P.M., Chaturvedi N. Do known risk factors explain the higher coronary heart disease mortality in South Asian compared with European men? Prospective follow-up of the Southall and Brent studies, UK. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2580-2588.
30. McKeigue P.M., Shah B., Marmot M.G. Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians. Lancet. 1991;337:382-386.
31. McKeigue P.M., Marmot M.G., Syndercombe Court Y.D., Cottier D.E., Rahman S., Riemersma R.A. Diabetes, hyperinsulinaemia, and coronary risk factors in Bangladeshis in East London. Br Heart J. 1988;60:390-396.
32. Whitty C.J.M., Brunner E.J., Shipley M.J., Hemingway H., Marmot M.G. Differences in biological risk factors for cardiovascular disease between three ethnic groups in the Whitehall II Study. Atherosclerosis. 1999;142:279-286. (Pubitemid 29059485)
33. Agyemand C., Bhopal R.S. Is the blood pressure of South Asian adults in the UK higher or lower than that in European white adults? A review of cross-sectional data. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16:739-751. (Pubitemid 36007927)
34. Joshi P., Islam S., Pais P., et al. Risk factors for early myocardial Infarction in South Asians compared with Individuals in other countries. JAMA. 2007;297:286-294. (Pubitemid 46143306)
35. Williams B. Westernised Asians and cardiovascular disease: Nature or nurture? Lancet. 1995;345:401-402.
36. Harding S. Mortality of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to England and Wales: Effect of duration or residence. Epidemiology. 2003;14:287-292. (Pubitemid 40417079)
37. Tillin T., Chaturvedi N., Forouhi N.G., Smith G.D., McKeigue P.M. Cardiovascular disease mortality in relation to childhood and adulthood socioeconomic markers in British South Asian men. Heart. 2008;94:476-481. (Pubitemid 351441405)
38. Patel J.V., Vyas A., Cruickshank J.K., et al. Impact of migration on coronary heart disease risk factors: Comparison of Gujaratis in Britain and their contemporaries in villages of origin in India. Atherosclerosis. 2006;185:297-306.
39. Whincup P.H., Gilg J.A., Papacosta O., et al. Early evidence of ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: Cross sectional comparison of British South Asian and White children. BMJ. 2002;324:635-638. (Pubitemid 34234964)
40. Saxena N., Ambler G., Cole T.J., et al. Ethnic group differences in overweight and obese children and young people in England: Cross sectional survey. Arch Dis Child. 2004; 89:30-36. (Pubitemid 38122004)
41. Anand S.S., Razak F., Yi Q., Davis B., et al. CReactive protein as a screening test for cardiovascular risk in a multiethnic population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24: 1509-1515. (Pubitemid 39050449)
42. Vikram N.K., Misra A., Dwivedi M., et al. Correlations of C-reactive protein levels with anthropometric profile, percentage of body fat and lipids in healthy adolescents and young adults in urban North India. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168:305.
43. Cook D.G., Mendal M.A., Whincup P.H., et al. C-reactive protein concentration in children: Relationship to adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factor. Atherosclerosis. 2000;149: 139-150. (Pubitemid 30125982)
44. Chambers J.C., Eda S., Bassett P., et al. Creactive protein, insulin resistance, central obesity, and coronary heart disease risk in Indian Asians from the United Kingdom compared with European Whites. Circulation. 2001;104:145.
45. Hoogeveen R.C., Gambhir J.K., Gambhir D.S., et al. Evaluation of Lp(a) and other independent risk factors for CHD in Asian Indians and their USA counterparts. J Lipid Res. 2001;42: 631-638. (Pubitemid 32367006)
46. Anand S.S., Yusuf S., Vuksan V., et al. Difference in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: The Study of Heart Assessment and Risk in Ethnic Groups (SHARE). Lancet. 2000;356: 279-284. (Pubitemid 30459585)
47. Din J.N., Ashman O.A., Aftab S.M., et al. Increased arterial stiffness in healthy young South Asian men. J Hum Hypertens. 2006;20: 163-165. (Pubitemid 43148619)
48. Murphy C., Kanaganayagam G.S., Jiang B., et al. Vascular dysfunction and reduced circulating endothelial progenitor cells in young healthy UK South Asian men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:936-942. (Pubitemid 46606728)
49. Raji A., Gerhard-Herman M.D., Warren M., et al. Insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in nondiabetic Asian Indians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3965-3972. (Pubitemid 39071500)
50. Bhalodkar N.C., Blum S., Rana T., et al. Comparison of levels of large and small highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol in Asian Indian men compared with Caucasian men in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1561-1563. (Pubitemid 40268464)
51. Kulkarni K.R., Markovitz J.H., Nanda N.C., Segrest J.P. Increased prevalence of smaller and denser LDL particles in Asian Indians. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:2749-2755. (Pubitemid 29536053)
52. Abate N., Garg A., Enas E.A. Physico-chemical properties of low density lipoproteins in normolipemic Asian Indian men. Horm Metab Res. 1995;27:326-331.
