Phytoremediation of hazardous toxic metals and organics by photosynthetic aquatic systems

Plant Biosystems

Volumn 145, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 224-235

  Tel Or, E ^a   Forni, C ^b  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Algae; Aquatic macrophytes; Cyanobacteria; Herbicides; Oil spills; Phytoremediation; Removal of toxic heavy metals; Wastewater

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; EMBRYOPHYTA;

EID: 79952522017     PISSN: 11263504     EISSN: 17245575     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2010.509944     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Abed RMM, Koster J. 2005. The direct role of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria associated with cyanobacteria in the degradation of oil compounds. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 55: 29-37.
2. Ali MB, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Pal A, Singh SP. 1999. Physicochemical characteristics and pollution level lake Nainital (U.P. India): Role of the macrophytes and phytoplankton in biomonitoring and phytoremediation of toxic metal ions. Chemosphere 39: 2171-2182.
3. Ali MB, Vajipayee P, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Kumar A, Singh N, et al. 2000. Mercury bioaccumulation induces oxidative stress and toxicity to submerged macrophytes Potamogeton crispus L. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 65: 573-582.
4. Alvarado S, Guédez M, Lué-Merú MP, Nelson G, Anzalone A, et al. 2008. Arsenic removal from waters by bioremediation with the aquatic plants water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and lesser duckweed (Lemna minor). Biores Technol 99: 8436-8440.
5. Appenroth K-J, Krech K, Keresztes Á, Fischer W, Koloczek H. 2010. Effects of nickel on the chloroplasts of the duckweeds Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor and their possible use in biomonitoring and phytoremediation. Chemosphere 78: 216-223.
6. Axtell NR, Sternberg SPK, Claussen K. 2003. Lead and nickel removal using Microspora and Lemna minor. Biores Technol 89: 41-48.
7. Benaroya R, Tzin V, Tel-Or E, Zamski E. 2004a. Lead accumulation in the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. Plant Physiol Biochem 42: 639-645.
8. Benaroya R, Zamski E, Tel-Or E. 2004b. L-Myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase in the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. Plant Physiol Biochem 42: 97-102.
9. Bender J, Duff MC, Phillips P, Hill M. 2000. Bioremediation and bioreduction of U(VI) in ground waters by microbial mats. Environ Sci Technol 15: 3235-3241.
10. Bender J, Lee RF, Phillips P. 1995a. A review of the uptake and transformation of metals and metalloids by microbial mats and their use in bioremediation. J Ind Microbiol 14: 113-118.
11. Bender, J, Murray R, Phillips P. 1994. Microbial mat degradation of chlordane. In: Means JL, Hinchee RE, editors. Emerging technology for bioremediation of metals. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. pp. 135-139.
12. Bender J, Phillips P. 2004. Microbial mats for multiple applications in aquaculture and bioremediation. Biores Technol 94:229-238.
13. Bender J, Phillips P, Lee R, McNally T, Rodriguez-Eaton S, Felix C. 1997. Rapid heavy metal removal in a continuous-flowbatch reactor by microbial mat. In Situ On-Site Bioremediat 3: 373-378.
14. Bender J, Phillips P, Lee R, Rodriguez-Eaton S, Saha G, Loganathan B, et al. 1995b. Degradation of chlorinated organic compounds by microbial mats. In: Hinchee RE, Sayles GD, Skeen RS, editors. Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment. Columbus: Battelle Press, pp. 299-309.
15. Boonyapookana B, Upatham ES, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Singhakaew S. 2002. Phytoaccumulation and phytotoxicity of cadmium and chromium in duckweed Wolffia globosa. Int J Phytorem 4: 87-100.
16. Boyd CE. 1976. Accumulation of dry matter N and P by cultivated water hyacinths. Econ Bot 30(1): 51-56.
17. Brain RA, Solomon KR.2007.Aprotocol for conducting 7-day daily renewal tests with Lemna gibba. Nat Protocol 2(4): 979-987.
