Chymase as an important target for preventing complications of metabolic syndrome

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 17, Issue 28, 2010, Pages 3223-3229

  Takai, S ^a   Jin, D ^a   Miyazaki, M ^a  

^a OSAKA MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Angiotensin II; Chymase; Matrix metalloproteinase 9; Metabolic syndrome; Transforming growth factor

Indexed keywords

CHYMASE; CHYMASE INHIBITOR; GELATINASE B; N [1 BENZYL 2,3 DIOXO 6 (2 PYRIDYLOXY)HEXYL] 2 (5 FORMYLAMINO 1,6 DIHYDRO 6 OXO 2 PHENYL 1 PYRIMIDINYL)ACETAMIDE; POLITEF; TRANILAST; VASCULOTROPIN; ANGIOTENSIN II; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; HEART DISEASE; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIVER FIBROSIS; MAST CELL; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; DRUG ANTAGONISM; FATTY LIVER; METABOLISM; MOUSE; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHYMASES; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; FATTY LIVER; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 9; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

EID: 79952200098     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986710792232003     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Takai, S.; Shiota, N.; Yamamoto, D.; Okunishi, H.; Miyazaki, M. Purification and characterization of angiotensin II-generating chymase from hamster cheek pouch. Life Sci., 1996, 58, 591-7. (Pubitemid 26046951)
2. Takai, S.; Shiota, N.; Sakaguchi, M.; Muraguchi, H.; Matsumura, E.; Miyazaki, M. Characterization of chymase from human vascular tissues. Clin. Chim. Acta, 1997, 265, 13-20. (Pubitemid 27414374)
3. Takai, S.; Jin, D.; Sakaguchi, M.; Miyazaki, M. Chymasedependent angiotensin II formation in human vascular tissue. Circulation, 1999, 100, 654-8. (Pubitemid 29379756)
4. Urata, H.; Kinoshita, A.; Misono, K. S.; Bumpus, F. M.; Husain, A. Identification of a highly specific chymase as the major angiotensin II-forming enzyme in the human heart. J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265, 22348-57. (Pubitemid 120014308)
5. Takai, S.; Shiota, N.; Kobayashi, S.; Matsumura, E.; Miyazaki, M. Induction of chymase that forms angiotensin II in the monkey atherosclerotic aorta. FEBS Lett., 1997, 412, 86-90. (Pubitemid 27310005)
6. Caughey, G. H.; Raymond, W. W.; Wolters, P. J. Angiotensin II generation by mast cell α-and β-chymases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 2000, 1480, 245-57. (Pubitemid 30427402)
7. MERCATOR Study Group. Dose the new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril prevent restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty? Circulation, 1992, 86, 100-10.
8. Peters, S.; Gotting, B.; Trummel, M.; Rust, H.; Brattstrom, A. Valsartan for prevention of restenosis after stenting of type B2/C lesions: the VAL-PREST trial. J. Invasive. Cardiol, 2001, 13, 93-7. (Pubitemid 33761992)
9. Miyazaki, M.; Wada, T.; Shiota, N.; Takai, S. Effect of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, candesartan cilexetil, on canine intima hyperplasia after balloon injury. J. Hum. Hypertens., 1999, 13(Suppl 1), S21-5. (Pubitemid 29057651)
10. Takai, S.; Sakonjo, H.; Fukuda, K.; Jin, D.; Sakaguchi, M.; Kamoshita, K.; Ishida, K.; Sukenaga, Y.; Miyazaki, M. A novel chymase inhibitor, 2-(5-formylamino-6-oxo-2-phenyl-1, 6-dihydropyrimidine-1-yl)-N-[{3, 4-dioxo-1-phenyl-7-(2-pyridyloxy)}-2-heptyl]acetamide (NK3201), suppressed intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2003, 304, 841-4. (Pubitemid 36152364)
11. 1 from the extracellular matrix of cultured human epithelial and endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 4689-96.
