Use and users of municipal commonage around three small towns in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 92, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1449-1460

  Davenport, N A ^a   Gambiza, J ^a   Shackleton, C M ^a  

^a RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Commonages; Fuelwood; South Africa; Users; Wealth

Indexed keywords

FUEL;

FUELWOOD; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; LIVESTOCK; MEDICINAL PLANT; URBAN HOUSING; URBAN REGION;

AGRICULTURAL LAND; AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT; ARTICLE; CITY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; GRAZING; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; LAND USE; LIVESTOCK; MEDICINAL PLANT; MUNICIPAL COMMONAGE; SOUTH AFRICA; URBAN AREA; URBAN RURAL DIFFERENCE; WOOD;

EASTERN CAPE; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 79952449764     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.003     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Adams M., Cousins B., Manona S. Land Tenure and Economic Development in Rural South Africa: Constraints and Opportunities. At the Crossroads: Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa into the 21st Century 2000, 111-128. PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape and National Land Committee (NLC), Cape Town. B. Cousins (Ed.).
2. Anderson M., Pienaar K. Municipal Commonage 2003, PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, ELARSA series; no. 5.
3. Anderson M., Pienaar K. Municipal Commonage 2004, PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Policy brief; no. 6.
4. Andrew M., Shackleton C., Ainslie A. Land Use and Rural Livelihoods: Have They Been Enhanced Through Land Reform? 2003, PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Policy Brief; no. 5.
5. Andrew M., Ainslie A., Shackleton C. Land Use and Livelihoods 2003, PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, ELARSA series; no. 8.
6. Ainslie A. Farming cattle, Cultivating Relationships: cattle ownership and cultural Politics in Peddie district, eastern Cape. Social Dynamics 2005, 31:129-156.
7. Ardington E., Lund F. Questioning rural livelihoods. Land, Labour and Livelihoods in Rural South Africa. Vol. 2 1996, 31-58. KwaZulu-Natal and Northern Province. University of Natal, Durban, Indicator. M. Lipton, F. Ellis (Eds.).
8. Atkinson D. Commons Southern Africa: People-Centred Environmental Management and Municipal Commonage in the Nama Karoo 2005, PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, CBNRM Occasional paper series: Commons Southern Africa; no.11.
9. Atkinson D. People-centred environmental management and municipal commonage in the Nama Karoo. Development Southern Africa 2007, 24:707-724.
10. Atkinson D. The need for agricultural extension services for municipal commonage farmers. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension 2007, 36:190-202.
11. Atkinson D. Personal Communication 2008, Heartland & Karoo Research Institute, Phillipolis.
12. Atkinson D., Benseler A. Review of Municipal Commonage Programme of the Department of Land Affairs 2004, Heartland & Karoo Research Institute, Phillipolis, 106.
13. Atkinson D., Buscher B. Municipal commonage and implications for land reform: a profile of commonage users in Philipolis, Free State. Agrekon 2006, 45:437-466.
14. Bates K.G. Personal Communication 2007, Assistant Director, Department of Parks and Recreation, Makana Local Municipality.
15. Benseler A. Municipal Commonage Administration in the Northern Cape: Can Municipalities Promote Emergent Farming? 2003, Human Sciences Research Council, October pp 55.
16. Botha J., Witkowski E.T.F., Shackleton C.M. Market profiles and trade in medicinal plants in the Lowveld, South Africa. Environmental Conservation 2004, 31:38-46.
17. Bradstock A. Land reform and livelihoods in South Africa's northern Cape province. Land Use Policy 2006, 23:247-259.
18. Buso N. Municipal Commonage Administration in the Free State Province: Can Municipalities in the Current Local Government Dispensation Promote Emerging Farming? 2003, Human Sciences Research Counsel, October pp 72.