18. Cascone A, Forni C, Migliore L. 2004. Flumequine uptake and the aquatic duckweed, Lemna minor L. Water Air Soil Poll 156: 241-249.
19. Cerniglia CE. 1992. Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Biodegradation 3:351-368.
20. Cerniglia CE, Van Baalen C, Gibson DT. 1980. Metabolism of naphthalene by the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp., strain JCM. J Gen Microbiol 116: 485-494.
21. Chaillan F, Gugger M, Saliot A, Coute' A, Oudot J. 2006. Role of cyanobacteria in the biodegradation of crude oil by a tropical cyanobacterial mat. Chemosphere 62: 1574-1582.
22. Chojnacka K, Chojnacki A, Gorecka H. 2005. Biosorption of Cr 3+, Cd 2+ and Cu 2+ ions by blue-green algae Spirulina sp.: Kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism of the process. Chemosphere 59: 75-84.
23. Cohen-Shoel N, Barkay Z, Ilzycer D, Gilath I, Tel-Or E. 2002a. Biofiltration of toxic elements by Azolla biomass. Water Air Soil Poll 135: 93-104.
24. Cohen-Shoel N, Ilzycer D, Gilath I, Tel-Or E. 2002b. The involvement of pectin in Sr+2 biosorption by Azolla. Water Air Soil Poll 135: 195-200.
25. Coyner A, Gupta G, Jones T. 2001. Effect of chlorsulfuron on growth of submerged aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton pectinatus (sago pondweed). Environ Pollut 111: 453-455.
26. Cruz CCV, Costa AC, Henriques CA, Luna AS. 2004. Kinetic modeling and equilibrium studies during cadmium biosorption by dead Sargassum sp. biomass. Biores Technol 91: 249-257.
27. D'Annibale A, Crestini C, Vinciguerra V, Giovannozzi SG. 1998. The biodegradation of recalcitrant effluents from olive mill by a white-rot fungus. J Biotechnol 61: 209-218.
28. Davis SM, Drake KD, Maier KJ. 2002. Toxicity of boron to the duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza. Chemosphere 48: 615-620.
29. Del-Campo Marín CM, Oron G. 2007. Boron removal by the duckweed Lemna gibba: a potential method for the remediation of boron-polluted waters. Water Res 41:4579-4584.
30. Del-Campo C, Rubin B, Tel-Or E. 2007. Phytoremediation of atrazine-polluted water with Pistia stratiotes. International Conference on novel and sustainable weed management in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, October 2007, Rehovot, Israel. p. 26.
31. De Philippis R, Paperi R, Sili C, Vincenzini M. 2003. Assessment of the metal removal capability of two capsulated cyanobacteria, Cyanospira capsulata and Nostoc PCC7936. J Appl Phycol 15: 155-161.
32. De Philippis R, Sili C, Paperi R, Vincenzini M. 2001. Exopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacteria and their possible exploitation: A review. J Appl Phycol 13: 293-299.
33. De Souza M, Zhu Y, Zayed A, Quian J, Terry N. 1999. Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants: II Water Hyacinth. J Environ Qual 28: 339-344.
34. Dhote S, Dixit S. 2009. Water quality improvement through macrophytes- a review. Environ Monit Assess 152: 149-153.
35. Dilrigen N, Ince N. 1995. Inhibition effect of anionic surfactant SDS on duckweed, Lemna minor with consideration of growth and accumulation. Chemosphere 31: 4185-4196.
36. Doshi H, Ray A, Kothari IL. 2007. Bioremediation potential of live and dead Spirulina: Spectroscopic, kinetics and SEM studies. Biotechnol Bioeng 96: 1051-1063.
37. Dosnon-Olette R, Couderchet M, Eullaffroy P. 2009. Phytoremediation of fungicides by aquatic macrophytes: Toxicity and removal rate. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 72: 2096-2101.