12. Takai, S.; Jin, D.; Sakaguchi, M.; Katayama, S.; Muramatsu, M.; Sakaguchi, M.; Matsumura, E.; Kim, S.; Miyazaki, M. A novel chymase inhibitor, BCEAB (4-[1-{[bis-(4-methyl-phenyl)-methyl]-carbamoyl}-3-(2-ethoxy-benzyl)-4- oxo-azetidine-2-yloxy]-benzoic acid) suppressed cardiac fibrosis in cardiomyopathic hamsters. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 2003, 305, 17-23. (Pubitemid 36373831)
13. Maruichi, M.; Takai, S.; Sugiyama, T.; Ueki, M.; Oku, H.; Sakaguchi, M.; Okamoto, Y.; Muramatsu, M.; Ikeda, T.; Miyazaki, M. Role of chymase on growth of cultured canine Tenon's capsule fibroblasts and scarring in a canine conjunctival flap model. Exp. Eye Res., 2004, 79, 111-8. (Pubitemid 38737388)
14. 92 bonds of the catalytic domain. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 25628-35. (Pubitemid 27438877)
15. Furubayashi, K.; Takai, S.; Jin, D.; Miyazaki, M.; Katsumata, T.; Inagaki, S.; Kimura, M.; Tanaka, K.; Nishimoto, M.; Fukumoto, H. Chymase activates promatrix metalloproteinase-9 in human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clin. Chim. Acta., 2008, 388, 214-6. (Pubitemid 350266567)
16. De Young, M. B.; Nemeth, E. F.; Scarpa, A. Measurement of the internal pH of mast cell granules using microvolumetric fluorescence and isotopic techniques. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1987, 254, 222-33. (Pubitemid 17068815)
17. McEuen, A. R.; Sharma, B.; Walls, A. F. Regulation of the activity of human chymase during storage and release from mast cells: the contributions of inorganic cations, pH, heparin and histamine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1267, 115-21.
18. Kirimura, K.; Takai, S.; Jin, D.; Muramatsu, M.; Kishi, K.; Yoshikawa, K.; Nakabayashi, M.; Mino, Y.; Miyazaki, M. Role of chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in regulating blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens. Res., 2005, 28, 457-64. (Pubitemid 41007461)
19. Nakamura, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Matsukura, T.; Nakamura, K. Vascular angiotensin converting enzyme activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats and its inhibition with cilazapril. J. Hypertens., 1988, 6, 105-10. (Pubitemid 18095830)
20. Jin, D.; Takai, S.; Shiota, N.; Miyazaki, M. Roles of vascular angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase in two-kidney, one clip hypertensive hamsters. J. Hypertens., 1998, 16, 657-64. (Pubitemid 28230554)
21. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet, 2000, 355, 253-9.
22. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA, 2002, 288, 2981-97.
23. Lindholm, L. H.; Ibsen, H.; Borch-Johnsen, K.; Olsen, M. H.; Wachtell, K.; Dahlöf, B.; Devereux, R. B.; Beevers, G.; de Faire, U.; Fyhrquist, F.; Julius, S.; Kjeldsen, S. E.; Kristianson, K.; Lederballe-Pedersen, O.; Nieminen, M. S.; Omvik, P.; Oparil, S.; Wedel, H.; Aurup, P.; Edelman, J. M.; Snapinn, S. For the LIFE study group. Risk of new-onset diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. J. Hypertens., 2002, 20, 1879-86.
24. Henriksen, E. J.; Jacob, S.; Kinnick, T. R.; Teachey, M. K.; Krekler, M. Selective angiotensin II receptor receptor antagonism reduces insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats. Hypertension, 2001, 38, 884-90. (Pubitemid 34258687)
25. Carlsson, P. O.; Berne, C.; Jansson, L. Angiotensin II and the endocrine pancreas: effects on islet blood flow and insulin secretion in rats. Diabetologia, 1998, 41, 127-33. (Pubitemid 28088387)
26. Tahmasebi, M.; Puddefoot, J. R.; Inwang, E. R.; Vinson, G. P. The tissue renin-angiotensin system in human pancreas. J. Endocrinol., 1999, 161, 317-22. (Pubitemid 29244259)
27. Tikellis, C.; Wookey, P. J.; Candido, R.; Andrikopoulos, S.; Thomas, M. C.; Cooper, M. E. Improved islet morphology after blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in the ZDF rat. Diabetes, 2004, 53, 989-97. (Pubitemid 38436611)
28. Oliveira, H. R.; Verlengia, R.; Carvalho, C. R.; Britto, L. R.; Curi, R.; Carpinelli, A. R. Pancreatic beta-cells express phagocyte-like NAD (P) H oxidase. Diabetes, 2003, 52, 1457-63. (Pubitemid 36666201)
29. 2 receptor antagonists and their effects on changes in the severity of pancreatitis. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2004, 36, 330-9. (Pubitemid 37487767)
30. Takai, S.; Jin, D.; Ohzu, M.; Tanaka, K.; Miyazaki, M. Chymase inhibition provides pancreatic islet protection in hamsters with streptozotocin-induced diabetes J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2009, 110, 459-65.
