Social exclusion and inequality in higher education in China: A capability perspective

International Journal of Educational Development

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 277-286

  Wang, Li ^a  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Capability approach; China; Education inequality; Social exclusion

Indexed keywords

ACCESSIBILITY; EDUCATION POLICY; HIGHER EDUCATION; INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL EXCLUSION; SOCIAL THEORY; STUDENT; THEORETICAL STUDY;

CHINA;

EID: 79952537284     PISSN: 07380593     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Alexiadou N. Social inclusion and social exclusion in England: tensions in education policy. Journal of Education Policy 2002, 17(1):71-86.
2. Bao C. Policies for compulsory education disparity between urban and rural areas in China. Frontier of Education in China 2006, 1:40-55.
3. BBC, 2009. Q&A: student fees. Available from: (accessed 07.05.10). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3013272.stm.
4. Bradshaw J., Kemp P., Baldwin S., Rowe A. The Drivers of Social Exclusion: A Review of the Literature for the Social Exclusion Unit in the Breaking the Cycle Series 2004, The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, London.
5. Burchardt T. Monitoring inequality: putting the capability approach to work. Social Justice and Public Policy: Seeking Fairness in Diverse Society 2008, Policy Press, Bristol. G. Craig, T. Burchardt, D. Gordon (Eds.).
6. Carnoy M. National voucher plans in Chile and Sweden: did privatization reforms make for better education?. Comparative Education Review 1998, 42(3):309-337.
7. Chan K.W., Zhang L. The Hukou system and rural-urban migration in China: processes and changes. China Quarterly 1999, 160:818-855.
8. Chen B.L. Historical review of the evolvement of college entrance exams in China. Journal of Shanxi Normal University 2007, 34(1).
9. China Education and Research Network, 2009. 12,112 places were offered for free normal education in 2009. Available from: (accessed 02.06.10). http://www.eol.cn/kuai_xun_3075/20090907/t20090907_405104.shtml.
10. China National Center for Student Assistance Administration, 2007. Direction of financial assistance. Available from: (accessed 11.11.08). http://www.xszz.cee.edu.cn/show_class.jsp%3Frootid=107%26id=158.
11. China Youth and Children Research Center Report on the Situation of Youth Development in China in the 10th Five-Year Period and the Trend of Youth Development in China in the 11th Five-Year Period 2007, China Youth and Children Research Center, Beijing.
12. cuaa.net, Da Xue Journal, 21 Shi Ji Ren Cai Bao, 2009. 2009 Report on Evaluation of Universities in China.
13. Cummings W. Asian values, education and development. Compare 1996, 26(3):287-304.
14. Daizhong Daily, 2009. Localization of higher education admission must be solved by 'hard meassures'. Dazhong Daily 18 May 2009.
15. Devaney M., Weber W. Abandoning the public good: how universities have helped privatize higher education. Journal of Academic Ethics 2003, 1:175-179.
16. Gewirtz S., Ball S.J., Bowe R. Markets, Choice and Equity in Education 1995, Open University Press, Buckingham and Philadelphia.
17. Gordon D. Children, policy and social justice. Social Justice and Public Policy: Seeking Fairness in Diverse Society 2008, Policy Press, Bristol. G. Craig, T. Burchardt, D. Gordon (Eds.).
18. Gou R. Cong chengxiang ruxue jihui kan gaodeng jiaoyu gongping (Equality in access to higher education being assessed from the opportunities between urban and rural students). Jiaoyu Fazhang Yanjiu (Educational Development Research) 2005, 5:29-31.
19. Guo S. Analysis on higher education development in rural areas. Liaoning Jiao Yu Yan Jiu 2005, (10):41-44.
20. Harvey D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism 2005, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
21. He Y.H. Institutional analysis on extra score policy. Journal of Xiangtan Normal University 2007, 29(2):39-42. (social science edition).
22. Healy T., Slowey M. Social exclusion and adult engagement in lifelong learning - some comparative implications for European states based on Ireland's Celtic Tiger experience. Compare 2006, 36(3):359-378.
23. Higher Education Enrolment Nationwide Admission Requirements for Higher Education by Major 2002-2009, China Higher Education Enrolment Press, Beijing, (2002-2009 issues).
24. Jayaraj D., Subramanian S. Horizontal and vertical inequality: some interconnections and indicators. Social Indicators Research 2006, 75(1):123-139.
25. Klasen, S., 1998. Social exclusion, children, and education: conceptual and measurement issues. Available from: (accessed 31.10.09). http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/37/1855901.pdf.
