Lifetime of an ocean island volcano feeder zone: Constraints from u-pb dating on coexisting zircon and baddeleyite, and 40AR/39AR age determinations, fuerteventura, canary islandssp

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 567-592

  Allibon, James ^a,b   Ovtcharova, Maria ^c   Bussy, François ^a   Cosca, Michael ^d   Schaltegger, Urs ^c   Bussien, Denise ^a   Lewin, Éric ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^d DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE DETERMINATION; BADDELEYITE; CALCITE VEINS; CANARY ISLANDS; CARBONATITES; CONTACT METAMORPHISM; DATA SETS; EXCESS ARGON; GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS; HIGH-PRECISION; INTERACTION WITH FLUID; ISLAND VOLCANO; ISOTOPE DILUTIONS; LAYERED MAFIC INTRUSION; LEAD LOSS; MAGMA CRYSTALLIZATION; MAGMATIC ACTIVITY; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; RAPID COOLING; THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY; U-PB AGES; U-PB DATING; U-PB ZIRCON;

CALCITE; CARBONATE MINERALS; FELDSPAR; GEOCHRONOLOGY; IGNEOUS ROCKS; ISOTOPES; MASS SPECTROMETERS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; OXYGEN; SILICA; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; ZIRCON;

SILICATE MINERALS;

AMPHIBOLITE; ARGON ISOTOPE; BADDELEYITE; CRYSTALLIZATION; DATA SET; GABBRO; IONIZATION; ISLAND; MAGMATISM; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METAMORPHISM; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; URANIUM-LEAD DATING; VOLCANO; ZIRCON;

CANARY ISLANDS; SPAIN;

EID: 79952258289     PISSN: 00084077     EISSN: 14803313     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/E10-032     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Abel Monem, A., Watkins, N.D., and Gast, P.W. 1971. Potassium-argon ages, volcanic stratigraphy, and geomagnetic polarity history of the Canary Islands: Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria and La Gomera. American Journal of Science, 271: 490-521.
2. Abu El-Rus, M.A., Neumann, E.R., and Peters, V. 2006. Serpentinization and dehydration in the upper mantle beneath Fuerteventura (eastern Canary Islands): evidence from mantle xenoliths. Lithos, 89(1-2): 24-46. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2005.09.005.
3. Ahijado, A., Casillas, R., and Hernàndez-Pacheco, A. 2001. The dyke swarms of the Amanay Massif, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (Spain). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 19(3): 333-345. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00066-8.
4. Allen, C.M., and Ellis, D.J. 1996a. Stability of zirconolite and its occurrence in the crustal environment. A report for ANSTO, Department of Geology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 26.
5. 2 system under crustal and upper mantle conditions. A report for ANSTO, Department of Geology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 28.
6. Allibon, J., Bussy, F., Lewin, E., and Darbellay, B. 2010. The tectonically controlled emplacement of a vertically sheeted gabbro- pyroxenite intrusion: feeder-zone of an ocean-island volcano (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands). Tectonophysics, In press. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.01.011.
7. Amelin, Y.V., Heaman, L.M., Verchogliad, V.M., and Skobelev, V.M. 1994. Geochronological constraints on the emplacement history of an anorthosite - rapakivi granite suite: U-Pb zircon and baddeleyite study of the Korosten complex, Ukraine. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 116(4): 411-419. doi:10. 1007/BF00310908.
8. Amelin, Y.V., Heaman, L.M., and Semenov, V.S. 1995. U-Pb geochronology of layered mafic intrusions in the eastern Baltic Shield: implications for the timing and duration of Paleoproterozoic continental rifting. Precambrian Research, 75(1-2): 31-46. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(95)00015-W.
9. Ancochea, E., Brändle, J.L., Cubas, C.R., Hernàn, F., and Huertas, M.J. 1993. La serie I de la isla de Fuerteventura. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactes, Fisicas y Naturales. Madrid, 27,151.
10. Ancochea, E., Brändle, J.L., Cubas, C.R., Hernàn, F., and Huertas, M.J. 1996. Volcanic complexes in the eastern ridge of the Canary Islands: the Miocene activity of the island of Fuerteventura. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 70(3-4): 183-204. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(95)00051-8.