31. Kaartinen, M.; Penttila, A.; Kovanen, P. T. Mast cells of two types differing in neutral protease composition in the human aortic intima. Demonstration of tryptase-and tryptase/chymase-containing mast cells in normal intimas, fatty streaks, and the shoulder region of atheromas. Arterioscler. Thromb., 1994, 14, 966-72.
32. Ortlepp, J. R.; Janssens, U.; Bleckmann, F.; Lauscher, J.; Merkelbach-Bruse, S.; Hanrath, P.; Hoffmann, R. A chymase gene variant is associated with atherosclerosis in venous coronary artery bypass grafts. Coron. Artery Dis., 2001, 12, 493-7. (Pubitemid 32977819)
33. Uehara, Y.; Urata, H.; Ideishi, M.; Arakawa, K.; Saku, K. Increased chymase activity in internal thoracic artery of patients with hypercholesterolemia. Cardiovasc. Res., 2002, 55, 870-6.
34. Miyazaki, M.; Sakonjo, H.; Takai, S. Anti-atherosclerotic effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II antagonist in Cynomolgus monkeys fed a high-cholesterol diet. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1999, 128, 523-9. (Pubitemid 29504739)
35. Strawn, W. B.; Chappell, M. C.; Dean, R. H.; Kivlighn, S.; Ferrario, C. M. Inhibition of early atherogenesis by losartan in monkeys with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Circulation, 2000, 101, 1586-93. (Pubitemid 30180896)
36. Takai, S.; Kim, S.; Sakonjo, H.; Miyazaki, M. Mechanisms of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker for anti-atherosclerotic effect in monkeys fed a high-cholesterol diet. J. Hypertens., 2003, 21, 361-9. (Pubitemid 36269708)
37. Thompson, R. W. Basic science of abdominal aortic aneurysms: emerging therapeutic strategies for an unresolved clinical problem. Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 1996, 11, 504-18. (Pubitemid 26320991)
38. White, J. V.; Haas, K.; Phillips, S.; Comerota, A. J. Adventitial elastolysis is a primary event in aneurysm formation. J. Vasc. Surg., 1993, 17, 371-81. (Pubitemid 23069832)
39. Thompson, R. W.; Holmes, D. R.; Mertens, R. A.; Liao, S.; Botney, M. D.; Mecham, R. P.; Welgus, H. G.; Parks, W. C. Production and localization of 92-kilodalton gelatinase in abdominal aortic aneurysms. An elastolytic metalloproteinase expressed by aneurysm-infiltrating macrophages. J. Clin. Invest., 1995, 96, 318-26.
40. Freestone, T.; Turner, R. J.; Coady, A.; Higman, D. J.; Greenhalgh, R. M.; Powell, J. T. Inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in the enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1995, 15, 1145-51.
41. Nishimoto, M.; Takai, S.; Fukumoto, H.; Tsunemi, K.; Yuda, A.; Sawada, Y.; Yamada, M.; Jin, D.; Sakaguchi, M.; Nishimoto, Y.; Sasaki, S.; Miyazaki, M. Increased local angiotensin II formation in aneurysmal aorta. Life Sci., 2002, 71, 2195-205.
42. Tsunemi, K.; Takai, S.; Nishimoto, M.; Jin, D.; Sakaguchi, M.; Muramatsu, M.; Yuda, A.; Sasaki, S.; Miyazaki, M. A specific chymase inhibitor, 2-(5-formylamino-6-oxo-2-phenyl-1, 6-dihydropyrimidine-1-yl)-N-[[3, 4-dioxo-1-phenyl-7-(2-pyridyloxy)]-2-heptyl]acetamide (NK3201), suppresses development of abdominal aortic aneurysm in hamsters. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2004, 309, 879-83. (Pubitemid 38669674)
43. Furubayashi, K.; Takai, S.; Jin, D.; Muramatsu, M.; Ibaraki, T.; Nishimoto, M.; Fukumoto, H.; Katsumata, T.; Miyazaki, M. The significance of chymase in the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms in dogs. Hypertens. Res., 2007, 30, 349-57. (Pubitemid 46779983)
44. Inoue, N.; Muramatsu, M.; Jin, D.; Takai, S.; Hayashi, T.; Katayama, H.; Kitaura, Y.; Tamai, H.; Miyazaki, M. Effects of chymase inhibitor on angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 204, 359-64.
