What can eye movements tell us about Symbol Digit substitution by patients with schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 127, Issue 1-3, 2011, Pages 137-143

  Elahipanah, Ava ^a   Christensen, Bruce K ^b   Reingold, Eyal M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Coding; Cognitive impairment; Eye movements; Schizophrenia; Substitution; Symbol Digit

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; EYE MOVEMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL TASK; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCORING SYSTEM; SYMBOL DIGIT MODALITIES TEST; SYMBOLISM; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION;

ADULT; COGNITION DISORDERS; EYE MOVEMENTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 79952312215     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.018     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bachman P., Reichenberg A., Rice P., Woolsey M., Chaves O., Martinez D., et al. Deconstructing processing speed deficits in schizophrenia: application of a parametric digit symbol coding test. Schizophr. Res. 2010, 118:6-11.
2. Carr V., Dewis S.A.M., Lewin T.J. Preattentive visual search and perceptual grouping in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1998, 79:151-162.
3. Dickinson D., Ramsey M., Gold J.M. Overlooking the obvious: a meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64:532-542.
4. Elahipanah A., Christensen B.K., Reingold E.M. Visual search performance among persons with schizophrenia as a function of target eccentricity. Neuropsychology 2010, 24(2):192-198.
5. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Gibbon M., Williams J.B. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version (patient edition; SCID-I/P). Biometrics Research 2001, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
6. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Gibbon M., Williams J.B. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version (non-patient edition; SCID-I/NP). Biometrics Research 2001, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
7. Fuller R.L., Luck S.J., Braun E.L., Robinson B.M., McMahon R.P., Gold J.M. Impaired control of visual attention in schizophrenia. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2006, 115(2):266-275.
8. Green M.F. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?. Am. J. Psychiatry 1996, 153(3):321-330.
9. Heinrichs R.W., Zakzanis K.K. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998, 12(3):426-445.
10. Hoffman, J.E., 1998. Visual attention and eye movements. In Pashler, H. (Ed.), Attention. Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis, Hove, England, pp. 119-153.
11. Irwin D. Fixation location and fixation duration as indices of cognitive processing. The Interface of Language, Vision, and Action: Eye Movements and the Visual World 2004, 105-133. Psychology Press, New York. J.M. Henderson, F. Ferreira (Eds.).
12. Joy S., Fein D., Kaplan E., Freedman M. Speed and memory in WAIS-R-NI Digit Symbol performance among healthy older adults. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2000, 6:770-780.
13. Joy S., Fein D., Kaplan E. Decoding digit symbol: speed, memory, and visual scanning. Assessment 2003, 10(1):56-65.
14. Kaplan E., Fein D., Morris R., Delis D. WAIS-R-NI Manual 1991, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas.
15. Kaufman A.S., Lichtenberger E.O. Essentials of WAIS-III Assessment 1999, Wiley, New York.
16. Kaufman A.S., Lichtenberger E.O. Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence 2006, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. 3rd ed.
17. Kay S.R., Opler L.A., Fiszbein A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale 1992, Multi-Health Systems Inc, North Tonawanda, NY.
18. Kreiner D., Ryan J.J. Memory and motor skill components of the WAIS-III Digit Symbol-Coding subtest. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2001, 15:109-113.
19. Kustov A.A., Robinson D.L. Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements. Nature 1996, 384:74-77.
20. LeFever F.F. A noncoding motoric equivalent measures most of what the digit symbol does, including age changes. Percept. Mot. Skills 1985, 61:371-377.
21. Lezak M.D., Howieson D.B., Loring D.W., Hannay H.J., Fischer J.S. Neuropsychological Assessment 2004, Oxford University Press, New York. 4th ed.
22. Lieb K., Merklin G., Rieth C., Schüttler R., Hess R. Preattentive information processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1994, 14(1):47-56.
23. Morgan S.F., Wheelock J. Digit symbol and symbol digit modalities tests: are they directly interchangeable?. Neuropsychology 1992, 6(4):327-330.
24. Mori S., Tanaka G., Ayaka Y., Michitsuji S., Niwa H., Uemura M., et al. Preattentive and focal attentional processes in schizophrenia: a visual search study. Schizophr. Res. 1996, 22(1):69-76.
25. Rayner K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20years of research. Psychol. Bull. 1998, 124(3):372-422.
26. Ryan J.J., Kreiner D.S. Clinical applications of the Digit Symbol-Coding subtest. The Quantified Process Approach to Neuropsychological Assessment 2006, 53-82. Taylor & Francis, New York. A.M. Poreh (Ed.).
27. Ryan J.J., Kreiner D.S., Bartels J.M., Tree H.A., Schnakenberg-Ott S.D. Thirty-second interval patterns for WAIS-III Digit Symbol and Symbol Search. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2006, 21:705-709.
28. Smith A. Symbol Digit Modalities Test 1991, Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, California.
29. Storandt M. Speed and coding effects in relation to age and ability level. Dev. Psychol. 1976, 12(2):177-178.
30. van Hoof J.J.M., Jogems-Kosterman B.J.M., Sabbe B.G.C., Zitman F.G., Hulstijn W. Differentiation of cognitive and motor slowing in the Digit Symbol Test (DST): differences between depression and schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1998, 32(2):99-103.
31. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 1997, Psychological Corporation, New York. 3rd ed.
32. Wurtz R.H., Goldberg M.E. Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkey: III. Cells discharging before eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 1972, 35(4):575-586.