Uptake and distribution of the abused inhalant 1,1-difluoroethane in the rat

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 34, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 381-388

  Avella, Joseph ^a,b   Kunaparaju, Naveen ^a   Kumar, Sunil ^a   Lehrer, Michael ^b   William Zito, S ^a   Barletta, Michael ^a  

^a ST JOHN'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,1 DIFLUOROETHANE; HYDROCARBON; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; 1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBON; SOLVENT;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BLOOD; BRAIN TISSUE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG INTOXICATION; DRUG UPTAKE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HEART; INHALANT ABUSE; KIDNEY PARENCHYMA; LIVER; MOTOR COORDINATION; NONHUMAN; RAT; SEDATION; TOXICOKINETICS; ANIMAL; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BRAIN; HALF LIFE TIME; HEART MUSCLE; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; KIDNEY; MALE; METABOLISM; SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT; TIME; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; ANIMALS; AREA UNDER CURVE; BRAIN; HALF-LIFE; HYDROCARBONS, FLUORINATED; KIDNEY; LIVER; MALE; MYOCARDIUM; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SOLVENTS; TIME FACTORS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 79952109906     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: 01464760     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jat/34.7.381     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Office of Applied studies. Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (DHHS Publication No. SMA 06-4194, NSDUH Series H-30) Rockville, MD. Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/reports.htm (2006).
2. National Inhalant Prevention Coalition. Guidelines for Medical Examiners, Coroners and Pathologists: Determining Inhalant Deaths. www.inhalants.org/final_medical.htm (2008).
3. Office of Applied studies. Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062, NSDUH Series H-28) Rockville, MD. Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, www.oas. samhsa.gov/nsduh/reports.htm (2005).
4. Office of Applied studies. Patterns and Trends in Inhalant Use by Adolescent Males and Females: 2002-2005. The NSDUH report, Rockville, MD. Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, www.oas.samha.gov/2k7/inhalants/inhalants.pdf (2007).
5. R.T. Shepherd. Mechanism of sudden death associated with volatile substance abuse. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 8(4): 287-292 (1989).
6. E. Segal and S. Wason. Sudden death caused by inhalation of butane and propane. N. Engl. J. Med. 323: 1638 (1990).
7. A. Groppi, A. Polettini, P. Lunetta, G. Achille, and M. Montagna. A fatal case of trichlorofluoromethane (Freon-11) poisoning. Tissue distribution study by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Forensic Sci. 39(3): 871-876 (1994).
8. H. Pfieffer, M. Al-Kaddam, B. Brinkmann, H. Kohler, and J. Beike. Sudden death after isobutane sniffing: a report of two forensic cases. Int. J. Legal Med. 120(3): 168-173 (2006).
9. T. Hahn, J. Avella, and M. Lehrer. A motor vehicle accident fatality involving the inhalation of 1,1-difluoroethane. J. Anal. Toxicol. 30(8): 638-642 (2006).
10. L.A. Broussard, T. Brustowicz, T. Pittman, K.D. Atkins and L. Presley. Two traffic fatalities related to the use of difluoroethane. J. Forensic Sci. 42(6): 1186-1187 (1997).
11. J. Avella and M. Lehrer. Fatality due to methyl acetylene-propadiene (MAPP) inhalation. J. Forensic Sci. 49(6): 1361-1363 (2004).
12. S.H. Dinwiddie. Abuse of inhalants: a review. Addiction 89(8): 925-939 (1994).
13. M.J. Beckstead, J.L. Weiner, E.I. Eger, D.H. Gong, and S.J. Mihic. Glycine and γ-Aminobutyric acidA receptor function is enhanced by inhaled drugs of abuse. Mol. Pharmacol. 57(6): 1199-1205 (2000).
14. R.L. Balster. Neuronal basis of inhalant abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 51(1-2): 207-214 (1998).
15. S.E. Bowen, C.J. Batis, N. Paez-Martinez, and S.L. Cruz. The last decade of solvent research in animal models of abuse: mechanistic and behavioral studies. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 28(6): 636-647 (2006).
16. R.A. Harris and S.J. Mihic. Alcohol and inhibitory receptors: unexpected specificity from a nonspecific drug. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101(1): 2-3 (2004).
17. S.L. Cruz, R.L. Balster, and J.J. Woodward. Effects of volatile solvents on recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 131(7): 1303-1308 (2000).