11. Ayers, J.C., and Watson, T.R. 1991. Solubility of apatite, monazite, zircon, and rutile in supercritical aqueous fluids with implications for subduction zone geochemistry. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 335: 365-375.
12. Bacon, C.R., Sisson, T.W., and Mazdab, F.K. 2007. Young cumulate complex beneath Veniaminof caldera, Aleutian arc, dated by zircon in erupted plutonic blocks. Geology, 35(6): 491-494. doi:10.1130/G23446A.1.
13. Balogh, K., Ahijado, A., Casillas, R., and Fernàndez, C. 1999. Contributions to the chronology of the Basal Complex of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 90(1-2): 81-101. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00008-6.
14. Belousova, E., Griffin, W., and O'Reilly, S. 2006. Zircon crystal morphology, trace element signatures and Hf isotope composition as a tool for petrogenetic modelling: examples from Eastern Australian granitoids. Journal of Petrology, 47(2): 329-353. doi:10.1093/petrology/egi077.
15. Bird, D.E., Hall, S.A., Burke, K., Casey, J.F., and Sawyer, D.S. 2007. Early Central Atlantic Ocean seafloor spreading history. Geosphere, 3(5): 282-298. doi:10.1130/GES00047.1.
16. 238U microprobe geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-related matrix effect: SHRIMP, ID-TIMS, ELA-ICP-MS and oxygen isotope documentation for a series of zircon standards. Chemical Geology, 205(1-2): 115-140. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01. 003.
17. Blundy, J., and Wood, B. 2003. Mineral-melt partitioning of uranium, thorium and their daughters. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 52(1): 59-123. doi:10.2113/0520059.
18. Butterman, W.C., and Foster, W.R. 1967. Zircon stability and the ZrO2-SiO2 phase diagram. The American Mineralogist, 52: 880-885.
19. Cantagrel, J.M., Fùster, J.M., Pin, C., Renaud, U., and Ibarrola, E. 1993. Age Miocene inférieur des carbonatites de Fuerteventura (23 Ma U-Pb zircon) et le magmatisme précoce d'une ile océanique (Iles Canaries). Compte Rendu de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 316: 1147-1153.
20. Charlier, B.L.A., Wilson, C.J.N., and Davidson, J.P. 2008. Rapid open-system assembly of a large silicic magma body: time-resolved evidence from cored plagioclase crystals in the Oranui eruption deposits, New Zealand. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 156(6): 799-813. doi:10.1007/s00410-008-0316-y.
21. Clague, D.A., and Dalrymple, G.B. 1987. The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain. Part I: Geologic evolution. In Volcanism in Hawaii. Edited by W. Decker, T.L. Wright, and P.H. Stauffer. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1350, pp. 5-54.
22. Coello, J., Cantagrel, J.M., Hernàn, F., Ibarrola, E., Jamond, C., Fuster, J.M., et al. 1992. Evolution of the eastern volcanic ridge of the Canary Islands based on new K-Ar data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 53(1-4): 251-274. doi:10. 1016/0377-0273(92)90085-R.
23. Coleman, D.S., Gray, W., and Glazner, A.F. 2004. Rethinking the emplacement and evolution of zoned plutons: geochronologic evidence for incremental assembly of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite. California Geology, 32(5): 433-436.
24. Condon, D., and the Members of Earthtime Working Group. 2005. Progress report on the U-Pb interlaboratory experiment. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2005. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69: A319. [Supplement S.]
25. Coplen, T.B., Kendall, C., and Hopple, J. 1983. Comparison of stable isotope reference samples. Nature, 302(5905): 236-238. doi:10.1038/302236a0.
26. Corfu, F., Hanchar, J., Hoskin, P., and Kinny, P. 2003. Atlas of zircon textures. In Zircon. Edited by J. Hanchar and P. Hoskin. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 53, pp. 469-500.
27. Criss, R.E., and Taylor, H.P., Jr. 1986. Meteoric-hydrothermal systems. In Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes. Edited by J.W. Valley, H.P. Taylor, and J.R. O'Neil. Reviews of the Mineralogical Society of America, 16, pp. 373-424.
28. Criss, R.E., Gregory, R.T., and Taylor, H.P., Jr. 1987. Kinetic theory of oxygen isotopic exchange between minerals and water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(5): 1099-1108. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(87)90203-1.
