Impact of sleep and its disturbances on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity

International Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 2010, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Van Cauter, Eve ^a   Balbo, Marcella ^a   Leproult, Rachel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INSOMNIA; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLIC DISORDER; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SLEEP STAGE; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; WAKEFULNESS;

EID: 79952210164     PISSN: 16878337     EISSN: 16878345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2010/759234     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Hastings M., O'Neill J. S., Maywood E. S., Circadian clocks: regulators of endocrine and metabolic rhythms Jour (Pubitemid 350143100)
2. Balsalobre A., Damiola F., Schibler U., A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells Cell 1998 93 6 929 937 (Pubitemid 28280787)
3. Yamazaki S., Numano R., Abe M., Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats Science 2000 288 5466 682 685 (Pubitemid 30241573)
4. Mills J. N., Minors D. S., Waterhouse J. M., Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms Journal of Physiology 1978 285 455 470 (Pubitemid 9083856)
5. Lavie P., Scherson A., Ultrashort sleep-walking schedule. I. Evidence of ultradian rhythmicity in sleepability Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1981 52 2 163 174 (Pubitemid 11049202)
6. Carskadon M. A., Dement W. C., Sleep studies on a 90 minute day Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1975 39 2 145 155
7. Weitzman E. D., Nogeire C., Perlow M., Effects of a prolonged 3 hour sleep wake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1974 38 6 1018 1030
8. Buckley T. M., Schatzberg A. F., Review: on the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 5 3106 3114 (Pubitemid 40686371)
9. Tsigos C., Chrousos G. P., Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2002 53 4 865 871 (Pubitemid 35282615)
10. Arborelius L., Owens M. J., Plotsky P. M., Nemeroff C. B., The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders Journal of Endocrinology 1999 160 1 1 12 (Pubitemid 29044562)
11. Weitzman E. D., Fukushima D., Nogeire C., Roffwarg H., Gallagher T. F., Hellman L., Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1971 33 1 14 22
12. Van Cauter E., Refetoff S., Multifactorial control of the 24-hour secretory profiles of pituitary hormones Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 1985 8 4 381 391 (Pubitemid 16191906)
13. Weibel L., Follenius M., Spiegel K., Ehrhart J., Brandenberger G., Comparative effect of night and daytime sleep on the 24-hour cortisol secretory profile Sleep 1995 18 7 549 556
14. Dsir D., Van Cauter E., Fang V. S., Effects of jet lag on hormonal patterns. I. Procedures, variations in total plasma proteins, and disruption of adrenocorticotropin-cortisol periodicity Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1981 52 4 628 641 (Pubitemid 13235879)
15. Moore R. Y., Eichler V. B., Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat Brain Research 1972 42 1 201 206
16. Szafarczyk A., Ixart G., Malaval F., Nouguier-Soule J., Assenmacher I., Effects of lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and of p-chlorophenylalanine on the circadian rhythms of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and corticosterone in the plasma, and on locomotor activity of rats Journal of Endocrinology 1979 83 1 1 16 (Pubitemid 10189912)
17. Vrang N., Larsen P. J., Mikkelsen J. D., Direct projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to hypophysiotrophic corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus demonstrated by means of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin tract tracing Brain Research 1995 684 1 61 69
18. Engeland W. C., Arnhold M. M., Neural circuitry in the regulation of adrenal corticosterone rhythmicity Endocrine 2005 28 3 325 331 (Pubitemid 43042732)
19. Engeland W. C., Functional innervation of the adrenal cortex by the splanchnic nerve Hormone and Metabolic Research 1998 30 6-7 311 314 (Pubitemid 28308003)
20. Holzwarth M. A., Cunningham L. A., Kleitman N., The role of adrenal nerves in the regulation of adrenocortical functions Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1987 512 449 464
