Application of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept to the safety assessment of chemically complex food matrices

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 933-940

  Rennen, Monique A J ^a   Koster, Sander ^a   Krul, Cyrille A M ^a   Houben, Geert F ^a  

^a TNO   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Chemically complex food matrices; Exposure driven assessment; Risk assessment; Threshold of toxicological concern (TTC)

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL COMPOUND; ORGANOHALOGEN DERIVATIVE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE;

ALGORITHM; ALLERGY; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICALLY COMPLEX FOOD MATRIX; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; FOOD; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD SAFETY; GENOTOXICITY; HEALTH HAZARD; RISK ASSESSMENT; STANDARDIZATION; THRESHOLD OF TOXICOLOGICAL CONCERN; TOXIN ANALYSIS;

ANIMALS; FOOD SAFETY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICITY TESTS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 79952439190     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.017     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. Ashby J., Tennant R.W. Definite relationships among chemical structure, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for 301 chemicals tested by the US NTP. Mutat. Res. 1991, 257:229-306.
2. Ashby J., Tennant R.W., Zeiger E., Stasiewicz S. Classification according to chemical structure, mutagenicity to Salmonella and level of carcinogenicity of a further 42 chemicals tested for carcinogenicity by the US National Toxicology Program. Mutat. Res. 1989, 223:73-103.
3. Boobis A. Critical analysis of literature on low dose synergy for use of TTC in screening chemical mixtures for risk assessment. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 189-1:S51.
4. Carthew P., Clapp C., Gutsell S. Exposure based waiving: the application of the toxicological threshold of concern (TTC) to inhalation exposure for aerosol ingredients in consumer products. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47:1287-1295.
5. Coulier L., Koster S., Muilwijk B., Van Stee L., Peeters R., Zondervan-Van den Beuken E., Rijk R., Rennen M., Houben G., Van Dongen W. Non-target multicomponent analytical surveillance of food contact materials. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 51, Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis 2008, 775-792. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Y. Pyc (Ed.).
6. Cramer G.M., Ford R.A., Hall R.L. Estimation of toxic hazard - a decision tree approach. Food Cosm. Toxicol. 1978, 16:255-276.
7. EC, 2004. REGULATION (EC) No 1935/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC. Official Journal of the European Union L338/4, Strasbourg.
8. JECFA, 1997. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Forty-Sixth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), WHO Technical Report Series (TRS) No. 868.
9. Kroes R., Galli C.L., Munro I., Schilter B., Tran L.-A., Walker R., Würtzen G. Threshold of toxicological concern for chemical substances present in the diet: a practical tool for assessing the need for toxicity testing. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2000, 38:255-312.
10. Kroes R., Kleiner J., Renwick A. The threshold of toxicological concern concept in risk assessment. Toxicol. Sci. 2005, 86(2):226-230.
11. Kroes R., Renwick A.G., Cheeseman M., Kleiner J., Mangelsdorf I., Piersma A., Schilter B., Schlatter J., van Schothorst F., Vos J.G., Würtzen G. Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004, 42:65-83.
12. Kroes R., Renwick A.G., Feron V., Galli C.L., Gibney M., Greim H., Guy R.H., Lhuguenot J.C., Van de Sandt J.J.M. Application of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) to the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45:2533-2562.
13. Müller L., Mauthe R.J., Riley C.M., Andino M.M., De Antonis D., Beels C., DeGeorge J., De Knaep A.G.M., Ellison D., Fagerland J.A., Frank R., Fritschel B., Galloway S., Harpur E., Humfrey C.D.N., Jacks A.S., Jagota N., Mackinnon J., Mohan G., Ness D.K., O'Donovan M.R., Smith M.D., Vudathala G., Yotti L. A rationale for determining, testing, and controlling specific impurities in pharmaceuticals that possess potential for genotoxicity. Regul. Taxol. Pharmacol. 2006, 44:198-211.
14. Munro I.C., Ford R.A., Kennepohl E., Sprenger J.G. Correlation of structural class with no-observed-effect levels: a proposal for establishing a threshold of concern. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1996, 34:829-867.
15. Munro I.C., Renwick A.G., Danielewska-Nikiel B. The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) in risk assessment. Toxicol. Lett. 2008, 180:151-156.
16. Pieters, Könemann, 1997. Toxicology of mixtures: a review of the safety factor of 100 applied in the safety evaluation of chemical mixtures. Dutch National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Report number 620110004, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
17. Renwick A. Toxicology databases and the concept of thresholds of toxicological concern as used by the JECFA for the safety evaluation of flavouring agents. Toxicol. Lett. 2004, 149:223-234.
18. Renwick A. Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern - guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 207:585-591.
19. Smith R.L., Cohen S.M., Doull J., Feron V.J., Goodman J.I., Marnett L.J., Portoghese P.S., Waddell W.J., Wagner B.M., Hall R.L., Higley N.A., Lucas-Gavin C., Adams T.B. A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food: essential oils. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2005, 43(2005):345-363.
20. Tennant R.W., Ashby J. Classification according to chemical structure, mutagenicity to Salmonella and level of carcinogenicity of a further 39 chemicals tested for carcinogenicity by the US National Toxicology Program. Mutat. Res. 1991, 257:209-227.
21. US FDA, 1995. US Food and Drug Administration. Food Additives: Threshold of Regulation for Substances Used in Food-Contact Articles; Final Rule. Federal Register 60, 36582-36596, July 17.