29. Dalrymple, G.B., and Moore, J.G. 1968. Argon 40: excess in submarine pillow basalts from the Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Science, 161(3846): 1132-1135. doi:10.1126/science.161.3846. 1132.
30. Demény, A., Ahijado, A., Casillas, R., and Vennemann, T.W. 1998. Crustal contamination and fluid/rock interaction in the carbonatites of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain): a C, O, Hisotope study. Lithos, 44(3-4): 101-115. doi:10.1016/S0024- 4937(98)00050-4.
31. Demény, A., Vennemann, T.W., Hegner, E., Ahijado, A., Casillas, R., Nagy, G., et al. 2004. H, O, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic evidence for recycled oceanic crust in the Transitional Volcanic Group of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain. Chemical Geology, 205(1-2): 37-54. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.003.
32. de Saint-Blanquat, M., Tikoff, B., Teyssier, C., and Vigneresse, J.L. 1998. Transpressional kinematics and magmatic arcs. In Continental transpressional and transtensional tectonics. Edited by R.E. Holdsworth, R.A. Strachan, and J.F. Dewey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 135, pp. 327-340.
33. de Saint-Blanquat, M., Law, R.D., Bouchez, J.L., and Morgan, S. 2001. Internal structure and emplacement of the Papoose Flat pluton: an integrated structural, petrographic and magnetic susceptibility study. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113(8): 976-995. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2001) 113<0976:ISAEOT>2.0.CO;2.
34. de Saint-Blanquat, M., Habert, G., Horsman, E., Morgan, S.S., Tikoff, B., Launeau, P., and Gleizes, G. 2006. Mechanisms and duration of non-tectonically assisted magma emplacement in the upper crust: the Black Mesa pluton, Henry Mountains, Utah. Tectonophysics, 428(1-4): 1-31. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.07. 014.
35. Eriksson, S.C. 1984. Age of carbonatite and phoscorite magmatism of the Phalaborwa Complex, South Africa. Chemical Geology. Isotope Geoscience Section, 2: 291-299.
36. Féraud, G., Giannerini, G., Campredon, R., and Stillman, C.J. 1985. Geochronology of some Canarian dyke swarms: contributions to the tectonic evolution of the archipelago. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2): 29-52. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(85)90003-4.
37. Fernandez, C., Casillas, R., Ahijado, A., Perello, V., and Hernàn-dez- Pacheco, A. 1997. Shear zones as the result of intraplate tectonics in oceanic crust: the example of the Basal Complex of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands). Journal of Structural Geology, 18: 1-17.
38. Fúster, J.M., Cendero, A., Gastesi, P., Ibarrola, E., and Lopez Ruiz, J. 1968. Geologi{dotless}́a y volcanologi{dotless}́a de las Islas Canarias - Fuerteventura. Instituto Lucas Mallada, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cienti{dotless}́ficas, Madrid.
39. Fúster, J.M., Muñoz, M., Sagredo, L., Yébenes, A., Bravo, T., and Hernández-Pacheco, A. 1980. Excursion n- 121 del 26e IGC [International Geological Congress] a las Islas Canarias. Boleti{dotless}́n del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, 92: 351-390.
40. Gerstenberger, H., and Haase, G. 1997. A highly effective emitter substance for mass spectrometric Pb isotope ratio determinations. Chemical Geology, 136(3-4): 309-312. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00033-2.
41. Glazner, A.F., Bartley, J.M., Coleman, D.S., Gray, W., and Taylor, R.Z. 2004. Are plutons assembled over millions of years by amalgamation from small magma chambers? GSA Today, 14(4): 4-11. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004) 014<0004:APAOMO>2.0.CO;2.
42. Grimes, C.B., John, B.E., Cheadle, M.J., Mazdab, F.K., Wooden, J.L., Swapp, S., and Schwartz, J.J. 2009. On the occurrence, trace element geochemistry, and crystallization history of zircon from in situ ocean lithosphere. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158(6): 757-783. doi:10.1007/s00410-009-0409-2.