21. Ishida A., Mutoh T., Ueyama T., Light activates the adrenal gland: timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release Cell Metabolism 2005 2 5 297 307
22. Valenzuela F. J., Torres-Farfan C., Richter H. G., Clock gene expression in adult primate suprachiasmatic nuclei and adrenal: is the adrenal a peripheral clock responsive to melatonin? Endocrinology 2008 149 4 1454 1461 (Pubitemid 351468339)
23. Tabata I., Ogita F., Miyachi M., Shibayama H., Effect of low blood glucose on plasma CRF, ACTH, and cortisol during prolonged physical exercise Journal of Applied Physiology 1991 71 5 1807 1812
24. Bolli G. G., Fanelli C. G., Physiology of glucose counterregulation to hypoglycemia Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 1999 28 3 467 493 (Pubitemid 29441317)
25. Levin B. E., Richard D., Michel C., Servatius R., Differential stress responsivity in diet-induced obese and resistant rats American Journal of Physiology 2000 279 4 R1357 R1364
26. Benedict C., Kern W., Schmid S. M., Schultes B., Born J., Hallschmid M., Early morning rise in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity: a role for maintaining the brain's energy balance Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009 34 3 455 462
27. Jensen H. K., Blichert-Toft M., Serum corticotrophin, plasma cortisol and urinary excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids in the elderly (age group: 6694 years) Acta Endocrinologica 1971 66 1 25 34
28. Waltman C., Blackman M. R., Chrousos G. P., Reimann C., Harman S. M., Spontaneous and glucocorticoid-inhibited adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol secretion are similar in healthy young and old men Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1991 73 3 495 502 (Pubitemid 21921900)
29. Seeman T. E., Robbins R. J., Aging and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to challenge in humans Endocrine Reviews 1994 15 2 233 260 (Pubitemid 24129184)
30. Greenspan S. L., Rowe J. W., Maitland L. A., McAloon-Dyke M., Elahi D., The pituitary-adrenal glucocorticoid response is altered by gender and disease Journals of Gerontology 1993 48 3 M72 M77
31. Van Cauter E., Leproult R., Kupfer D. J., Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 7 2468 2473 (Pubitemid 26240262)
32. Veldhuis J. D., Roelfsema F., Iranmanesh A., Carroll B. J., Keenan D. M., Pincus S. M., Basal, pulsatile, entropic (patterned), and spiky (staccato-like) properties of ACTH secretion: impact of age, gender, and body mass index Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 10 4045 4052
33. Veldhuis J. D., Pincus S. M., Orderliness of hormone release patterns: a complementary measure to conventional pulsatile and circadian analyses European Journal of Endocrinology 1998 138 4 358 362
34. Weitzman E. D., Nogeire C., Perlow M., Effects of a prolonged 3 hour sleep wake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1974 38 6 1018 1030
35. Weitzman E. D., Zimmerman J. C., Czeisler C. A., Ronda J., Cortisol secretion is inhibited during sleep in normal man Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1983 56 2 352 358 (Pubitemid 13184375)
36. Weitzman E. D., Czeisler C. A., Zimmerman J. C., Moore-Ede M. C., Biological rhythms in man: relationship of sleep-wake, cortisol, growth hormone, and temperature during temporal isolation Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology 1981 28 475 499
37. Van Cauter E., Refetoff S., Multifactorial control of the 24-hour secretory profiles of pituitary hormones Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 1985 8 4 381 391 (Pubitemid 16191906)
38. Spath-Schwalbe E., Gofferje M., Kern W., Born J., Fehm H. L., Sleep disruption alters nocturnal ACTH and cortisol secretory patterns Biological Psychiatry 1991 29 6 575 584
39. Pruessner J. C., Wolf O. T., Hellhammer D. H., Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity Life Sciences 1997 61 26 2539 2549 (Pubitemid 28035578)
40. Spath-Schwalbe E., Scholler T., Kern W., Fehm H. L., Born J., Nocturnal adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion depends on sleep duration and decreases in association with spontaneous awakening in the morning Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1992 75 6 1431 1435 (Pubitemid 23001397)
41. Follenius M., Brandenberger G., Bandesapt J. J., Libert J. P., Ehrhart J., Nocturnal cortisol release in relation to sleep structure Sleep 1992 15 1 21 27