38. Ebel M, Evangelou MWH, Schaeffer A. 2007. Cyanide phytoremediation by water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes). Chemosphere 66: 816-823.
39. Elifantz H, Tel-Or E. 2002. Heavy metal biosortion by plant biomass of the macrophyte Ludwigia stolonifera. Water Air Soil Pollut 141: 207-218.
40. Forni C, Cascone A, Fiori M, Migliore L. 2002. Sulfadimethoxine and Azolla filiculoides Lam. A model for drug remediation. Water Res 36: 3398-3403.
41. Forni C, Chen J, Tancioni L, Grilli CM. 2001a. Evaluation of the fern Azolla for growth, nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater. Water Res 35: 1592-1598.
42. Forni C, Giordani F, Pintore M, Campanella L. 2008. Effects of sodium dodecyl sulphate on the aquatic macrophytes Azolla and Lemna. Plant Biosyst 142/3: 665-668.
43. Forni C, Nicolai MA, D'Egidio MG. 2001b. Potential of the small aquatic plants Azolla and Lemna for nitrogenous compounds removal from wastewater. In: Brebbia CA, editors. Water pollution. Vol. VI: Modeling, measuring and prediction. Southampton, Boston: WIT Press. pp. 315-324.
44. Forni C, Patrizi C, Migliore L. 2006. Floating aquatic macrophytes as a decontamination tool for antimicrobial drugs. In: Twardowska I, Allen HE, Haggblom MM, editors. Soil and water pollution monitoring, protection and remediation. NATO Science Series IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Vol. 69. The Netherlands: Springer. pp. 467-477.
45. Fox LJ, Struik PC, Appleton BL, Rule JH. 2008. Nitrogen phytoremediation by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms). Water Air Soil Poll 194: 199-207.
46. Gao J, Garrison AW, Hoehamer C, Mazur C, Wolfe NL. 2000a. Uptake and phytotransformation of organophosphorus pesticides by axenically cultivated aquatic plants. J Agric Food Chem 48: 6114-6120.
47. Gao J, Garrison AW, Hoehamer CC, Mazur S, Wolfe NL. 2000b. Uptake and phytotransformation of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT by axenically cultivated aquatic plants. J Agric Food Chem 48: 6121-6127.
48. Garg P, Chandra P. 1994. The duckweed Wolffia globosa as an indicator of heavy metal pollution sensitivity of Cr and Cd. Environ Monitor Assess 29: 89-95.
49. Gaur JP, Noraho N, Chauhan YS. 1994. Relationship between heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid and Azolla pinnata R. Br Aquat Bot 49: 183-192.
50. González-Barreiro O, Rioboo C, Herrero C, Cid A. 2006. Removal of triazine herbicides from freshwater systems using photosynthetic microorganisms. Environ Pollut 144: 266-271.
51. Goulet RR, Lalonde JD, Munger C, Dupuis S, Dumont-Frenette G, Premont S, et al. 2005. Phytoremediation of effluents from aluminium smelters: A study of Al retention in mesocosms containing aquatic plants. Water Res 39: 2291-2300.
52. Govrin E. 2001. Large scale production of Azolla in a greenhouse. M.Sc. Thesis. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
53. Hassan SH, Talat M, Rai S. 2007. Sorption of cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Biores Technol. 98: 918-928.
54. Havens KJ, Berquist H, Priest W, Jr. 2003. Common reed grass, Phragmites australis, expansion into constructed wetlands: Are we mortgaging our wetland future? Estuaries 26: 417-22.
55. Hillman WS. 1969. The Lemnaceae or duckweeds: A review of descriptive and experimental literature. Bot Rev 27: 221-287.