43. Grunau, H.R., Lehner, P., Cleintaur, M.R., Allenback, P., and Bakkar, G. 1975. New radiometric ages and seismic data from Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), Maio (Cape Verde Islands), and São Tomé (Gulf of Guinea). Progress in Geodynamics. Royal Society of the Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, pp. 90-108.
44. Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., Pérez Torrado, F., and Rodriguez-Badiola, E. 1996. K-Ar aged and magnetic stratigraphy of a hotspot- induced, fast grown oceanic island: El Hierro, Canary Islands. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 73(1-2): 141-155. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(96)00021-2.
45. Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., and Day, S.J. 1998. Dating of the upper Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic activity of La Palma using unspiked K-Ar technique. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 86(1-4): 137-149. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00074-2.
46. Gurenko, A.A., Hoernle, K.A., Hauff, F., Schmincke, H.U., Han, D., Miura, Y.N., and Kaneoka, I. 2006. Major, trace element and Nd-Sr-Pb-O-He-Ar isotope signatures of shield stage lavas from central and western Canary Islands: insights into mantle and crustal processes. Chemical Geology, 233(1-2): 75-112. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.016.
47. Hanchar, J.M., and Hoskin, P.W.O. 2003. Zircon. Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry, 53. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
48. 39Ar age spectra and the thermal history of the region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 55(1): 123-149. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90092-3.
49. 2). Chemical Geology, Isotope Geoscience Section, 110: 95-126.
50. Heaman, L.M., and LeCheminant, A.N. 2000. Anomalous U-Pb systematics in mantle-derived baddeleyite xenocrysts from Ile Bizard: evidence for high temperature radon diffusion? Chemical Geology, 172(1-2): 77-93. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00237-0.
51. Heaman, L.M., and Machado, N. 1992. Timing and origin of mid-continent rift alkaline magmatism, North America: evidence from the Coldwell Complex. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110(2-3): 289-303. doi:10.1007/BF00310744.
52. Heaman, L.M., LeCheminant, A.N., and Rainbird, R.H. 1992. Nature and timing of Franklin igneous events, Canada: implications for a Late Proterozoic mantle plume and the break-up of Laurentia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 109(1-2): 117-131. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90078-A.
53. Hobson, A., Bussy, F., and Hernandez, J. 1998. Shallow-level migmatization of gabbros in a metamorphic contact aureole, Fuerteventura Basal Complex, Canary Islands. Journal of Petrology, 39(5): 1025-1037. doi:10.1093/petrology/39.5.1025.
54. Hoernle, K., and Tilton, G.R. 1991. Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data for Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) basal complex and subaerial volcanics: applications to magma genesis and evolution. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 71: 5-21.
55. Hoernle, K., Tilton, G.R., and Schmincke, H.U. 1991. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic evolution of Gran Canaria: evidence for shallow enriched mantle beneath the Canary Islands. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 106(1-4): 44-63. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91) 90062-M.
56. Hoernle, K., Tilton, G., Le Bas, M.J., Duggen, S., and Garbe-Schönberg, D. 2002. Geochemistry of oceanic carbonatites compared with continental carbonatites: mantle recycling of oceanic crustal carbonate. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142: 520-542.
57. Hofmann, A.W. 1988. Chemical differentiation of the earth: relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90(3): 297-314. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(88)90132-X.
58. Holloway, M.I., Bussy, F., and Vennemann, T. 2008. Low-pressure, water-assisted anatexis of basic dykes in a contact metamorphic aureole, Fuerteventura (Canary Islands): oxygen isotope evidence for a meteoric fluid origin. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 155(1): 111-121. doi:10.1007/s00410-007-0230-8.
59. Javoy, M., Stillman, J., and Pineau, F. 1986. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies on the basal complexes of the Canary Islands: implications on the conditions of their genesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92(2): 225-235. doi:10.1007/BF00375296.
60. Kamber, B.S., Blenkinsop, T.G., Villa, I.M., and Dahl, P.S. 1995. Proterozoic transpressive deformation in the northern marginal zone, Limpopo belt, Zimbabwe. The Journal of Geology, 103(5): 493-508. doi:10.1086/629772.
61. Kasemann, S., Meixner, A., Vennemann, T., Schmitt, A., and Widenbeck, M. 2001. Boron and oxygen isotope composition of certified reference materials NIST SRM 610/612, and reference materials JB-2G and JR-2G. Geostandards Newsletter, 25(2-3): 405-416. doi:10.1111/j.1751-908X.2001.tb00615.x.