42. Steiger A., Guldner J., Hemmeter U., Rothe B., Wiedemann K., Holsboer F., Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in male controls Neuroendocrinology 1992 56 4 566 573
43. Seifritz E., Hemmeter U., Trachsel L., Effects of flumazenil on recovery sleep and hormonal secretion after sleep deprivation in male controls Psychopharmacology 1995 120 4 449 456
44. Spth-Schwalbe E., Uthgenannt D., Voget G., Kern W., Born J., Fehm H.-L., Corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion depends on sleep and wakefulness Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993 77 5 1170 1173 (Pubitemid 23345464)
45. Bierwolf C., Struve K., Marshall L., Born J., Fehm H. L., Slow wave sleep drives inhibition of pituitary-adrenal secretion in humans Journal of Neuroendocrinology 1997 9 6 479 484 (Pubitemid 27248281)
46. Krieger D. T., Glick S. M., Sleep EEG stages and plasma growth hormone concentration in states of endogenous and exogenous hypercortisolemia or ACTH elevation Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1974 39 6 986 1000
47. Gronfier C., Luthringer R., Follenius M., Temporal relationships between pulsatile cortisol secretion and electroencephalographic activity during sleep in man Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1997 103 3 405 408 (Pubitemid 27382151)
48. Born J., Kern W., Bieber K., Night-time plasma cortisol secretion is associated with specific sleep stages Biological Psychiatry 1986 21 14 1415 1424 (Pubitemid 17191381)
49. Van Cauter E., Leproult R., Plat L., Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men Journal of the American Medical Association 2000 284 7 861 868 (Pubitemid 30643614)
50. Maquet P., The role of sleep in learning and memory Science 2001 294 5544 1048 1052 (Pubitemid 33041853)
51. Born J., Gais S., Maquet P., Stickgold R., Smith C., Roles of early and late nocturnal sleep for the consolidation of human memories Sleep and Brain Plasticity 2003 Oxford, UK Oxford Press 65 85
52. Squire L. R., Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans Psychological Review 1992 99 2 195 231
53. Plihal W., Born J., Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1997 9 4 534 547 (Pubitemid 27338904)
54. Plihal W., Born J., Memory consolidation in human sleep depends on inhibition of glucocorticoid release NeuroReport 1999 10 13 2741 2747 (Pubitemid 30004098)
55. Plihal W., Pietrowsky R., Born J., Dexamethasone blocks sleep induced improvement of declarative memory Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999 24 3 313 331 (Pubitemid 29118378)
56. Wagner U., Gais S., Born J., Emotional memory formation is enhanced across sleep intervals with high amounts of rapid eye movement sleep Learning and Memory 2001 8 2 112 119 (Pubitemid 32297808)
57. Phelps E. A., Human emotion and memory: interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2004 26 221 223
58. Wagner U., Degirmenci M., Drosopoulos S., Perras B., Born J., Effects of cortisol suppression on sleep-associated consolidation of neutral and emotional memory Biological Psychiatry 2005 58 11 885 893 (Pubitemid 41790717)
59. Adolphs R., Cahill L., Schul R., Babinsky R., Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans Learning and Memory 1997 4 3 291 300 (Pubitemid 27500542)
60. Canli T., Zhao Z., Brewer J., Gabrieli J. D., Cahill L., Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional experience The Journal of Neuroscience 2000 20 19 RC99
61. Hamann S. B., Ely T. D., Grafton S. T., Kilts C. D., Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli Nature Neuroscience 1999 2 3 289 293 (Pubitemid 30491302)
62. Chapotot F., Gronfier C., Jouny C., Muzet A., Brandenberger G., Cortisol secretion is related to electroencephalographic alertness in human subjects during daytime wakefulness Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998 83 12 4263 4268 (Pubitemid 29100119)
63. Chapotot F., Buguet A., Gronfier C., Brandenberger G., Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is related to the level of central arousal: effect of sleep deprivation on the association of high-frequency waking electroencephalogram with cortisol release Neuroendocrinology 2001 73 5 312 321 (Pubitemid 32588855)
64. Chapotot F., Jouny C., Muzet A., Buguet A., Brandenberger G., High frequency waking EEG: reflection of a slow ultradian rhythm in daytime arousal NeuroReport 2000 11 10 2223 2227 (Pubitemid 30485566)