56. Ilzycer D, Gilath I, Mey-Marom A, Aleq Y, Even O, Zafrir H, et al. 1998. Specific decontamination problems of radioactive waste water remediated by metapure. Proceedings of the waste management 97 Symposia on HLM, LLW, mixed water and environment restoration-Working towards a cleaner environment, March 1-5, 1998, Tucson, AZ, USA.
57. Ibrahim MBM, Gamila HA. 2004. Algal bioassay for evaluating the role of algae in bioremediation of crude oil: II. Freshwater phytoplankton assemblages. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 73: 971-978.
58. Issa AA, Abdel-Basset R, Adam MS. 1995. Abolition of heavy metal toxicity on Kirchneriella lunaris (Chlorophyta) by calcium. Ann Bot 75: 189-192.
59. Jayaweera MW, Kasturiarachchi JC, Kularatne RKA, Wijeyekoon SLJ. 2008. Contribution of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) grown under different nutrient conditions to Fe-removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands. J Environ Manage 87: 450-460.
60. Kanoun-Boulé M, Vicente JAF, Nabais C, Prasad MNV, Freitas H. 2009. Ecophysiological tolerance of duckweeds exposed to copper. Aquatic Toxicol 91: 1-9.
61. Kawahigashi H. 2009. Transgenic plants for phytoremediation of herbicides. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20: 225-230.
62. Khellaf N, Zerdaoui M. 2009. Phytoaccumulation of zinc by the aquatic plant, Lemna gibba L. Bioresource Technology 100: 6137-6140.
63. Klavins M, Urtans A, Cinis U. 1992. Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes in North Latvia rivers and lakes. Lat Zinat Akad Vestis 5: 54-56.
64. Knauert S, Singer H, Hollender J, Knauer K. 2010. Phytotoxicity of atrazine, isoproturon, and diuron to submersed macrophytes in outdoor mesocosms. Environ Pollut 158: 167-174.
65. Korner S, Vermaat JE, Veenstra S. 2003. The capacity of duckweed to treat wastewater: Ecological considerations for a sound design. J Environ Qual 32: 1583-1590.
66. Lavid N, Schwartz A, Lewinson E, Tel-Or E. 2001a. Phenol and phenol-oxidases are involved in cadmium accumulation in the water plants Nymphoides peltata (Menyanthacea) and Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae). Planta 214: 189-195.
67. Lavid N, Schwartz A, Yarden O, Tel-Or E. 2001b. The involvement of polyphenols and peroxidase activities in heavy metals accumulation by epidermal glands of the water lily (Nymphaeaceae). Planta 212: 323-331.
68. Lefebvre DD, Kelly D, Budd K. 2007. Biotransformation of Hg(II) by Cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(1): 243-249.
69. Lewis MA. 1995. Algae and vascular plant tests. 2nd ed In: Rand GM, editor. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: Effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis. pp. 135-169.
70. Li T, Xiong Z. 2004. A novel response of wild-type duckweed (Lemna paucicostata Hegelm.) to heavy metals. EnvironToxicol 19: 95-102.
71. Lytle CM, Lytle FW, Yang N, Qian J, Hansen D, Zayed A, et al. 1998. Reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) by wetland plants: potential for in situ heavy metal detoxification. Environ Sci Technol 32:3087-3093.
72. Maine M, Duarte M, Sune N. 2001. Cadmium uptake by floating macrophytes. Water Res 35:2629-2634.
73. Malec P, Maleva MG, Prasad MN, Strzałka K. 2010. Responses of Lemna trisulca L. (Duckweed) exposed to low doses of cadmium: thiols, metal binding complexes, and photosynthetic pigments as sensitive biomarkers of ecotoxicity. Protoplasma 240(1-4):69-74.
74. Marcacci S, Schwitzguebel J-P. 2007. Using plant phylogeny to redict detoxication of triazine herbicides. In: Willey N, editors. Methods in Biotechnology Phytoremediation methods and reviews. vol 23. Humana Press. p. 233-249.