45. Sun, J.; Zhang, J.; Lindholt, J. S.; Sukhova, G. K.; Liu, J.; He, A.; Abrink, M.; Pejler, G.; Stevens, R. L.; Thompson, R. W.; Ennis, T. L.; Gurish, M. F.; Libby, P.; Shi, G. P. Critical role of mast cell chymase in mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Circulation, 2009, 120, 973-82.
46. Takai, S.; Yuda, A.; Jin, D.; Nishimoto, M.; Sakagichi, M.; Sasaki, S.; Miyazaki, M. Inhibition of chymase reduces vascular proliferation in dog grafted veins. FEBS Lett., 2000, 467, 141-4. (Pubitemid 30081722)
47. Nishimoto, M.; Takai, S.; Kim, S.; Jin, D.; Yuda, A.; Sakaguchi, M.; Yamada, M.; Sawada, Y.; Kondo, K.; Asada, K.; Iwao, H.; Sasaki, S.; Miyazaki, M. Significance of chymase-dependent angiotensin II-forming pathway in the development of vascular proliferation. Circulation, 2001, 104, 1274-9. (Pubitemid 32848117)
48. Nishimoto, M.; Takai, S.; Sawada, Y.; Yuda, A.; Kondo, K.; Yamada, M.; Jin, D.; Sakaguchi, M.; Asada, K.; Sasaki, S.; Miyazaki, M. Chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in the saphenous vein versus the internal thoracic artery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 2001, 121, 729-34.
49. Jin, D.; Ueda, H.; Takai, S.; Okamoto, Y.; Muramatsu, M.; Sakaguchi, M.; Sawada, Y.; Asada, K.; Kondo, K.; Sasaki, S.; Miyazaki, M. Effect of chymase inhibition on the arteriovenous fistula stenosis in dogs. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2005, 16, 1024-34. (Pubitemid 41710313)
50. Jin, D.; Ueda, H.; Takai, S.; Muramatsu, M.; Furubayashi, K.; Ibaraki, T.; Kishi, K.; Katsuoka, Y.; Miyazaki, M. Roles of chymase in stenosis occurring after polytetrafluoroethylene graft implantations. Life Sci., 2007, 81, 1291-300. (Pubitemid 47539509)
51. Otani, A.; Takagi, H.; Oh, H.; Suzuma, K.; Matsumura, M.; Ikeda, E.; Honda, Y. Angiotensin II-stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor expression in bovine retinal pericytes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2000, 41, 1192-9. (Pubitemid 30187560)
52. Muramatsu, M.; Katada, J.; Hayashi, I.; Majima, M. Chymase as a proangiogenic factor. A possible involvement of chymaseangiotensin-dependent pathway in the hamster sponge angiogenesis model. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 5545-52. (Pubitemid 30115190)
53. Muramatsu, M.; Yamada, M.; Takai, S.; Miyazaki, M. Suppression of basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis by a specific chymase inhibitor, BCEAB, through the chymase-angiotensindependent pathway in hamster sponge granulomas. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2002, 137, 554-60. (Pubitemid 35221910)
54. Schalkwijk, C. G.; Ligtvoet, N.; Twaalfhoven, H.; Jager, A.; Blaauwgeers, H. G.; Schlingemann, R. O.; Tarnow, L.; Parving, H. H.; Stehouwer, C. D.; van Hinsbergh, V. W. Amadori albumin in type 1 diabetic patients: correlation with markers of endothelial function, association with diabetic nephropathy, and localization in retinal capillaries. Diabetes, 1999, 48, 2446-53. (Pubitemid 30395438)
55. Stitt, A. W.; Li, Y. M.; Gardiner, T. A.; Bucala, R.; Archer, D. B.; Vlassara, H. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) co-localize with AGE receptors in the retinal vasculature of diabetic and of AGE-infused rats. Am. J. Pathol., 1997, 150, 523-31. (Pubitemid 27073782)
56. Li, L.; Renier, G. Activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) oxidase by advanced glycation end products links oxidative stress to altered retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Metabolism, 2006, 55, 1516-23. (Pubitemid 44559685)
57. Sugiyama, T.; Okuno, T.; Fukuhara, M.; Oku, H.; Ikeda, T.; Obayashi, H.; Ohta, M.; Fukui, M.; Hasegawa, G.; Nakamura, N. Angiotensin II receptor blocker inhibits abnormal accumulation of advanced glycation end products and retinal damage in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Exp. Eye Res., 2007, 85, 406-12. (Pubitemid 47259058)
58. Koka, V.; Wang, W.; Huang, X. R.; Kim-Mitsuyama, S.; Truong, L. D.; Lan, H. Y. Advanced glycation end products activate a chymase-dependent angiotensin II-generating pathway in diabetic complications. Circulation, 2006, 113, 1353-60. (Pubitemid 43739457)
59. Lavrentyev, E. N.; Estes, A. M.; Malik, K. U. Mechanism of high glucose induced angiotensin II production in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res., 2007, 101, 455-64. (Pubitemid 47347876)
60. Jin, D.; Takai, S.; Yamada, M.; Sakaguchi, M.; Yao, Y.; Miyazaki, M. Possible roles of cardiac chymase after myocardial infarction in hamster hearts. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 86, 203-14.