19. Campbell B.M., Vermeulen S.S., Mangono J.J., Mabugu R. The energy transition in action: urban domestic fuel choices in a changing Zimbabwe. Energy Policy 2003, 31:553-562.
20. Cartwright, A., Harrison, T. and Benseler, A., 2002. Municipal Commonage management. Unpublished report, Local Government Support and Learning Network, DFID/Department of Provincial and Local Government, Pretoria.
21. Cocks M. The Significance of Household Stratification on Non-timber Forest Product Utilisation and Cultural Practices: Implications for Biocultural Diversity, South Africa 2006, Wageningen University, Netherlands.
22. Cocks M.L., Dold A.P., Grundy I.M. The Trade in Medicinal Plants from Forests in the Eastern Cape Province. Indigenous Forests and Woodlands in South Africa 2004, 473-492. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Scottsville. M.J. Lawes, H.A.C. Eeley, C.M. Shackleton, B.G.S. Geach (Eds.).
23. Cocks M.L., Dold A.P. Cultural significance of biodiversity: the role of medicinal plants in urban African cultural practices in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Ethnobiology 2006, 26:60-81.
24. Cousins B. More than socially embedded: the distinctive character of 'communal tenure' regimes in South Africa and its implications for land policy. Journal of Agrarian Change 2007, 7:281-315.
25. Davenport N. The Contribution of Municipal Commonage to Local Peoples' Livelihoods in Small South African Towns 2009, M.Sc. thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 138.
26. Davenport N.A., Gambiza J. Municipal commonage policy and livestock owners: findings from the eastern Cape, South Africa. Land Use Policy 2009, 26:513-520.
27. White Paper on South African Land Policy 1997, DLA, Pretoria.
28. The Commonage Programme: Policy, Legislation, Delivery Mechanisms 2002, DLA, Pretoria.
29. Phomolong Commonage Programme 2007, DLA, (accessed 15.09.08). http://land.pwv.gov.za/%20Documents&Publications/Publications/SIS%20Strategy/33/Associated%20background%20documents/Chapter%204/Redistribution%20fieldbased%20learning%20programme/Phomolong%20Commonage/phomolong_commonage_case_study.pdf.
30. Dold A.P., Cocks M.L. The trade in medicinal plants in the eastern Cape province, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 2002, 98:589-597.
31. Dovie D.B.K., Shackleton C.M., Witkowski E.T.F. Valuation of communal area livestock benefits, rural livelihoods and related policy issues. Land Use Policy 2006, 23:260-271.
32. du Plessis L.L. Valuation Procedures for Selected Non-water Benefits of the Working for Water Programme in South Africa. First Conference Proceedings, Forum for Economics and Environment, Department of Economics and Economic History 2001, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth, (accessed 03.04.07). http://www.econ4env.co.za/archives/ecodivide/Theme2a.pdf.
33. Ellis F. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries 2000, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 273 pp.
34. Fouche F. Personal Communication 2008, Director, Conservation Department, Ndlambe Municipality, Port Alfred.
35. Gandar M.V. The Imbalance of Power. Going Green: People, Politics and the Environment in South Africa 1991, 94-112. Oxford University Press, Cape Town. J. Cock, E. Koch (Eds.).
36. Geach B., Peart R. Land, Resource Use, Biodiversity and Desertification in South Africa: An Overview and Analysis of Post-1994 Policies, Programmes, Institutions and Financial Mechanisms 2000, Economic Analysis and Policy Support Group, Natural Resources and Rural Development Programme, (Environmentek, CSIR).
37. Hall R., Isaacs M., Saruchera M. Land and Agrarian Reform in Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) 2007, PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Research report no. 23.
38. Higginbottom K., Ntsebeza L., Kedama W., Bank L. The fate of the commons: urban land reform, squatting and environmental management in the Eastern Cape Province 1995, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Working paper no. 65,p. 138.
39. Information Booklet on Commonage Policy for Emerging Farmers 2005, IDS (Information Decision Systems), Letsemeng Local Municipality.