75. Martirani L, Giardina P, Marzullo L, Sannita G. 1996. Reduction of phenol content and toxicity in olive oil mill waste waters with the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Water Res 30: 1914-1918.
76. Megateli S, Semsari S, Couderchet M. 2009. Toxicity and removal of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, and zinc) by Lemna gibba. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72: 1774-1780.
77. Micheletti E, Colica G, Viti C, Tamagnini P, De Philippis R. 2008. Selectivity in the heavy metal removal by exopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacteria. J Appl Microbiol 105: 88-94.
78. Miretzky P, Saralegui A, Cirelli AF. 2004. Aquatic macrophytes potential for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Chemosphere 57: 997-1005.
79. Mishra VK, Upadhyaya AR, Pandey SK, Tripathi BD. 2008. Heavy metal pollution induced due to coal mining effluent on surrounding aquatic ecosystem and its management through naturally occurring aquatic macrophytes. Biores Technol 99: 930-936.
80. Mitrovic SM, Allis O, Furey A, James KJ. 2005. Bioaccumulation and harmful effects of microcystin-LR in the aquatic plants Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza and the filamentous alga Chladophora fracta. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 61: 345-352.
81. Muñoz R, Guieysse B, Mattiasson B. 2003. Phenanthrene biodegradation by an algal-bacterial consortium in two-phase partitioning bioreactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 61: 261-267.
82. Murray R, Phillips P, Bender J. 1997. Degradation of pesticides applied to St. Vincent banana farm soils comparing native bacteria and microbial mat. Environ Toxicol Chem 16: 84-90.
83. Narro ML, Cerniglia CE, Van Baalen C, Gibson DT. 1992a. Evidence for an NIH shift in oxidation of naphthalene by the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. strain JCM. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 1360-1363.
84. Narro ML, Cerniglia CE, Van BC, Gibson DT. 1992b. Metabolism of phenanthrene by the marine cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 1351-1359.
85. Naumann B, Eberiusb M, Appenroth K-J. 2007. Growth rate based dose-response relationships and EC-values of ten heavy metals using the duckweed growth inhibition test (ISO 20079) with Lemna minor L. clone St. J Plant Physiol 164: 1656-1664.
86. Nimptsch J, Wiegand C, Pflugmacher S. 2008. Cyanobacterial toxin elimination via bioaccumulation of MC-LR in aquatic macrophytes: An application of the "green liver concept". Environ Sci Technol 42: 8552-8557.
87. Nuriel YK. 2008. The role of plants in reclamation of waste water by constructed wetlands. M.Sc. Thesis. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
88. Odjegba VJ, Fasidi IO. 2004. Accumulation of trace elements by Pistia stratiotes: Implications for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology 13: 637-646.
89. Odjegba V, Fasidi I. 2007. Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Eichhornia crassipes. Environmentalist 27: 349-355.
90. Olette R, Couderchet M, Biagianti S, Eullaffroy P. 2008. Toxicity and removal of pesticides by selected aquatic plants. Chemosphere 70: 1414-1421.
91. O'Niell W, Nzengung VA, Noakes JE, Bender J, Phillips PC. 2000. Biosorption and transformation of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene using mixed species microbial mats. J Hazard Subst Res 2: 1-16.
92. Oporto C, Arce O, Van den Broeck E, Van der Bruggen B, Vandecasteele C. 2006. Experimental study and modelling of Cr (VI) removal from wastewater using Lemna minor. Water Res 40: 1458-1464.
93. Paperi R, Micheletti E, De Philippis R. 2006. Optimization of copper sorbing-desorbing cycles with confined cultures of the exopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacterium Cyanospira capsulata. J Appl Microbiol 101:1351-1356.
94. Pflugmacher S. 2002. Possible allelopathic effects of cyanotoxins, with reference to microcystin-LR, in aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol 17: 407-413.
95. Pflugmacher S, Codd GA, Steinberg CEW. 1999. Effects of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin LR on detoxication enzymes in aquatic plants. Environ Toxicol 14: 111-115.