26. Knight J., Song L. The Rural-Urban Divide: Economic Disparities and Interactions in China 1999, Oxford University Press, New York.
27. Lenoir R. Les Exclus: Un Français Sur Dix 1974, Le Seuil, Paris.
28. Levitas R. The Inclusive Society? Social Exclusion and New Labor 2005, Palgrave, New York. second ed.
29. Levitas R., Pantazis C., et al. The Multi-dimensional Analysis of Social Exclusion 2007, Social Exclusion Unit, London.
30. Li, J. F., Kong, S. H., 2002. Why recommendation system must be reformed? Continued Engineering Education, 1.
31. Li M., Bray M. Social class and cross-border higher education: mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau. Journal of International Migration and Integration 2006, 7(4):407-424.
32. Lin B. Urban social change in transitional China: a perspective of social exclusion and vulnerability. Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management 2005, 13(2):54-65.
33. Liu M., Xia C.Z. Current situation of student loans in China and suggestions (wo guo zhu xue dai kuan xian zhuang diao chao ji dui ce jian yi). China Finance 2007, 19:73-74.
34. Liu Y., He S., Wu F. Urban pauperization under China's social exclusion: a case study of Nanjing. Journal of Urban Affairs 2008, 30(1):21-36.
35. Mellor S., Kennedy K., Greenwood L. Citizenship and Democracy: Students' Knowledge and Beliefs 2001, Commonwealth of Australia, Camberwell.
36. Ministry of Education (MOE), 1996. Big issues in 1996 in education. Available from: (accessed 18.06.07). http://www.moe.edu.cn/edoas/website18/info5006.htm.
37. MOE, 2009. Six changes in higher education enrollment this year. Available from: (accessed 11.10.09). http://www.edu.cn/09gaozhao_8100/20090603/t20090603_381716.shtml.
38. Mok K. Privatization or marketization: educational development in Post-Mao China. International Review of Education 1997, 43(5):547-567.
39. Mok H.K. Globalization and educational restructuring: university merging and changing governance in China. Higher Education 2005, 50:57-88.
40. Mok, K.H., Lo, Y.W., 2007. Embracing the market: the impacts of neo-liberalism on China's higher education. Journal for Critical Studies of Education 5 (1). Available from: (accessed 11.07.07). http://www.jceps.com/index.php%3FpageID=article%26articleID=93.
41. National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC) China Statistic Yearbook 2008 2008, China Statistics Press, Beijing.
42. National Development and Reform Commission (2007). Noitce on tuition standard for HEIs affiliated with ministries (guan yu gong bu zhong yang bu shu gao xiao xue fei biao zhun de tong zhi). available from: , (accessed 17.10. 2008). http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/2007tongzhi/t20070706_146668.htm.
43. Nussbaum M.C. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
44. Office for National Statistics, 2010. Statistical Bulletin: Regional GDHI, Newport.
45. Popay J., with Enoch E., Johnson H., Rispel L. Scoping of SEKN and Proposed Approach 2006, Social Exclusion Knowledge Network (SEKN), Lancaster.
46. Popkewitz T., Lindblad S. Educational governance and social inclusion and exclusion: some conceptual difficulties and problems in policy and research. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 2000, 21(1):5-43.
47. Qiu, M., 2005. The 'CEE migrant' champion in Hainan can't be admitted into Tsinghua University? Guangzhou Daily, 14 July 2005. Available from: (accessed 12.07.07). http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/1053/3541475.html.
48. Qu Y. Reflections on the issue of students from extremely poor families in higher education. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information 2008, 23:182.
49. Rawls J. A Theory of Justice 1971, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
50. Reader S. Does a basic needs approach need capabilities?. The Journal of Political Philosophy 2006, 14(3):337-350.
51. Robeyns I. The capability approach in practice. The Journal of Political Philosophy 2006, 14(3):351-376.
52. Robeyns I. Three models of education: rights, capabilities and human capital. Theory and Research in Education 2006, 4(1):69-84.
53. Rothschild E. Adam Smith on Education and Instruction. Centre for History and Economics Working Paper 1998, King's College, Cambridge.
54. Saito M. Amartya Sen's capability approach to education: a critical exploration. Journal of Philosophy of Education 2003, 37(1):17-33.
55. Sen, A. 1979. Equality of what? The Tanner lecture on human values. Available from: (accessed 11.10.09). http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/sen80.pdf.
56. Sen A. Justice: means versus freedoms. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1990, 19(2):111-121.
57. Sen A. Poverty Reexamined 1992, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
58. Sen A. Social Exclusion: Concept, Application and Scrutiny 2000, Asian Development Bank, Manila.
