The contribution of skin blood flow in warming the skin after the application of local heat; the duality of the Pennes heat equation

Medical Engineering and Physics

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 325-329

  Petrofsky, Jerrold ^a   Paluso, Dominic ^b   Anderson, Devyn ^b   Swan, Kristin ^b   Yim, Jong Eun ^b   Murugesan, Vengatesh ^a   Chindam, Tirupathi ^a   Goraksh, Neha ^a   Alshammari, Faris ^a   Lee, Haneul ^a   Trivedi, Moxi ^a   Hudlikar, Akshay N ^a   Katrak, Vahishta ^a  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b AZUSA PACIFIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Heat; Heat flow; Pennes; Thermal regulation

Indexed keywords

ARTERIAL BLOOD; BLOOD FLOW; CENTRAL CORE; CONSTANT TEMPERATURE; CORE AREA; CORE TEMPERATURE; HEAT; HEAT EQUATION; HEAT FLOW; HEAT FLOWS; HEAT SOURCES; LASER DOPPLER; LOCAL HEAT; PENNES; SINGLE POINT; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; SKIN TEMPERATURES; THERMAL REGULATION; WATER FLOW RATE;

HEAT TRANSFER; HEMODYNAMICS; PUMPS; THERMAL VARIABLES CONTROL;

BLOOD;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; CALORIE; CORE TEMPERATURE; FEMALE; FLOW MEASUREMENT; HEAT EXCHANGE; HEAT TRANSFER; HEAT TREATMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; SKIN TEMPERATURE;

ADULT; FEMALE; HOT TEMPERATURE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; SKIN; SKIN TEMPERATURE; VASODILATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79952315021     PISSN: 13504533     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.10.018     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Pennes H.H. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. J Appl Physiol 1948, 1(2):93-122.
2. Taylor N.A., Allsopp N.K., Parkes D.G. Preferred room temperature of young vs aged males: the influence of thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and affect. J Gerontol A: Biol Sci Med Sci 1995, 50(4):M216-M221.
3. Almalty A.M., et al. An effective method for skin blood flow measurement using local heat combined with electrical stimulation. J Med Eng Technol 2009, 33(8):663-669.
4. Evans E., et al. Thermally-induced cutaneous vasodilatation in aging. J Gerontol 1993, 48(2):M53-M57.
5. Turning up the heat on pain: TRPV1 receptors in pain and inflammation 2005, 249. Springer Science. A.B. Malmberg, K.R. Bley (Eds.).
6. Kellogg D.L., et al. Role of nitric oxide in the vascular effects of local warming of the skin in humans. J Appl Physiol 1999, 86(4):1185-1190.
7. Kellogg D.L., Zhao J.L., Wu Y. Roles of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in cutaneous vasodilation induced by local warming of the skin and whole body heat stress in humans. J Appl Physiol 2009, 107(5):1438-1444.
8. Minson C.T., Berry L.T., Joyner M.J. Nitric oxide and neurally mediated regulation of skin blood flow during local heating. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91(4):1619-1626.
9. Holowatz L.A., et al. Nitric oxide and attenuated reflex cutaneous vasodilation in aged skin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003, 284(5):H1662-H1667.
10. Petrofsky J.S., Al-Malty A.-M., Prowse M. Relationship between multiple stimuli and skin blood flow. Med Sci Monit: Int Med J Exp Clin Res 2008, 14(8):CR399-CR405.
11. Rowell L.B. Reflex control of the cutaneous vasculature. J Invest Dermatol 1977, 69(1):154-166.
12. Minson C.T., et al. Decreased nitric oxide- and axon reflex-mediated cutaneous vasodilation with age during local heating. J Appl Physiol 2002, 93(5):1644-1649.
13. Weiss M., et al. Analysis of the diminished skin perfusion in elderly people by laser Doppler flowmetry. Age Ageing 1992, 21(4):237-241.
14. Petrofsky J., et al. Does skin moisture influence the blood flow response to local heat? A re-evaluation of the Pennes model. J Med Eng Technol 2009, 33(7):532-537.
15. Petrofsky J.S., Laymon M. Heat transfer to deep tissue: the effect of body fat and heating modality. J Med Eng Technol 2009, 33(5):337-348.
16. Influence of race, gender age and diabetes on the skin circulation. Text book of ageing skin 2010, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. M. Farage, K. Miller, H. Maibach (Eds.).
17. Rowell L.B. Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev 1974, 54(1):75-159.
18. Lawson D., Petrofsky J.S. A randomized control study on the effect of biphasic electrical stimulation in a warm room on skin blood flow and healing rates in chronic wounds of patients with and without diabetes. Med Sci Monit 2007, 13(6):CR258-CR263.
19. Suh H., et al. The combined effect of a three-channel electrode delivery system with local heat on the healing of chronic wounds. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009, 11(10):681-688.
20. Kenny G.P., Journeay W.S. Human thermoregulation: separating thermal and nonthermal effects on heat loss. Front Biosci 2010, 15:259-290.
21. Schlader Z.J., Stannard S.R., Mundel T. Human thermoregulatory behavior during rest and exercise-a prospective review. Physiol Behav 2010, 99(3):269-275.
22. Giordano M.A., Gutierrez G., Rinaldi C. Fundamental solutions to the bioheat equation and their application to magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2010, 26(5):475-484.
23. Huang H.W., Shih T.C., Liauh C.T. Predicting effects of blood flow rate and size of vessels in a vasculature on hyperthermia treatments using computer simulation. Biomed Eng Online 2010, 9:18.
24. Bui C., et al. Acute effect of a single high-fat meal on forearm blood flow, blood pressure and heart rate in healthy male Asians and Caucasians: a pilot study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010, 41(2):490-500.
25. Chavez M.D., Lakshmanan N., Kavdia M. Impact of superoxide dismutase on nitric oxide and peroxynitrite levels in the microcirculation-a computational model. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007 2007, 1022-1026.
26. Pacher P., Beckman J.S., Liaudet L. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2007, 87(1):315-424.