96. Pflugmacher S, Wiegand C, Oberemm A, Beattie KA, Krause E, Codd GA, et al. 1998. Identification of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR: The first step of detoxication. Biochem Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1425: 527-533.
97. Pinto G, Pollio A, Previtera L, Temussi F. 2002. Biodegradation of phenols by microalgae. Biotechnol Lett 24: 2047-2051.
98. Pinto G, Pollio A, Previtera L, Stanzione M, Temussi F. 2003. Removal of low molecular weight phenols from olive oil mill wastewater using microalgae. Biotechnol Lett 25: 1657-1659.
99. Pip E, Stepaniuk J. 1992. Cadmium, copper and lead sediments and aquatic macrophytes in the lower Nelson River system, Manitoba, Canada. Arch Hydrobiol 124: 451-458.
100. Pradhan S, Rai LC. 2000. Optimization of flow rate, initial metal ion concentration and biomass density for maximum removal of Cu2+ by immobilized Microcystis. W J Microbiol Biotechnol 16: 579-584.
101. Prasad BB, Pandey UC. 2000. Separation and preconcentration of copper ions from multielemental solutions using Nostoc muscorum-based biosorbents. W J Microbiol Biotechnol 16: 819-827.
102. Pro J, Ortiz JA, Boleas S, Fernańdez C, Carbonell G, Tarazona JV. 2003. Effects of assessment of antimicrobial pharmaceuticals on aquatic plant Lemna minor. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70:290-295.
103. Qian JH, Zayed A, Zhu Yl, Yu M, Terry N. 1999. Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants: III. Uptake and accumulation of ten trace elements by twelve plant species. J Environ Qual 28: 1448-1455.
104. Quirez A, Miranda G. 1994. Heavy metals and macronutrients concentration in leaves and petioles of Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. in polluted pond of Xochimilco, Mexico. Int J Exp Bot 55: 83-87.
105. Radić S, Stipanicev D, Cvietko P, Lovrencic MI, Marijnovic RM, Sirac S, et al. 2010a. Ecotoxicological assessment of industrial effluent using duckweed (Lemna minor L.) as a test organism. Ecotoxicology 19: 216-222.
106. Radić S, Babic M, Skobic D, Roje V, Pevalek-Kozlina B. 2010b. Ecotoxicological effects of aluminium and zinc on growth and antioxidants in Lemna minor L. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:336-342.
107. Radwan SS, Al-Hasan RH. 2000. Oil pollution and cyanobacteria. In: Potts M, editor. The ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their diversity in time and space. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 307-319.
108. Rahman MA, Hasegawa H, Ueda K, Maki T, Okumura C, Rahman MM. 2007. Arsenic accumulation in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.): A good option for phytoremediation. Chemosphere 69: 493-499.
109. Rai PK. 2008. Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems and its phytoremediation using wetland plants: An ecosustainable approach. Int J Phytorem 10: 131-158.
110. Rakhshaee R, Giahi M, Pourahmad A. 2009. Studying effect of cell wall's carboxyl-carboxylate ratio change of Lemna minor to remove heavy metals from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 163: 165-173.
111. Reimer P, Duthie HC. 1993. Concentrations of zinc and chromium in aquatic macrophytes from the Sudbury and Muskoka regions of Ontario, Canada. Environ Pollut 79: 261-265.
112. Romera E, Gonzàlez F, Ballester A, Blàzquez ML, Munoz JA. 2007. Comparative study of biosorption of heavy metals using different types of algae. Biores Technol 98: 3344-3353.
113. Salt DE, Smith RD, Raskin I. 1998. Phytoremediation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 49: 643-668.
114. Sànchez O, Diestra E, Esteve I, Mas J. 2005. Molecular characterization of an oil-degrading cyanobacterial consortium. Microbial Ecol 50: 580-588.
