Magmatic-vapor expansion and the formation of high-sulfidation gold deposits: Structural controls on hydrothermal alteration and ore mineralization

Ore Geology Reviews

Volumn 39, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 75-90

  Berger, Byron R ^a   Henley, Richard W ^b  

^a DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Advanced argillic alteration; Enargite; Gold; High sulfidation deposits; Magmatic vapor; Solfatara; Structural geology

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED ARGILLIC ALTERATION; ENARGITE; HIGH-SULFIDATION DEPOSITS; MAGMATIC VAPOR; SOLFATARA;

COPPER DEPOSITS; DEPOSITS; EXPANSION; FLOW OF FLUIDS; FRACTURE; GOLD; GOLD COATINGS; GOLD DEPOSITS; MINERALOGY; SILICA; SILVER DEPOSITS; STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS; SULFUR DEPOSITS; WATER VAPOR;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

CONDENSATION; DECOMPRESSION; MINERAL ALTERATION; MINERALIZATION; ORE DEPOSIT; PERMEABILITY; SILVER; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

EID: 79952438475     PISSN: 01691368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.11.004     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Allibone A. Synchronous deformation and hydrothermal activity in the shear zone hosted high-sulphidation Au-Cu deposit at Peak Hill, NSW, Australia. Mineralium Deposita 1998, 33:495-512.
2. Allibone A.H., Cordery G.R., Morrison G.W., Jaireth S., Lindhorst J.W. Synchronous advanced argillic alteration and deformation in a shear zone-hosted magmatic hydrothermal Au-Ag deposit at the Temora (Gidginbung) mine, New South Wales, Australia. Economic Geology 1995, 90:1570-1603.
3. Angelier J., Barrier E., Chu H.-T. Plate collision and paleostress trajectories in a fold-thrust belt: the foothills of Taiwan. Tectonophysics 1986, 125:161-178.
4. Angelier J., Bergerat F., Chu H.-T., Lee T.-Q. Tectonic analysis and the evolution of a curved collision belt: the Hsuehshan range, northern Taiwan. Tectonophysics 1990, 183:77-96.
5. Arribas A. Characteristics of high-sulfidation epithermal deposits, and their relation to magmatic fluid. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 1995, 23:419-454.
6. Arribas A., Cunningham C.G., Rytuba J.J., Rye R.O., Kelly W.C., Podwysocki M.H., McKee E.H., Tosdal R.M. Geology, geochronology, fluid inclusions, and isotope geochemistry of the Rodalquilar gold-alunite deposit, Spain. Economic Geology 1995, 90:795-822.
7. Arribas A., Hedenquist J.W., Itaya T., Okada T., Concepcion R.A., Garcia J.S. Contemporaneous formation of adjacent porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits over 300ka in northern Luzon, Philippines. Geology 1995, 23:337-340.
8. Ashley R.P. Preliminary geologic map of the Goldfield mining district, Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Investigations Map MF-681, 1:24,000-scale 1975.
9. Ashley R.P., Keith W.J. Distribution of gold and other metals in silicified rocks of the Goldfield mining district, Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1976, 843-B. 17 pp.
10. Barton C.A., Zoback M.D., Moos D. Fluid flow along potentially active faults in crystalline rocks. Geology 1995, 23:683-685.
11. Berger B.R. The 3D fault and vein architecture of strike-slip releasing- and restraining bends: evidence from volcanic-center-related mineral deposits. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2007, 290:447-471. W.D. Cunningham, P. Mann (Eds.).
12. Bjornsson G., Bodvarsson G. A survey of geothermal reservoir properties. Geothermics 1980, 19:17-27.
13. Byrne T.B., Liu C.-S. Geology and geophysics of an arc-continent collision, Taiwan. Geological Society of America Special Paper 2002, 358. 211 pp.
14. Chamberfort I., Dilles J.H., Kent A.J.R. Anhydrite-bearing andesite and dacite as a source for sulfur in magmatic-hydrothermal mineral deposits. Geology 2008, 36:719-722.
15. Chen C.-H., Tan L.-P., Tien R.-L., Chung S.-H., Liu T.-K. Fission track age dating of igneous rocks and silicified sandstones from the Chilung volcano group, northern Taiwan: Implication of mineralization events of the Chinkuashih gold-copper deposits. Journal of the Geological Society of China 1993, 36:157-174.
16. Chouinard A., Williams-Jones A.E., Leonardson R.W., Hodgson C.J., Silva P., Tellez J.V., Rojas F. Geology and genesis of the multistage high-sulfidation epithermal Pascua Au-Ag-Cu deposit, Chile and Argentina. Economic Geology 2005, 100:463-490.
17. Christenson B.W., Reyes A.G., Young R., Moebis A., Sherburn S., Cole-Baker J., Britten K. Cyclic processes and factors leading to phreatic eruption events: insights from the 25 September 2007 Ruapehu eruption - North Island, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2010, 191:15-32.
18. Claveria R.J.R. Mineral Paragenesis of the Lepanto copper and gold and the Victoria gold deposits, Mankayan district, Philippines. Resource Geology 2001, 51:97-106.