40. Ingle M. Municipal commonage in South Africa - A public good going Bad?. Africa Insight 2006, 36:46-55.
41. Lahiff E. Land Reform in South Africa: Is It Meeting the Challenge? 2001, PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Policy brief; no. 1.
42. Lebert T. Municipal Commonage as a Form of Land Redistribution: A Case Study of New Farms of Leliefontein, a Communal Reserve in Namaqualand, South Africa 2004, PLAAS, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Research report no. 18.
43. Lehtonen R., Pahkinen E. Practical Methods for Design and Analysis of Complex Surveys: Statistics in Practice 2004, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, 349 pp.
44. Lemon A. Redressing school inequalities in the eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies 2004, 30(2):269-290.
45. Madubansi M., Shackleton C.M. Changes in fuelwood use and selection following electrification in the Bushbuckridge lowveld, South Africa. Journal of Environmental Management 2007, 83:416-426.
46. Bathurst Commons Community Conservancy Project: Stakeholder Engagement and Feasibility Study 2006, MAFA, Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown.
47. Local Environmental Action Plan 2005, Makana Municipality, (accessed 15.07.07). http://www.ru.ac.za/institutes/rgi/leap/index.htm.
48. Integrated Development Plan Review 2008/09 2008, Makana Local Municipality, (accessed 15.09.08). http://www.makana.gov.za/.
49. Mander M. Marketing of Indigenous Medicinal Plants in South Africa: A Case Study in KwaZulu-Natal 1998, FAO, Rome, pp. 128.
50. Martens C. The Management and Governance of Commonages in Three Small Towns in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. M.A Thesis 2009, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 130 pp.
51. May H., Lahiff E. Land reform in Namaqualand, 1994-2005: a review. Journal of Arid Environments 2007, 70:782-798.
52. McGarigal K., Cushman S., Stafford S.G. Multivariate Statistics for Wildlife and Ecology Research 2000, Springer, New York, pp. 312.
53. Mhlaba H. Personal Communication 2007, Housing officer, Nkonkobe Local Municipality, Fort Beaufort.
54. Moller V. Living in Grahamstown East/Rini 2001, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Research report no. 6. C.W. Manona, C. van Hees, E. Pillay, A. Tobi (Eds.).
55. Mougeot L.J.A. Agropolis: The Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture 2005, Earthscan, London, 286 pp.
56. Integrated Development Plan 2007/2008 2007, Ndlambe Local Municipality, (accessed 15.09.08). http://www.ndlambe.co.za/index.htm.
57. Nel E.L. Regional and Local Economic Development in South Africa: The Experience of the Eastern Cape 1999, Ashgate, Aldershot.
58. Nel E.L. Local Economic Development in South African Small Towns. Local Economic Development in the Developing World: The Experience of Southern Africa 2005, 253-266. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick. E.L. Nel, C.M. Rogerson (Eds.).
59. Nel E.L., Rogerson C.M. Local Economic Development in the Developing World: The Experience of Southern Africa 2005, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
60. Integrated Development Plan 2007-2012 2007, Nkonkobe Local Municipality, (accessed 15.09.08). http://www.nkonkobe.co.za/.
61. Ntsebeza L., Hall R. Introduction. The Land Question in South Africa 2007, 1-27. HSRC Press, Cape Town. L. Ntsebeza, R. Hall (Eds.).
62. Palmer A.R. Makana LEAP: Livestock and Commonage Management: Grahamstown 2005, ARC-Range and Forage Institute, Grahamstown.
63. Pauw K. Forming Representative household and factor groups for a South African SAM. PROVIDE project. Technical Paper Series 2005, 2005:2.
64. Pienaar, K., May, H., 2003. "SPP/LRC presentation at the HSRC Kimberley Commonage Workshop" 7 March. Unpublished workshop input.
65. Puttick J. Municipal Commonage: Livestock, Livelihoods and Land Degradation in Grahamstown, South Africa 2008, M.Sc. mini-thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 51 pp.
66. Rakodi, C. 1999. Poverty in the Peri-Urban Interface. Report for the DFID Natural Resources Systems Research Programme, Research Advances No. 5.