115. Sandermann H. 1992. Plant-metabolism of xenobiotics. Trends Biochem Sci 17: 82-84.
116. Sanità di Toppi L, Vurro E, Rossi L, Marabottini R, Musetti R, Careri M, et al. 2007. Different compensatory mechanisms in two metal-accumulating aquatic macrophytes exposed to acute cadmium stress in outdoor artificial lakes. Chemosphere 68: 769-780.
117. Saqrane S, El Ghazali I, Ouahid Y, El Hassnib M, El Hadrami I, Bouarab L, et al. 2007. Phytotoxic effects of cyanobacteria extract on the aquatic plant Lemna gibba: Microcystin accumulation, detoxication and oxidative stress induction. Aquat Toxicol 83: 284-294.
118. Saygideger S, Dogan M. 2004. Lead and cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the presence of EDTA in L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 73: 182-189.
119. Schneider-Nahum G. 2000. Metal binding peptides in Azolla. Ph.D. Thesis. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
120. Schnoor JL, Licht LA, McCutcheon SC, Wolfe NL, Carreira LH. 1995. Phytoremediation of organic and nutrient contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 29: 318A-323A.
121. Schoeny R, Cody T, Warshawsky D, Radike M. 1988. Metabolism of mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by photosynthetic algal species. Mutat Res 197: 289-302.
122. Schor-Fumbarov T, Keilin Z, Tel-Or E. 2003. Characterization of cadmium uptake by the water lily Nymphaea aurora. Int J Phytoremed 5: 169-179.
123. Schor-Fumbarov T, Goldsbrough P, Adam Z, Tel-Or E. 2005. Characterization and expression of metallothionein gene in the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides under heavy metal stress. Planta 223: 69-76.
124. Sela M. 1990. Uptake of heavy-metals by the water fern Azolla. Ph.D. Thesis. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
125. Sela M, Fritz E, Huttermann E, Tel-Or E. 1990. Studies on cadmium localization in the water fern Azolla. Physiol Plant 79: 547-553.
126. Sela M, Garty J, Tel-Or E. 1989. The accumulation and the effect of heavy metals on the water fern Azolla filiculoides. New Phytol 112: 7-12.
127. Sela M, Tel-Or E, Fritz E, Huttermann A. 1988. Localization and toxic effects of cadmium, copper, and uranium in Azolla. Plant Physiol 88: 30-36.
128. Shaban, W, Al Rmalli SW, Harrington CF, Ayub M, Haris PI. 2005. A biomaterial based approach for arsenic removal from water. J Environ Monitor 7: 279-282.
129. Sharma SS, Gaur JP. 1995. Potential of Lemna polyrrhiza for removal of heavy metals. Ecol Eng 4: 37-43.
130. Shekkar SC, Chaturvedi KP, Misra V. 2007. Toxic effect of arsenate and cadmium alone and in combination on giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza L.) in response to its accumulation. Environ Toxicol 22: 539-549.
131. Singhal V, Rai JPN. 2003. Biogas production from water hyacinth and channel grass used for phytoremediation of industrial effluents. Biores Technol 86: 221-225.
132. Sivaci A, Elmas, E, Gumus F, Sivaci RE 2008. Removal of cadmium by Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. and Potamogeton crispus L. and its effect on pigments and total phenolic compounds. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 612-618.
133. Skinner K, Wright N, Porter-Goff E. 2007. Mercury uptake and accumulation by four species of aquatic plants. Environ Pollut 145: 234-237.
134. Solisio C, Lodi A, Soletto D, Converti A. 2008. Cadmium biosorption on Spirulina platensis biomass. Biores Technol 99: 5933-5937.
135. Staves RP, Knaus RM. 1985. Chromium removal from water by three species of duckweeds. Aquat Bot 23: 261-273.
136. Tarlan E, Dilek FB, Yetis U. 2002. Effectiveness of algae in the treatment of a wood-based pulp and paper industry wastewater. Biores Technol 84: 1-5.