62. Klemme, S., and Meyer, H.P. 2003. Trace element partitioning between baddeleyite and carbonatite melt at high pressures and high temperatures. Chemical Geology, 199: 233-242.
63. Koepke, J., Berndt, J., and Bussy, F. 2003. An experimental study on the shallow level migmatization of ferrogabbros from the Fuerteventura Basal Complex, Canary Islands. Lithos, 69(3-4): 105-125. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(03)00049-5.
64. Kovalenko, N.I., and Ryzhenko, B.N. 2009. Comparative study of the solubility of zircon and baddeleyite. Geochemistry International, 47(4): 405-413. doi:10.1134/S0016702909040077.
65. Kretz, R. 1983. Symbols for rock-forming minerals. The American Mineralogist, 68: 277-279.
66. Krogh, T.E. 1973. A low-contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(3): 485-494. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90213-5.
67. Krogh, T.E., Corfu, F., Davis, D.W., Dunning, G.R., Heaman, L.M., Kamo, S.L., et al. 1987. Precise U-Pb isotopic ages of diabase dykes and mafic to ultramafic rocks using trace amounts of baddeleyite and zircon. In Mafic dyke swarms. Edited by H.C. Halls and W.F. Fahrig. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 34, pp. 147-152.
68. Kuiper, K.F., Deino, A., Hilgen, F.J., Krijgsman, W., Renne, P.R., and Wijbrans, J.R. 2008. Synchronizing rock clocks of Earth history. Science, 320(5875): 500-504. doi:10.1126/science.1154339.
69. Kuovo, O. 1978. The use of mafic pegmatoids in geochronometry. In 5th European Colloquium on Geochronology, 5-10 September 1977. Pisa, Italy. Abstract.
70. Le Bas, M.J. 1981. The pyroxenite-ijolite-carbonatite intrusive igneous complexes of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. Journal of the Geological Society, 138: 496.
71. Le Bas, M.J., Rex, D.C., and Stillman, C.J. 1986. The early magmatic chronology of Fuerteventura. Geological Magazine, 123(03): 287-298. doi:10.1017/S0016756800034762.
72. Leake, B.F. 1978. Nomenclature of amphiboles. Canadian Mineralogist, 16: 501-520.
73. LeCheminant, A.N., and Heaman, L.M. 1989. Mackenzie igneous events, Canada: Middle Proterozoic hotspot magmatism associated with ocean opening. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 96(1-2): 38-48. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(89)90122-2.
74. Lissenberg, C.J., Rioux, M., Shimizu, N., Bowring, S.A., and Mevel, C. 2009. Zircon Dating of Oceanic Crustal Accretion. Science, 323(5917): 1048-1050. doi:10.1126/science.1167330.
75. Ludwig, K.R. 1980. Calculation of uncertainties of U-Pb isotope data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 46(2): 212-220. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90007-2.
76. Ludwig, K.R. 2005. Isoplot/Ex. V.3, United States Geological Survey Open File Repository.
77. Lumpkin, G.R. 1999. Physical and chemical characteristics of baddeleyite (monoclinic zirconia) in natural environments: an overview and case study. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 274(1-2): 206-217. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(99)00066-5.
78. Mahan, K.H., Bartley, J.M., Coleman, D.S., Glazner, A.F., and Carl, B.S. 2003. Sheeted intrusion of the synkinematic McDoogle pluton, Sierra Nevada, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115(12): 1570-1582. doi:10.1130/B22083.1.
79. Mattinson, J.M. 2005. Zircon U-Pb chemical-abrasion ("CA- TIMS") method: combined annealing and multi-step partial dissolution analysis for improved precision and accuracy of zircon ages. Chemical Geology, 220(1-2): 47-66. doi:10.1016/j. chemgeo.2005.03.011.
80. Matzel, J.E.P., Bowring, S.A., and Miller, R.B. 2006. Time scales of pluton construction at differing crustal levels: examples from the Mount Stuart and Tenpeak intrusions, North Cascades. Washington. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118(11-12): 1412-1430. doi:10.1130/B25923.1.