59. Sen A. Human rights and capabilities. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 2005, 6(2):151-166.
60. Silver H. Social exclusion and social solidarity: three paradigms. International Labour Review 1994, 133(5-6):531-578.
61. Silver H. Reconceptualizing social disadvantage: three paradigms of social exclusion. Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses 1995, International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva. G. Rodgers, C. Gore, J. Figueiredo (Eds.).
62. Stewart, F., 2004. The relationship between horizontal and vertical inequalities and social exclusion. CRISE Newsletter, winter 2004.
63. The State Council of China The opinion of the state council on building and perfecting the subsidization policy system for the students from poor families in universities, higher vocational colleges and secondary vocational schools. China Vocational Education 2007, 22.
64. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) China's Human Development Report 2005 2005, United Nations Development Programme, Washington DC.
65. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) The World Declaration on Education for All 1990, The World Conference on Education for All, Jomtien, Thailand.
66. Unterhalter E. The capabilities approach and gendered education: an examination of South African complexities. Theory and Research in Education 2003, 1(1):7-22.
67. Unterhalter E. Crossing disciplinary boundaries: the potential of Sen's capability approach for sociologists of education. British Journal of Sociology of Education 2003, 24(5). 665-669.
68. Unterhalter E., Vaughan R., Walker M. The capability approach and education. Prospero 2007, 13.
69. Vizard P., Burchardt T. Developing a Capability List: Final Recommendations of the Equalities Review Steering Group on Measurement 2007, The London School of Economics and Political Science.
70. Wang L. Education inequality in China: problems of policies on access to higher education. Journal of Asian Public Policy 2008, 1(1):115-123.
71. Wang X.J. Social exclusive: the study of woman poverty in the project on the development of community capabilities in rural. Local Social Work (ben tu she hui gong zuo) 2006, 11:39-42.
72. Waters J.L. Emergent geographies of international education and social exclusion. Antipode 2006, 38:1046-1068. (Blackwell, Oxford).
73. World Bank World Development Indicators 2007 (CD-ROM) 2007, World Bank, Washington, DC.
74. Xinhua net, 2005. China canceled tuitions and fees for compulsory education in rural areas; farmers benefited 15 billion yuan per year (zhong guo qu xiao nong cun zhong xiao xue xue za fei, nong min mei nian shou hui 150 yi). Available from: (accessed 30.09.08). http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2005-12/28/content_3978237.htm.
75. Xinhua net, 2009a. Overseas CEE migrants: change nationality is just a matter of money? Available from: (accessed 12.03.10). http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2009-04/17/content_11199206.htm.
76. Xinhua net, 2009b. The 11th five-year plan (115 gui hua gang yao). Available from: [accessed 12.03.10). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2006-01/16/content_4057926.htm.
77. Xuekewang, 2009. University admission quota by region 2009, Xuekewang. Available from: (accessed 09.02.10). http://www.zxxk.com/Article/0906/68599.shtml.
78. Yi Y. Recommendation system: continue? Or stop?. Outlook 2000, 42:20-22.
79. Yin L. Education equity from the perspective of 'CEE Migrant' (cong gao kao yi min tou shi jiao yu gong ping). Journal of Xi'an Institute of Posts and Telecommunications (xi an you dian xue yuan xue bao) 2006, 11(1):137-141.
80. Yuan, X.W., Yang, M.F., 2008. 16 provinces can decide the CEE system on their own. People's Daily, 5 June 2008. Available from: (accessed 11.10.09). http://www.jyb.cn/zs/gxzs/ptgxzs/zszx/t20080605_168374.htm.
81. Zhang E.J. Rethinking the reforms on the CEE system in the new era (guan yu xin shi qi gao kao zhi du gai ge de si kao). Journal of Shandong Youth Administrative Cadres College 2008, (4).
82. Zhang Y.B., Wang L.Y., Yue H. The reality of recommendation system (shi hua shi shuo bao song sheng). College and University Education 2002, (3):12-13.
83. Zheng Y.W. Analysis about the potential ideology factors of the higher education in our country to obtain the region difference of opportunity. Meitan Higher Education 2008, 26(2):76-79.
84. Zhou, H.Y., 2006. Suggestions on improving the allocation method of admission quota of key universities. China Education and Research Network. Available from: (accessed 09.07.07). http://www.edu.cn/20060306/3176686.shtml.
85. Zhou Z.W. On the industrialization of China's education industry lost in direction. Theoretical Observation 2008, 50(2):94-97.