137. Teisseire H, Guy V. 2000. Copper-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes' activities in fronds of duckweed (Lemna minor). Plant Sci. 153: 65-72.
138. Tel-Or E, Sela M. 1991. Process for the removal of metal ions from solutions. US Patent No. 5,000,852.
139. Tel-Or E, Sela M. 1994. Process for the removal of metal ions from solutions. European Patent No. 03332128.
140. Tel-Or E, Sela M, Ravid S. 1997. Biofiltration of heavy metals by the aquatic fern Azolla. In: Rosen D, Tel-Or E, Hadar I, Chen Y, editors. Modern agriculture and the environment. London: Kluwer Academic Publisher. pp. 431-442.
141. Terry PA, Stone W. 2002. Biosorption of cadmium and copper contaminated water by Scenedesmus abundans. Chemosphere 47: 249-255.
142. Twining JR. 1993. A study of radium uptake by water lily Nymphaea violacea (Lehm.) from contaminated sediments. J Environ Radioact 20: 169-189.
143. Tzesos M. 1986. Adsorption by microbial biomass as process for removal of ions from process or waste solutions. In: Eccles H, Hunt S, editors. Immobilisation of ions by biosorption. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood. pp. 201-218.
144. Vervliet-Scheebaum M, Straus A, Tremp H, Hamer M, Maund SJ, Wagner E, et al. 2010. A microcosm system to evaluate the toxicity of the triazine herbicide simazine on aquatic macrophytes. Environ Pollut 158: 615-623.
145. Wang W. 1990. Literature review on duckweed toxicity testing. Environ Res 52:7-22.
146. Wang Q, Cui Y, Dong Y, 2002. Phytoremediation of polluted waters: potentials and prospects of wetland plants. Acta Biotechnol 22(1-2): 129-208.
147. Warshawsky D, Cody T, Radike M, Reilman R, Schumann B, LaDow K, et al. 1995. Biotransformation of benzo[a] pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic analogs by several green algae and other algal species under gold and white light. Chem Biol Interact 97: 131-148.
148. Warshawsky D, Radike M, Jayasimhulu K, Cody T. 1988. Metabolism of benzo[a] pyrene by a dioxygenase enzyme system of the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 152: 540-544.
149. Weis JS, Weis P. 2004. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications for phytoremediation and restoration. Environ Int 30: 685-700.
150. Weiss J, Liebert HP, Braune W. 2000. Influence of microcystin-RR on growth and photosynthetic capacity of the duckweed Lemna minor L. J Appl Bot Angew Bot 74: 100-105.
151. Xiang W, Xiao EY, Rengel Z. 2009. Phytoremediation facilitates removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from eutrophicated water and release from sediment. Environ Monit Assess 157: 77-285.
152. Xu QS, Hu JZ, Xie KB, Yang HY, Du KH, Shi GX. 2010. Accumulation and acute toxicity of silver in Potamogeton crispus L. J Hazard Mater 173: 186-193.
153. Xue HB, Stumm W, Sigg L. 1988. The binding of heavy metals to algal surfaces. Water Res 22: 917-926.
154. Xyländer M, Augsten H. 1992. Different sensitivity of some Lemnaceae to nickel. Beitr Biol Pflanzen 67: 89-99.
155. Zhang X, Zhao F-J, Huang Q, Williams PN, Sun G-X, Zhu Y-G. 2009. Arsenic uptake and speciation in the rootless duckweed Wolffia globosa. New Phytologist 182: 421-428.
156. Zimmels Y, Kirzhner F, Malkovskaja A. 2006. Application of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for treatment of urban sewage in Israel. J Environ Manage 81: 420-428.
157. Zirchy J, Reed S. 1988. The use of duckweed for wastewater treatment. J Water Pollut 60: 1253-1258.