81. McDougall, I., and Harrison, T.M. 1999. Geochronology and thermochronology by the 40Ar/39Ar method. Oxford University Press, New York.
82. McDougall, I., and Schmincke, H.U. 1976. Geochronology of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands: age of shield building volcanism and other magmatic phases. Bulletin Volcanologique, 40(1): 1-21. doi:10.1007/BF02599829.
83. Michel, J., Baumgartner, L., Putlitz, B., Schaltegger, U., and Ovtcharova, M. 2008. Incremental growth of the Patagonian Torres del Paine laccolith over 90 k.y., Patagonia. Geology, 36(6): 459-462. doi:10.1130/G24546A.1.
84. Miller, J.S., Matzel, J.E.P., Miller, C.F., Burgess, S.D., and Miller, R.B. 2007. Zircon growth and recycling during the assembly of large, composite arc plutons. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 167(1-4): 282-299. doi:10.1016/j. jvolgeores.2007.04.019.
85. Min, K., Mundil, R., Renne, P.R., and Ludwig, K.R. 2000. A test for systematic errors in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology through comparison with U-Pb analysis of a 1.1 Ga rhyolite: age, isotopic disturbances, and the tectonic evolution of western ondwanaland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64(1): 73-98. doi:10. 1016/S0016-7037(99)00204-5.
86. Mogessie, A., Tessadri, R., and Veltman, C.B. 1990. EMPAMPH- A hypercard program to determine the name of an amphibole from electron microprobe analysis according to the International Mineralogical Association scheme. Computers & Geosciences, 16(3): 309-330. doi:10.1016/0098-3004(90)90066-3.
87. Mundil, R., Ludwig, K.R., Metcalfe, I., and Renne, P.R. 2004. Age and timing of the Permian mass extinctions: U/Pb dating of closed-system zircons. Science, 305(5691): 1760-1763. doi:10.1126/science.1101012.
88. Mundil, R., Renne, P.R., Min, K.K., and Ludwig, K.R. 2006. Resolvable miscalibration of the 40Ar/39Ar geochronometer. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87(52), Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract V12A-0543.
89. Muñoz, M., and Sagredo, J. 1989. Caracteri{dotless}́sticas del metamorfismo térmico producido por los eventos plutónicos intrusivos más recientes del Complejo Basal de Fuerteventura. Abstract. ESF Meeting on Canarian Volcanism, Lanzarote.
90. Muñoz, M., Sagredo, J., Rincòn-Calero, P.J., and Vegas, R. 1997. Emplazamiento en una zona de cizalla ductile-fragil transtensiva para el pluton de Pa'jara, Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias. Geogaceta, 21: 171-174.
91. Muñoz, M., Sagredo, J., de Ignacio, C., Fernàndez-Suàrez, J., and Jeffries, T.E. 2005. New data (U-Pb, K-Ar) on the geochronology of the alkaline-carbonatitic association of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain. Lithos, 85(1-4): 140-153. doi:10.1016/j. lithos.2005.03.024.
92. 238U disequilibrium isotope systematics: precise accessory mineral chronology and melt evolution tracing in the Alpine Bergell intrusion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(11): 2543-2560. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2003.10. 017.
93. Paterson, S.R., Fowler, T.K., Jr., and Miller, R.B. 1996. Pluton emplacement in arcs: crustal-scale exchange process. In the 3rd Hutton Symposium on the Origin of Granites and Related Rocks. Edited by M. Brown and M. Piccol. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 315, pp. 115-123.
94. Petford, N., Cruden, A.R., McCaffrey, K.J.W., and Vigneresse, J.L. 2000. Granite magma formation, transport and emplacement in the Earth's crust. Nature, 408(6813): 669-673. doi:10.1038/35047000.
95. Pouchou, J.L., and Pichoir, F. 1991. Quantitative analysis of homogeneous and stratified microvolumes applying the model PAP. In Electron probe quantification. Edited by K.F.J. Heinrich and D.E. Newbury. Plenum, New York, pp. 31-75.
96. Pupin, J.P. 1980. Zircon and granite petrology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 73(3): 207-220. doi:10.1007/ BF00381441.