65. Aschoff J., Assenmacher I., Farner D. S., Problems of re-entrainment of circadian rhythms: asymmetry effect, dissociation and partition Environmental Endocrinology 1978 Berlin, Germany Springer 185 195
66. Czeisler C. A., Kronauer R. E., Allan J. S., Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker Science 1989 244 4910 1328 1333 (Pubitemid 19170503)
67. Buxton O. M., Copinschi G., Van Onderbergen A., Karrison T. G., Van Cauter E., A benzodiazepine hypnotic facilitates adaptation of circadian rhythms and sleep-wake homeostasis to an eight hour delay shift simulating westward jet lag Sleep 2000 23 7 915 927
68. Caufriez A., Moreno-Reyes R., Leproult R., Vertongen F., Van Cauter E., Copinschi G., Immediate effects of an 8-h advance shift of the rest-activity cycle on 24-h profiles of cortisol American Journal of Physiology 2002 282 5 E1147 E1153
69. McEwen B. S., Sapolsky R. M., Stress and cognitive function Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1995 5 2 205 216
70. Dallman M. F., Strack A. M., Akana S. F., Feast and famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 1993 14 4 303 347 (Pubitemid 23321823)
71. Scheer F. A., Hilton M. F., Mantzoros C. S., Shea S. A., Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009 106 11 4453 4458
72. Von Treuer K., Norman T. R., Armstrong S. M., Overnight human plasma melatonin, cortisol, prolactin, TSH, under conditions of normal sleep, sleep deprivation, and sleep recovery Journal of Pineal Research 1996 20 1 7 14 (Pubitemid 126732260)
73. Leproult R., Copinschi G., Buxton O., Van Cauter E., Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening Sleep 1997 20 10 865 870 (Pubitemid 27524715)
74. Poland R. E., Rubin R. T., Clark B. R., Gouin P. R., Circadian patterns of urine 17-OHC and VMA excretion during sleep deprivation Diseases of the Nervous System 1972 33 7 456 458
75. Dinges D. F., Douglas S. D., Zaugg L., Leukocytosis and natural killer cell function parallel neurobehavioral fatigue induced by 64 hours of sleep deprivation Journal of Clinical Investigation 1994 93 5 1930 1939 (Pubitemid 24143070)
76. kerstedt T., Palmblad J., De la Torre B., Marana R., Gillberg M., Adrenocortical and gonadal steroids during sleep deprivation Sleep 1980 3 1 23 30 (Pubitemid 11199593)
77. Kant G. J., Genser S. G., Thorne D. R., Effects of 72 hour sleep deprivation on urinary cortisol and indices of metabolism Sleep 1984 7 2 142 146 (Pubitemid 14081938)
78. Moldofsky H., Lue F. A., Davidson J. R., Gorczynski R., Effects of sleep deprivation on human immune functions FASEB Journal 1989 3 8 1972 1977 (Pubitemid 19152586)
79. Van Cauter E., Polonsky K. S., Blackman J. D., Abnormal temporal patterns of glucose tolerance in obesity: relationship to sleep-related growth hormone secretion and circadian cortisol rhythmicity Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994 79 6 1797 1805
80. Brun J., Chamba G., Khalfallah Y., Effect of modafinil on plasma melatonin, cortisol and growth hormone rhythms, rectal temperature and performance in healthy subjects during a 36 h sleep deprivation Journal of Sleep Research 1998 7 2 105 114 (Pubitemid 28329037)
81. Vgontzas A. N., Mastorakos G., Bixler E. O., Kales A., Gold P. W., Chrousos G. P., Sleep deprivation effects on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and growth axes: potential clinical implications Clinical Endocrinology 1999 51 2 205 215 (Pubitemid 29378906)
82. National Center for Health Statistics, Quick-stats: percentage of adults who reported an average of ≤ 6 hours of sleep per 24-hour period, by sex and age group-United States 19852004 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2005 54, article 933
83. Spiegel K., Leproult R., Van Cauter E., Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function The Lancet 1999 354 9188 1435 1439 (Pubitemid 29494756)
84. Spiegel K., Leproult R., L'Hermite-Balriaux M., Copinschi G., Penev P. D., Van Cauter E., Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 11 5762 5771 (Pubitemid 39518469)
85. Kumari M., Badrick E., Ferrie J., Perski A., Marmot M., Chandola T., Self-reported sleep duration and sleep disturbance are independently associated with cortisol secretion in the Whitehall II study Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 12 4801 4809