67. Reuther S., Dewar N. Competition for the use of public open space in low-income urban areas: the economic potential of urban gardening in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Development Southern Africa 2006, 23:97-122.
68. Rogerson C.M. Urban agriculture in South Africa: growth, issues and potential. GeoJournal 1993, 30:21-28.
69. Rogerson C.M. Towards pro-poor local economic development: the case for sectoral targeting in South Africa. Local Economic Development in the Developing World: The Experience of Southern Africa 2005, 57-74. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick. E.L. Nel, C.M. Rogerson (Eds.).
70. Rogerson C.M. Local Economic Development in Post-apartheid South Africa: A Ten-year Research Review. The Develop Decade? Economic and Social Change in South Africa, 1994-2004 2006, 227-253. HSRC, Cape Town. V. Padayachee (Ed.).
71. Ruiters G., Bond P. Contradictions in Municipal Transformation from Apartheid to Democracy: The Battle over Local Water Privatization in South Africa 2000, Municipal Services Project, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 19 pp.
72. Seti S. Subsistence Gardening for Food Security: a Case Study of Three Townships in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape Province 2003, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown.
73. Shackleton C.M. Will the real custodian of natural resource management please stand up?. South African Journal of Science 2009, 105:91-93.
74. Shackleton C.M., Shackleton S. The importance of non-timber forest products in rural livelihood security and as safety nets: a review of evidence from South Africa. South African Journal of Science 2004, 100:658-664.
75. Shackleton C.M., Gambiza J., Jones R. Household fuelwood use in small electrified towns of the Makana district, eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 2007, 18:4-10.
76. Shackleton C.M., Paumgarten F., Mthembu T., Ernst L., Pasquini M., Pichop G. Production of and trade in African indigenous vegetables in the urban and peri-urban areas of Durban, South Africa. Development Southern Africa 2010, 27:291-308.
77. Shackleton C.M., Shackleton S.E., Buiten E., Bird N. The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa. Forest Policy and Economics 2007, 9:558-577.
78. Shackleton C.M., Shackleton S.E., Cousins B. The role of land-based strategies in rural livelihoods: the contribution of arable production, animal husbandry, and natural resource harvesting in communal areas in South Africa. Development Southern Africa 2001, 18:581-604.
79. Shackleton S.E., Campbell B., Lotz-Sisitka H., Shackleton C. Links between the local trade in natural products, livelihoods and poverty alleviation in a Semi-arid region of South Africa. World Development 2008, 36:505-526.
80. Simbi T., Aliber M. Agricultural Employment Crisis in South Africa 2000, Trade and Industrial Policy Secretariat, Pretoria, TIPS working paper; no. 3:1.
81. Smit J., Nasr J. Urban agriculture for sustainable cities: using Wastes, Idle land and water Bodies as resources. Environment and Urbanization 1992, 4:141-152.
82. STATISTICA (Data Analysis Software System), Version 8.0 2007, StatSoft, Inc. http://www.statsoft.com.
83. StatsSA. 2001. Investigation into appropriate definitions of urban and rural areas for South Africa: Discussion Document, Report no. 03-02-20, Pretoria.
84. Stickler M.M. A Comparison of Ecosystem Health Status and Services Provided by Subtropical Thicket in and Around the Bathurst Commonage 2009, M.Sc thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, pp. 264.
85. Settlement and Implementation Support (SIS) Strategy for Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa, Version 2 2007, Sustainable Development Consortium (SDC), November 2007, (accessed 09.04.08). http://land.pwv.gov.za/documents&publications/publications/.
86. Thornton A. Beyond the metropolis: small town case studies of urban and peri-urban agriculture in South Africa. Urban Forum 2008, 19:243-262.
87. UN Habitat State of the world's cities 2006/7 2006, United Nations, New York.