53. Bhatnagar D., Anand I.S., Durrington P.N., et al. Coronary risk factors in people from the Indian subcontinent living in West London and their siblings in India. Lancet. 1995;345: 405-409.
54. Anand S.S., Enas E.A., Pogue J., Haffner S., Pearson T., Yusuf S. Elevated lipoprotein(a) levels in South Asians in North America. Metabolism. 1998;47:182-184 (Pubitemid 28084153)
55. Tavridou A., Unwin N., Bhopal R., Laker M.F. Predictors of lipoprotein (a) levels in a European and South Asian population in the Newcastle Heart Project. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(8):686-692. (Pubitemid 36918631)
56. Renges H.H., Wile D.B., McKeigue P.M., Marmot M.G., Humphries S.E. Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms are associated with lipid levels in men of South Asian descent. Atherosclerosis. 1991;91(3):267-275
57. Whitty C.J., Brunner E.J., Shipley M.J., Hemingway H., Marmot M.G. Differences in biological risk factors for cardiovascular disease between three ethnic groups in the Whitehall II Study. Atherosclerosis. 1999;142:279-286. (Pubitemid 29059485)
58. Barter P.J., Nicholls S., Rye K.A., Anantharamaiah G.M., Navab M., Fogelman A.M. Antiinflammatory Properties of HDL. Circ Res. 2004;95:764-772. (Pubitemid 39390578)
59. Miller N.E., Thelle D.S., Forde O.H., Mjos O.D. The Tromso heart-study: High-density lipoprotein and coronary heart-disease: A prospective case-control study. Lancet. 1977;1:965-968
60. Abott R.D., Wilson P.W., Kannel W.M., Castelli W.P. High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol screening, and myocardial infarction. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8:207-211.
61. Shah P.K., Amin J. Low density lipoprotein is associated with increased restenosis rate after coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1992;85: 1279-1285.
62. Wilson P.W., Abbott R.D., Castelli W.P. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality: The Framingham Heart Study. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8:737-741 (Pubitemid 19005358)
63. Robins S.J., Collins D., Wittes J.T., et al. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1585.
64. Bloomfield Rubins H., Davenport J., Babikian V., et al. Reduction in stroke with gemfibrozil in men with coronary heart disease and low HDL cholesterol: The Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT). Circulation. 2001;103:2828.
65. Taylor A.J., Sullenberger L.E., Lee H.J., et al. Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated With statins. Circulation. 2004;110:3512.
66. Brown B.G., Zhao X.Q., Chait A., et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease; HATS (HDL Atherosclerosis Treatment Study). N Engl J Med. 2001;345: 1583-1592. (Pubitemid 33126837)
67. Gordon D.J., Knoke J., Probstfield J.L., Superko R., Tyroler H.A. High-density lipoprotein and coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolemic men: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Circulation. 1986; 74:1217-1225. (Pubitemid 17189240)
68. Anand S.S., Yusuf S., Vuksan V., et al. Difference in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: The Study of Heart Assessment and Risk in Ethnic Groups (SHARE). Lancet. 2000;356: 279-284. (Pubitemid 30459585)
69. Chow C., McQuillan B., Raju P.K., et al. Greater adverse effects of cholesterol and diabetes on carotid intima-media thickness in South Asian Indians: Comparison of risk factor-IMT associations in two population-based surveys. Atherosclerosis. 2009;204(2):352.
70. Dodani S., Kaur R., Reddy S., Reed G.L., Navab M., George V. Can dysfunctional HDL explain high coronary artery disease risk in South Asians? Int J Cardiol. 2008;129(1):124-132.
71. Bhopal R., Unwin N., White M., et al. Heterogeneity of coronary heart disease risk factors in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and European origin populations: Cross sectional study. BMJ. 1999;319:215-220. (Pubitemid 29338688)
72. Superko H.R., Enas E.A., Kotha P., et al. Highdensity lipoprotein subclass distribution in individuals of Asian Indian descent: The National Asian Indian Heart Disease Project. Prev Cardiol. 2005;8:81-86.
73. Superko H.R., Enas E.A., et al. Impaired cholesterol transport in Asian Indians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:300A.
74. Chambers J.C., McGregor A., Jean-Marie J., Kooner J.S. Abnormalities of vascular endothelial function may contribute to increased coronary heart disease risk in UK Indian Asians. Heart. 1999;81:501-504.
75. Van der Steeg W.A., Holme I., Boekholdt S.M., et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein particle size, and apolipoprotein A-I: Significance for cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:634-642. (Pubitemid 351186873)
76. W.H.O. Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian Populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157-163
77. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.