86. Hasler G., Buysse D. J., Klaghofer R., The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study Sleep 2004 27 4 661 666 (Pubitemid 38823362)
87. Vorona R. D., Winn M. P., Babineau T. W., Eng B. P., Feldman H. R., Ware J. C., Overweight and obese patients in a primary care population report less sleep than patients with a normal body mass index Archives of Internal Medicine 2005 165 1 25 30 (Pubitemid 40096078)
88. Meisinger C., Heier M., Loewel H., Sleep disturbance as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women from the general population Diabetologia 2005 48 2 235 241 (Pubitemid 40543295)
89. Yaggi H. K., Araujo A. B., McKinlay J. B., Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2006 29 3 657 661 (Pubitemid 44115369)
90. Born J., Muth S., Fehm H. L., The significance of sleepn onset and slow wave sleep for nocturnal release of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol Psychoneuroendocrinology 1988 13 3 233 243
91. Tasali E., Leproult R., Ehrmann D. A., Van Cauter E., Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 105 3 1044 1049 (Pubitemid 351282078)
92. Born J., Schenk U., Spath-Schwalbe E., Fehm H. L., Influences of partial REM sleep deprivation and awakenings on nocturnal cortisol release Biological Psychiatry 1988 24 7 801 811
93. Stamatakis K. A., Punjabi N. M., Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects Chest 2010 137 1 95 101
94. Holsboer F., Von Bardeleben U., Steiger A., Effects of intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone upon sleep-related growth hormone surge and sleep EEG in man Neuroendocrinology 1988 48 1 32 38
95. Nolte J., Organization of the brainstem The Human Brain 2002 5th St. Louis, Mo, USA Mosby 262 290
96. Ising M., Holsboer F., CRH1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression and anxiety Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2007 15 6 519 528 (Pubitemid 351163126)
97. Arnaldi G., Mancini T., Polenta B., Boscaro M., Cardiovascular risk in Cushing's syndrome Pituitary 2004 7 4 253 256 (Pubitemid 43115861)
98. Sonino N., Fava G. A., Raffi A. R., Boscaro M., Fallo F., Clinical correlates of major depression in Cushing's disease Psychopathology 1998 31 6 302 306 (Pubitemid 28497657)
99. Roth T., Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2007 3 5 S7 S10
100. Buysse D. J., Reynolds C. F. III, Hauri P. J., Diagnostic concordance for DSM-IV sleep disorders: a report from the APA/NIMH DSM-IV field trial American Journal of Psychiatry 1994 151 9 1351 1360 (Pubitemid 24281761)
101. Ford D. E., Kamerow D. B., Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders Journal of the American Medical Association 1989 262 11 1479 1484 (Pubitemid 19220042)
102. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1994 4th Washington, DC, USA APA
103. Adam K., Tomeny M., Oswald I., Physiological and psychological differences between good and poor sleepers Journal of Psychiatric Research 1986 20 4 301 316 (Pubitemid 17200250)
104. Vgontzas A. N., Tsigos C., Bixler E. O., Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary study Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1998 45 1 21 31 (Pubitemid 28339937)
105. Vgontzas A. N., Bixler E. O., Lin H.-M., Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implications Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 8 3787 3794 (Pubitemid 32755977)
106. Rodenbeck A., Hajak G., Neuroendocrine dysregulation in primary insomnia Revue Neurologique 2001 157 S57 S61
107. Rodenbeck A., Huether G., Ruther E., Hajak G., Interactions between evening and nocturnal cortisol secretion and sleep parameters in patients with severe chronic primary insomnia Neuroscience Letters 2002 324 2 159 163 (Pubitemid 34460695)
108. Kupfer D. J., Targ E., Stack J., Electroencephalographic sleep in unipolar depressive subtypes. Support for a biological and familial classification Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1982 170 8 494 498 (Pubitemid 12051655)
109. Kupfer D. J., Reynolds C. F. III, Grochocinski V. J., Aspects of short REM latency in affective states: a revisit Psychiatry Research 1986 17 1 49 59 (Pubitemid 16212701)
110. Thase M. E., Kupfer D. J., Ulrich R. F., Electroencephalographic sleep in psychotic depression. A valid subtype? Archives of General Psychiatry 1986 43 9 886 893 (Pubitemid 16050211)