18. M.J. Beckstead, R. Phelan, and S.J. Mihic. Antagonism of inhalant and volatile anesthetic enhancement of glycine receptor function. J. Biol. Chem. 276(27): 24959-24964 (2001).
19. A. Jenkins, I.A. Lobo, D. Gong, J.R. Trudell, K. Solt, R.A. Harris, and E.I. Eger. General anesthetics have additive actions on three ligand-gated ion channels. Anesth. Analg. 107(2): 486-493 (2008).
20. Z. Xiong, J. Avella, and C.V. Wetli. Sudden death caused by 1,1-difluoroethane inhalation. J. Forensic Sci. 49(3): 627-629 (2004).
21. Office of Prevention. Robust Summaries, High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. P. A. T. S. United States Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/chemrtk/1difluoro/c13124.pdf (2005).
22. J. Avella, T. Hahn, and M. Lehrer. Postmortem distribution of 1,1-difluoroethane in four cases. Proceedings of Society of Forensic Toxicologists, Austin, TX, annual meeting, 2006.
23. Z. Jiao, V.R. De Jesus, S. Iravanian, D.P. Campbell, J. Xu, J.A. Vitali, K. Banach, J. Fahrenbach, and S.C. Dudley. A possible mechanism of halocarbon-induced cardiac sensitization arrhythmias. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 41(4): 698-705 (2006).
24. J. Avella, M. Lehrer, and S.W. Zito. A validated method for the quantitation of 1,1-difluoroethane using a gas in equilibrium method of calibration. J. Anal. Toxicol. 32(8): 680-687 (2008).
25. M.A. Medinsky and J.L. Valentine. Toxicokinetics. In Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 6th ed. McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division, New York, NY, 2001, pp 227-228.
26. M. Neylon and J.M. Marshall. The role of adenosine in the respiratory and cardiovascular response to systemic hypoxia in the rat. J. Physiol. 440(1): 529-545 (1991).
27. R.J. Probst, J.M. Lim, D.N. Bird, G.L. Pole, A.K. Sato, and J.R. Claybaugh. Gender differences in the blood volume of conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 45(2): 49-52 (2006).
28. National Bioresource project for the rat in Japan. Kyoto Organ Weights. www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp (2009).
29. K.K. Rozman and C.D. Klaassen. Absorption, distribution and excretion of toxicants. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 6th ed. McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division, New York, NY, 2001, p 116.
30. S. Gunnare, L. Ernstgård, B. Sjogren, and J. Gunnar. Toxicokinetics of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) in male volunteers after experimental exposure. Toxicol. Lett. 167(1): 54-65 (2006).
31. J.F. Murray. Respiration. In Pathophysiology: The Biological Principles of Disease, 3rd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1981, p 950.
32. S. Gunnare, L. Ernstgard, B. Sjogren, and J. Gunnar. Experimental exposure to 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a): uptake, disposition and acute effects in male volunteers. Toxicol. Lett. 172(3): 120-130 (2007).
33. J. Avella, J.C. Wilson, and M. Lehrer. Fatal cardiac arrhythmia after repeated exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 27(1): 58-60 (2006).
34. H. Wollman and R.D. Dripps. Uptake, distribution, elimination and administration of inhalational anesthetics. In Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 4th ed. Collier Macmillan, New York, NY, 1970, pp 62-67.
35. M.R. Gerasimov, R.A. Ferrieri, W.K. Schiffer, J. Logan, S.J. Gatley, A.N. Gifford, D.A. Alexoff, D.A. Marstellar, C. Shea, V. Garza, P. Carter, P. King, C.R. Ashby, S. Vitkun, and S.L. Dewey. Study of the brain uptake and biodistribution of [11C] toluene in nonhuman primates and mice. Life Sci. 70(23): 2811-2828 (2002).
36. R. Phalen. Inhalation Studies: Foundations and Techniques. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1984, p 66.
37. J. Avella and M. Lehrer. The effect of the duration of exposure on the distribution of 1,1-difluoroethane. ToxTalk 29: 16 (2005).
38. M.K. Ellis, L.A. Gowans, T. Green, and R.J. Tanner. Metabolic fate and disposition of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in rat following a single exposure by inhalation. Xenobiotica 23(7): 717-729 (1993).
39. M.W. Anders. Personal communication. Proposed metabolic path for difluoroethane. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 2007.
40. H. Yin, J.P. Jones, and M.W. Anders. Metabolism of 1-fluoro-1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chlorethane. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8(2): 262-268 (1995).