61. Jin, D.; Takai, S.; Yamada, M.; Sakaguchi, M.; Miyazaki, M. Beneficial effects of cardiac chymase inhibition during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Life Sci., 2002, 71, 437-46. (Pubitemid 34607306)
62. Jin, D.; Takai, S.; Yamada, M.; Sakaguchi, M.; Kamoshita, K.; Ishida, K.; Sukenaga, Y.; Miyazaki, M. Impact of chymase inhibitor on cardiac function and survival after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res., 2003, 60, 413-20. (Pubitemid 37412375)
63. Takai, S.; Sakaguchi, M.; Jin, D.; Yamada, M.; Kirimura, K.; Miyazaki, M. Different angiotensin II-forming pathways in human and rat vascular tissues. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2001, 305, 191-5. (Pubitemid 32201977)
64. Kanemitsu, H.; Takai, S.; Tsuneyoshi, H.; Nishina, T.; Yoshikawa, K.; Miyazaki, M.; Ikeda, T.; Komeda, M. Chymase inhibition prevents cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction after myocardial infarction in rats. Hypertens. Res., 2006, 29, 57-64.
65. Matsumoto, C.; Hayashi, T.; Kitada, K.; Yamashita, C.; Miyamura, M.; Mori, T.; Ukimura, A.; Ohkita, M.; Jin, D.; Takai, S.; Miyazaki, M.; Okada, Y.; Kitaura, Y.; Matsumura, Y. Chymase plays an important role in left ventricular remodeling induced by intermittent hypoxia in mice. Hypertension, 2009, 54, 164-71.
66. Ludwig, J.; Viggiano, T. R.; McGill, D. B.; Oh, B. J. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Ciln. Proc., 1980, 55, 434-8. (Pubitemid 10057164)
67. Powell, E. E.; Cooksley, W. G.; Hanson, R.; Searle, J.; Halliday, J. W.; Powell, L. W. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology, 1990, 11, 74-80. (Pubitemid 20075105)
68. Bugianesi, E.; Leone, N.; Vanni, E.; Marchesini, G.; Brunello, F.; Carucci, P.; Musso, A.; De Paolis, P.; Capussotti, L.; Salizzoni, M.; Rizzetto, M. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2002, 123, 134-40. (Pubitemid 34747534)
69. Farrell, D. J.; Hines, J. E.; Walls, A. F.; Kelly, P. J.; Bennett, M. K.; Burt, A. D. Intrahepatic mast cells in chronic liver disease. Hepatology, 1995, 22, 1175-81.
70. Armbrust, T.; Batusic, D.; Ringe, B.; Ramadori, G. J. Mast cells distribution in human liver disease and experimental rat liver fibrosis. Indications for mast cell participation in development of liver fibrosis. Hepatol., 1997, 26, 1042-54. (Pubitemid 27242594)
71. Matsunaga, Y.; Kawasaki, H.; Terada, T. Stromal mast cells and nerve fibers in various chronic liver diseases: relevance to hepatic fibrosis. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1999, 94, 1923-32. (Pubitemid 29315912)
72. Uno, M.; Kurita, S.; Misu, H.; Ando, H.; Ota, T.; Matsuzawa-Nagata, N.; Kita, Y.; Nabemoto, S.; Akahori, H.; Zen, Y.; Nakanuma, Y.; Kaneko, S.; Takamura, T. Tranilast, an antifibrogenic agent, ameliorates a dietary rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology, 2008, 48, 109-18. (Pubitemid 351975536)
73. Tashiro, K.; Takai, S.; Jin, D.; Yamamoto, H.; Komeda, K.; Hayashi, M.; Tanaka, K.; Tanigawa, N.; Miyazaki, M. Chymase inhibitor prevents the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in hamsters fed a methionine-and choline-deficient diet. Hepatol. Res. 2010, 40, 514-523.