111. Armitage R., Emslie G. J., Hoffmann R. F., Rintelmann J., Rush A. J., Delta sleep EEG in depressed adolescent females and healthy controls Journal of Affective Disorders 2001 63 13 139 148 (Pubitemid 32200508)
112. Asnis G. M., Sachar E. J., Halbreich U., Cortisol secretion in relation to age in major depression Psychosomatic Medicine 1981 43 3 235 242 (Pubitemid 11064194)
113. Wong M.-L., Kling M. A., Munson P. J., Pronounced and sustained central hypernoradrenergic function in major depression with melancholic features: relation to hypercortisolism and corticotropin-releasing hormone Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 97 1 325 330 (Pubitemid 30055830)
114. Rush A. J., Weissenburger J. E., Melancholic symptom features and DSM-IV American Journal of Psychiatry 1994 151 4 489 498 (Pubitemid 24115811)
115. Coryell W., The facets of melancholia Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum 2007 433 31 36 (Pubitemid 46114837)
116. Heuser I., Yassouridis A., Holsboer F., The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: a refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders Journal of Psychiatric Research 1994 28 4 341 356 (Pubitemid 24370022)
117. Linkowski P., Mendlewicz J., Kerkhofs M., 24-hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and growth hormone in major depressive illness: effect of antidepressant treatment Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1987 65 1 141 152 (Pubitemid 17092102)
118. Koenigsberg H. W., Teicher M. H., Mitropoulou V., 24-h monitoring of plasma norepinephrine, MHPG, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin in depression Journal of Psychiatric Research 2004 38 5 503 511 (Pubitemid 39221758)
119. Rubin R. T., Poland R. E., Lesser I. M., Winston R. A., Blodgett A. L., Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. I. Cortisol secretory dynamics in patients and matched controls Archives of General Psychiatry 1987 44 4 328 336 (Pubitemid 17051320)
120. Antonijevic I. A., Murck H., Frieboes R.-M., Steiger A., Sexually dimorphic effects of GHRH on sleep-endocrine activity in patients with depression and normal controls-part II: hormone secretion Sleep Research Online 2000 3 1 15 21
121. Steiger A., Von Bardeleben U., Herth T., Holsboer F., Sleep EEG and nocturnal secretion of cortisol and growth hormone in male patients with endogenous depression before treatment and after recovery Journal of Affective Disorders 1989 16 2-3 189 195 (Pubitemid 19062761)
122. Hatzinger M., Hemmeter U. M., Baumann K., Brand S., Holsboer-Trachsler E., The combined DEX-CRH test in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression Journal of Psychiatric Research 2002 36 5 287 297 (Pubitemid 34764053)
123. Hatzinger M., Hemmeter U. M., Brand S., Ising M., Holsboer-Trachsler E., Electroencephalographic sleep profiles in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression: association with DEX/CRH-test response Journal of Psychiatric Research 2004 38 5 453 465 (Pubitemid 39221752)
124. Antonijevic I., HPA axis and sleep: identifying subtypes of major depression Stress 2008 11 1 15 27
125. Posternak M. A., Zimmerman M., Symptoms of atypical depression Psychiatry Research 2001 104 2 175 181 (Pubitemid 33050018)
126. Boscaro M., Barzon L., Fallo F., Sonino N., Cushing's syndrome The Lancet 2001 357 9258 783 791 (Pubitemid 32217692)
127. Bierwolf C., Kern W., M lle M., Born J., Fehm H. L., Rhythms of pituitary-adrenal activity during sleep in patients with Cushing's disease Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes 2000 108 7 470 479
128. Shipley J. E., Schteingart D. E., Tandon R., Starkman M. N., Sleep architecture and sleep apnea in patients with Cushing's disease Sleep 1992 15 6 514 518
129. Issa F. G., Sullivan C. E., The immediate effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on sleep pattern in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1986 63 1 10 17 (Pubitemid 16208623)
130. Verma A., Radtke R. A., VanLandingham K. E., King J. H., Husain A. M., Slow wave sleep rebound and REM rebound following the first night of treatment with CPAP for sleep apnea: correlation with subjective improvement in sleepy quality Sleep Medicine 2001 2 3 215 223 (Pubitemid 34846770)
131. Heinzer R., Gaudreau H., Decary A., Slow-wave activity in sleep apnea patients before and after continuous positive airway pressure treatment: contribution to daytime sleepiness Chest 2001 119 6 1807 1813 (Pubitemid 32744939)