19. Concepcion R.A., Cinco J.C. Geology of the Lepanto Far Southeast gold-rich porphyry copper deposit, Mankayan, Benguet, Philippines. Proceedings of the 28th International Geological Congress 1989, 1:319-320.
20. Cooke D.R., Simmons S.F. Characteristics and genesis of epithermal gold deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology 2000, 13:221-244.
21. Cox S.F. The application of failure mode diagrams for exploring the roles of fluid pressure and stress states in controlling styles of fracture-controlled permeability enhancement in faults and shear zones. Geofluids 2010, 10:217-233.
22. Cox S.F., Knackstedt M.A., Braun J. Principles of structural control on permeability and fluid flow in hydrothermal systems. Reviews in Economic Geology 2001, 14:1-24.
23. Einaudi M.T., Hedenquist J.W., Inan E.E. Sulfidation state of fluids in active and extinct hydrothermal systems: transitions from porphyry to epithermal environments. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 2003, 10:285-313.
24. Földessy J., Hartai E., Kupi L. New data about the Lahóca high-sulfidation mineralization. Proceedings of the University of Miskolc, Series A, Mining 2008, 73:129-143. J. Földessy, E. Hartai (Eds.).
25. Garcia J.S. Geology and mineralization characteristics of the Mankayan mineral district, Benguet, Philippines. Geological Survey of Japan Report 1991, 277:21-30.
26. Gonzalez, A.G., 1959. Geology and genesis of the Lepanto copper deposit, Mankayan, Mountain Province, Philippines. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 102 pp.
27. Grove K., Niemi T.M. Late Quaternary deformation and slip rates in the northern San Andreas fault zone at Olema Valley, Marin County, California. Tectonophysics 2005, 401:231-250.
28. Hedenquist J.W., Matsuhisa Y., Izawa E., White N.C., Giggenbach W.F., Aoki M. Geology, geochemistry and origin of high-sulfidation Cu-Au mineralization in the Nansatsu district, Japan. Economic Geology 1994, 89:1-30.
29. Hedenquist J.W., Arribas A., Reynolds T.J. Evolution of an intrusion-centered hydrothermal system; Far Southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines. Economic Geology 1998, 93:373-404.
30. Heinrich C.A. The physical and chemical evolution of low-salinity magmatic fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: a thermodynamic study. Mineralium Deposita 2005, 39:864-889.
31. Henley R.W., Berger B.R. Magmatic-vapor expansion and the formation of high-sulfidation gold deposits: Chemical controls on alteration and mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews 2011, 39:63-74.
32. Henley R.W., Ellis A.J. Geothermal systems ancient and modern: a geochemical review. Earth Science Reviews 1983, 19:1-50.
33. Hoek E., Bieniawski Z.T. Brittle rock fracture propagation in rock under compression. International Journal of Fracture Mechanics 1965, 1:137-155.
34. Huang C.K. Gold-copper deposits of the Chinkuashih mine, Taiwan with special reference to the mineralogy. Acta Geologica Taiwanica 1955, 7:1-20.
35. Huang C.K. Gold deposits of the Wutanshan area, Taiwan, and relation to the Chinkuashih deposits. Acta Geologica Taiwanica 1960, 8:13-25.
36. Huang C.K., Chou S.A. Parageneses of enargite and luzonite-famatinite in the Chinkuashih gold-copper deposits, Taiwan. Acta Geologica Taiwanica 1975, 18:26-35.
37. Huang C.K., Yeh K.S. Special features of the ore deposits of the Changjen series, Chinkuashih mine, Taiwan. Acta Geologica Taiwanica 1977, 19:1-12.
38. Jannas, R.R., 1995. Reduced and oxidizing high-sulfidation deposits of the El Indio district, Chile. unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, 421 pp.
39. Jannas R.R., Arenada R. Geología de la veta Indio Sur 3500: Una structura tipo bonanza del yacimiento El Indio. Revista Geológica de Chile 1985, 24:49-62. (In Spanish).
40. Jannas R.R., Bowers T.S., Petersen U., Beane R.E. High-sulfidation deposit types in the El Indio district, Chile. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 1999, 7:219-266. B.J. Skinner (Ed.).
41. Lee C.T., Wang Y. Quaternary stress changes in northern Taiwan and their tectonic implication. Proceedings of the Geological Society of China 1988, 31:154-168.
42. Lee T.-Q., Angelier J., Chu H.-T., Bergerat F. Rotations in the northeastern collision belt of Taiwan: preliminary results from paleomagnetism. Tectonophysics 1991, 199:109-120.
43. Longo A.A. The San Jose-Charachugo-Chaquicocha gold trend, Yanacocha district, northern Perú. Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings 2000, 201-220. May 15-18, 2000. J.K. Cluer, J.G. Price, E.M. Struhsacker, R.F. Hardyman, C.L. Morris (Eds.).
44. Losada-Calderon A., Bloom M.S. Geology, Paragenesis and fluid inclusion studies of a high-sulfidation epithermal/porphyry system, Nevados del Famatina district, La Rioja Province, Argentina. Pacific Rim Congress 90 1990, 2:457-464.