97. Raber, E., and Haggerty, S.E. 1979. Zircon-oxide reactions in diamond- bearing kimberlites. In Kimberlites, diatremes, and diamonds: their geology, petrology, and geochemistry. Edited by F.R. Boyd and H.O.A. Meyer. American Geophysical Union, pp. 229-240.
98. Ramsay, J.G. 1980. The crack-seal mechanism of rock deformation. Nature, 284(5752): 135-139. doi:10.1038/284135a0.
99. Reid, M.R., and Coath, C.D. 2000. In situ U-Pb ages of zircons from the Bishop Tuff: no evidence for long crystal residence times. Geology, 28(5): 443-446. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<443:ISUAOZ>2.0.CO;2.
100. Reid, M.R., Coath, C.D., Harrison, T.M., and McKeegan, K.M. 1997. Prolonged residence times for the youngest rhyolites associated with Long Valley caldera: ion microprobe dating of young zircons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 150(1-2): 27-38. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00077-0.
101. Renne, P.R., Karner, D.B., and Ludwig, K.R. 1998a. Absolute ages aren't exactly. Science, 282(5395): 1840-1841.doi:10.1126/ science.282.5395.1840.
102. 39Ar dating. Chemical Geology, 145(1-2): 117-152. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(97) 00159-9.
103. 39Ar standard. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 41(7): 421.
104. Rioux, M., Bowring, S., Dudás, F., and Hanson, R. 2009. Multistep dissolution of baddeleyite for ID-TIMS U-Pb dating. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(Supplement): A1104.
105. Rizvanova, N.G., Levchenko, O.A., and Belous, A.E. 1996. The dynamics of the interaction of zircon with hydrothermal carbonate fluid. Geochemistry International, 34: 226-235.
106. Rock, N.M.S., and Leake, B.W. 1984. The International Mineralogical Association amphibole nomenclature scheme: computerization and its consequences. Mineralogical Magazine, 48(347): 211-227. doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.347.05.
107. Roest, W.R., Dañobeitia, J.J., Verhoef, J., and Collette, B.J. 1992. Magnetic anomalies in the Canary Basin and the Mesozoic evolution of the central North Atlantic. Marine Geophysical Researches, 14(1): 1-24. doi:10.1007/BF01674063.
108. Rona, P.A., and Nalwak, A.J. 1970. Post-early Pliocene unconformity on Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 81(7): 2117-2122. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2117:PPUOFC]2.0.CO;2.
109. Ryzhenko, B.N., Kovalenko, N.I., Prisyagina, N.I., Starshinova, N.P., and Krupskaya, V.V. 2008. Experimental determination of zirconium speciation in hydrothermal solutions. Geochemistry International, 46(4): 328-339. doi:10.1134/S0016702908040022.
110. Sagredo, J., Muñoz, M., and Galindo, C. 1996. Caracteristicas petrologicas y edad K-Ar de las sienitas nephelinicas del Morro del Recogedero (Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias). Geogaceta, 20: 506- 509.
111. Schaltegger, U., Schoene, B., and Peytcheva, I. 2008. Tracking the growth of plutons: the contribution of high-precision U-Pb zircon dating. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-01909, SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A- 01909, European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2008.
112. Schaltegger, U., Brack, P., Ovtcharova, M., Peytcheva, I., Schoene, B., Stracke, A., Marocchi, M., and Bargossi, G.M. 2009. Zircon and titanite recording 1.5 million years of magma accretion, crystallisation and initial cooling in a composite pluton (southern Adamello batholith, northern Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 286(1-2): 208-218. doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2009.06.028.
113. Schärer, U. 1984. The effect of initial 230Th disequilibrium on young U-Pb ages: the Makalu case, Himalaya. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67(2): 191-204. doi:10.1016/0012- 821X(84)90114-6.
114. Schärer, U., Corfu, F., and Demaiffe, D. 1997. U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes in baddeleyite and zircon megacrysts from the Mbuji- Mayi kimberlite: constraints on the subcontinental mantle. Chemical Geology, 143(1-2): 1-16. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(97) 00094-6.
115. Schmitz, M.D., and Bowring, S.A. 2001. U-Pb zircon and titanite systematics of the Fish Canyon Tuff: an assessment of high-precision U-Pb geochronology and its application to young volcanic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(15): 2571-2587. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00616-0.