132. Newman A. B., Nieto F. J., Guidry U., Relation of sleep-disordered breathing to cardiovascular disease risk factors: the sleep heart health study American Journal of Epidemiology 2001 154 1 50 59 (Pubitemid 32565686)
133. Vgontzas A. N., Papanicolaou D. A., Bixler E. O., Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemia Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000 85 3 1151 1158 (Pubitemid 32269364)
134. Elmasry A., Lindberg E., Berne C., Sleep-disordered breathing and glucose metabolism in hypertensive men: a population-based study Journal of Internal Medicine 2001 249 2 153 161 (Pubitemid 32202505)
135. Ip M. S. M., Lam B., Ng M. M. T., Lam W. K., Tsang K. W. T., Lam K. S. L., Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002 165 5 670 676 (Pubitemid 34194755)
136. Coughlin S. R., Mawdsley L., Mugarza J. A., Calverley P. M. A., Wilding J. P. H., Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome European Heart Journal 2004 25 9 735 741 (Pubitemid 38647933)
137. Somers V. K., Dyken M. E., Clary M. P., Abboud F. M., Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995 96 4 1897 1904
138. Raff H., Tzankoff S. P., Fitzgerald R. S., ACTH and cortisol responses to hypoxia in dogs Journal of Applied Physiology 1981 51 5 1257 1260 (Pubitemid 12235896)
139. Chen Z., Du J.-Z., Hypoxia effects on hypothalamic corticotropin- releasing hormone and anterior pituitary cAMP Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1996 17 6 489 492 (Pubitemid 26371668)
140. Basu M., Sawhney R. C., Kumar S., Pal K., Prasad R., Selvamurthy W., Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis following glucocorticoid prophylaxis against acute mountain sickness Hormone and Metabolic Research 2002 34 6 318 324 (Pubitemid 34761716)
141. Rapoport D., Rothenburg S. A., Hollander C. S., Goldring R. M., Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) alters ultradian rhythm of ACTH secretion American Review of Respiratory Disease 1989 139, article A80
142. Bratel T., Wennlund A., Carlstrom K., Pituitary reactivity, androgens and catecholamines in obstructive sleep apnoea. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP) Respiratory Medicine 1999 93 1 1 7 (Pubitemid 29043935)
143. Entzian P., Linnemann K., Schlaak M., Zabel P., Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and circadian rhythms of hormones and cytokines American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1996 153 3 1080 1086 (Pubitemid 26081663)
144. Dadoun F., Darmon P., Achard V., Effect of sleep apnea syndrome on the circadian profile of cortisol in obese men American Journal of Physiology 2007 293 2 E466 E474
145. Lanfranco F., Gianotti L., Pivetti S., Obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome show a peculiar alteration of the corticotroph but not of the thyrotroph and lactotroph function Clinical Endocrinology 2004 60 1 41 48 (Pubitemid 38183496)
146. Carneiro G., Togeiro S. M., Hayashi L. F., Effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and 24-h blood pressure profile in obese men with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome American Journal of Physiology 2008 295 2 E380 E384
147. Grunstein R. R., Handelsman D. J., Lawrence S. J., Blackwell C., Caterson I. D., Sullivan C. E., Neuroendocrine dysfunction in sleep apnea: reversal by continuous positive airways pressure therapy Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1989 68 2 352 358 (Pubitemid 19052876)
148. Grunstein R. R., Stewart D. A., Lloyd H., Akinci M., Cheng N., Sullivan C. E., Acute withdrawal of nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea does not cause a rise in stress hormones Sleep 1996 19 10 774 782 (Pubitemid 27131927)
149. Cahan C., Arafah B., Decker M. J., Arnold J. L., Strohl K. P., Adrenal steroids in sleep apnea before and after nCPAP treatment American Review of Respiratory Disease 1991 143, article A382
150. Henley D. E., Russell G. M., Douthwaite J. A., Hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis activation in obstructive sleep apnea: the effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 11 4234 4242
151. Vgontzas A. N., Pejovic S., Zoumakis E., Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in obese men with and without sleep apnea: effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 92 11 4199 4207 (Pubitemid 350074732)