45. Mancano, D.P., 1994. Microthermometry of enargite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Lepanto, Philippines, high-sulfidation Cu-Au deposit using infrared microscopy. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Socorro, New Mexico, 74 pp.
46. Mancano D.P., Campbell A.R. Microthermometry of enargite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Lepanto, Philippines, high-sulfidation Cu-Au deposit. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59:3909-3916.
47. Martel S.J. Mechanical controls on fault geometry. Journal of Structural Geology 1999, 21:585-596.
48. Massey B.S. Mechanics of fluids 1968, van Nostrand, New York, 508 pp.
49. Mavrogenes J., Henley R.W., Reyes A., Berger B. Sulfosalt melts: evidence of high-temperature vapor transport of metals in the formation of high-sulfidation lode gold deposits. Economic Geology 2010, 105:257-262.
50. Meyer C., Hemley J.J. Wallrock alteration. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits 1967, 166-235. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York. H.L. Barnes (Ed.).
51. Molnár F., Jung P., Kupi L., Pogáy A., Vágó E., Viktorik O., Pécskay Z. Epithermal zones of the porphyry-skarn-epithermal ore complex at Recsk. Proceedings of the University of Miskolc, Series A, Mining 2008, 73:99-128. J. Földessy, E. Hartai (Eds.).
52. Pantó G. Hydrothermal alteration and metallization of the Lahóca Hill near Recsk. Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society 1951, 71:146-151. (In Hungarian).
53. Ransome F.L. Geology and ore deposits of Goldfield, Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1909, 66. 258 pp.
54. Ringenbach J.C., Stephan J.F., Malaterre P., Bellon H. Structure and geological history of the Lepanto-Cervantes releasing bend on the Abra River fault, Luzon Central Cordillera, Philippines. Tectonophysics 1990, 183:225-241.
55. Rozlozsnik V.P. The mine workings at Mátrabánya (Recsk). Annual Report of the Hungarian Geological Institute of the Years 1939, 1939-40:111-133. (In Hungarian).
56. Ruaya J.R., Ramos M.N., Gonfiantini R. Assessment of magmatic components of the fluids at Mt. Pinatubo volcanic-geothermal system, Philippines, from chemical and isotopic data. Geological Survey of Japan Report 1992, 279:141-151.
57. Rye R.O. The evolution of magmatic fluids in the epithermal environment; the stable isotope perspective. Economic Geology 1993, 88:733-752.
58. Rye R.O. A review of the stable-isotope geochemistry of sulfate minerals in selected igneous environments and related hydrothermal systems. Chemical Geology 2005, 215:5-36.
59. Sakazaki H., Ohtagaki T., Chin W. Geology and ore deposits in the area of Chinkuashih mine: 1. On the geology, geological structure and mineralization. Mining Geology 1963, 13:323-332.
60. Sanderson D.J., Zhang X. Critical stress localization of flow associated with deformation of well-fractured rock masses, with implications for mineral deposits. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1999, 155:69-81. K.J.W. McCaffrey, L. Lonergan, J.J. Wilkinson (Eds.).
61. Sibson R.H. Structural permeability of fluid-driven fault-fracture meshes. Journal of Structural Geology 1996, 18:1031-1042.
62. Sibson R.H. A brittle failure mode plot defining conditions for high-flux flow. Economic Geology 2000, 95:41-48.
63. Steven T.A., Ratté J.C. Geology and ore deposits of the Summitville district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1960, 343. 70 pp.
64. Stoffregen R.E. Genesis of acid-sulfate alteration and Au-Cu-Ag mineralization at Summitville, Colorado. Economic Geology 1987, 82:1575-1591.
65. Toulmin P., Clark S.P. Thermal aspects of ore formation. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits 1967, 437-464. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., New York. H.L. Barnes (Ed.).
66. Vennemann T.W., Muntean J.L., Kesler S.E., O'Neil J.R. Stable isotope evidence for magmatic fluids in the Pueblo Viejo epithermal acid sulfate Au-Ag deposit, Dominican Republic. Economic Geology 1993, 88:55-71.
67. Wakabayashi J. Stepovers that migrate with respect to affected deposits: field characteristics and speculation on some details of their origin. Geological Society of London Special Publications 2007, 290:169-188. W.D. Cunningham, P. Mann (Eds.).
68. Wang Y. Geology of the Chinkuashih and Chufen districts, Taipeihsien, Taiwan. Acta Geologica Taiwanica 1953, 5:47-64.
69. Wang Y. Fracture patterns in Chinkuashih area, Taipei-Hsien, Taiwan. Acta Geologica Taiwanica 1955, 7:21-34.
70. Wang Y. Physical and chemical characteristics of the host rocks in controlling the mineralization of the Chinkuashih high-sulfidation gold-copper deposits, northeastern Taiwan. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2010, 104:61-68.
71. Zhang X., Sanderson D.J. Numerical modeling of the effects of fault slip on fluid flow around extensional faults. Journal of Structural Geology 1996, 18:109-122.