116. 233U)-spiked isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometric data. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 8(8 G3): Q08006. doi:10.1029/2006GC001492.
117. 39Ar standard MMhb. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 151(5): 615-630. doi:10.1007/s00410-006-0077-4.
118. Schoene, B., Crowley, J.L., Condon, D.J., Schmitz, M.D., and Bowring, S.A. 2006. Reassessing the uranium decay constants for geochronology using ID-TIMS U-Pb data. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(2): 426-445. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.007.
119. 4) from anorthositic rocks of the Laramie anorthosite complex, Wyoming: petrologic consequences and U-Pb ages. The American Mineralogist, 80: 1317-1327.
120. Sharp, Z.D. 1990. A laser-based microanalytical method for the in situ determination of oxygen isotope ratios of silicates and oxides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54(5): 1353-1357. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90160-M.
121. Sláma, J., Košler, J., Condon, D.J., Crowley, J.L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J.M., et al. 2008. Plešovice zircon-a new natural reference material for U-Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chemical Geology, 249(1-2): 1-35. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo. 2007.11.005.
122. Steiner, C.W., Hobson, A., Favre, P., Stampfli, G.M., and Hernandez, J. 1998. The Mesozoic sequence of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands): witness of Early Jurassic seafloor spreading in the Central Atlantic. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110: 1304-1317. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1998) 110<1304:MSOFCI>2.3.CO;2.
123. Stillman, C.J. 1987. A Canary Islands dyke swarm: implications for the formation of oceanic islands by extensional fissural volcanism. In Mafic dyke swarms. Edited by H.C. Halls and W.F. Fahrig. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 34, pp. 243-255.
124. Stillman, C.J. 1999. Giant Miocene landslides and the evolution of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 94(1-4): 89-104. doi:10.1016/S0377- 0273(99)00099-2.
125. Stillman, C.J., and Robertson, A.H.F. 1977. The dyke swarm of the Fuerteventura Basal Complex, Canary Islands. Geological Society of London Newsletter, 6: 8. [Abstract.]
126. Stillman, C.J., Fuster, J.M., Bennellbaker, M.J., Muñoz, M., Smewing, J.D., and Sagredo, J. 1975. Basal complex of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) is an oceanic intrusive complex with rift-system affinities. Nature, 257(5526): 469-471. doi:10.1038/257469a0.
127. Taylor, H.P., Jr., and Forester, R.W. 1979. An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of the Skaergaard intrusion and its country rocks: a description of a 55 M.Y. old fossil hydrothermal system. Journal of Petrology, 20(3): 355-419.
128. Uchupi, E., Emery, K.O., Bowin, C.O., and Phillips, J.D. 1976. Continental margin of western Africa: Senegal to Portugal. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 60: 809-878.
129. Valley, J.W. 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks. In Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes. Edited by J.W. Valley, H.P. Taylor, and J.R. O'Neil. Reviews of the Mineralogical Society of America, 16, pp. 445-489.
130. Valley, J.W., Kitchen, N., Kohn, M.J., Niendorf, C.R., and Spicuzza, M.J. 1995. UWG-2, a garnet standard for oxygen isotope ratios: strategies for high precision and accuracy with laser heating. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(24): 5223-5231. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00386-X.
131. Villa, I.M., Grobéty, B., Kelley, S.P., Triglia, R., and Wieler, R. 1996. Assessing Ar transport paths and mechanisms in the McClure Mountains hornblende. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 126(1-2): 67-80. doi:10.1007/s004100050236.
132. Wiebe, R.A., and Collins, W.J. 1998. Depositional features and stratigraphic sections in granitic plutons: implications for the emplacement and crystallisation of granitic magma. Journal of Structural Geology, 20(9-10): 1273-1289. doi:10.1016/S0191- 8141(98)00059-5.
133. Wilson, M. 1989. Igneous petrogenesis, a global tectonic approach. Unwin Hyman, Inc., Winchester, Mass.
134. York, D. 1966. Least-squares fitting of a straight line. Canadian Journal of Physics, 44(5): 1079-1086.
135. York, D. 1967. The best isochron. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2(5): 479-482. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(67)90193-8.
136. York, D. 1969. Least-squares fitting of a straight line with correlated errors. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 5: 320-324. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(68)80059-7.