Motivational Determinants of Integrating Positive and Negative Past Identities

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 100, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 527-544

  Weinstein, Netta ^a   Deci, Edward L ^b   Ryan, Richard M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Autonomy; Defense; Identity; Integration; Motivation

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; DEFENSE MECHANISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INDIVIDUALITY; LIFE EVENT; MALE; MOTIVATION; PERSONAL AUTONOMY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MOTIVATION; PERSONAL AUTONOMY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79952096588     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0022150     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Allport G.W. Foreword. Resolving social conflict 1948, vii-xiv. Harper & Row, London, England. G.W. Lewin (Ed.).
2. Anderson, C. A. (1999). The Escape Motives scale. Unpublished manuscript.
3. Anderson C.A., Anderson K.B., Dorr N., DeNeve K.M., Flanagan M. Temperature and aggression. Advances in experimental social psychology 2000, 32:63-133. Academic Press, New York, NY. M. Zanna (Ed.).
4. Barclay C.R. Remembering our identities. Memory in everyday life 1993, 285-309. Elsevier Science, North Holland, the Netherlands. G.M. Davies, R.H. Logie (Eds.).
5. Barclay C.R. Autobiographical remembering: Narrative constraints on objectified identities. Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory 1996, 94-126. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511527913.004. D.C. Rubin (Ed.).
6. Bargh J.A., Chen M., Burrows L. Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:230-244. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230.
7. Baron R.M., Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:1173-1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
8. Barrett L.F., Williams N.L., Fong G.T. An analysis of defensive verbal behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:776-788. doi: 10.1177/0146167202289007.
9. Bauer J.J., McAdams D.P., Pals J.L. Narrative identity and eudaimonic well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies 2008, 9:81-104. doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9021-6.
10. Bauer J.J., McAdams D.P., Sakeda A.R. Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:203-217. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.203.
11. Baumeister R.F., Dori A.G., Hastings S. Belongingness and bracketing in personal accounts of changes in self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality 1998, 32:222-235. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1998.2218.
12. Baumeister R.F., Stillwell A., Wotman S.R. Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 59:994-1005. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.994.
13. Blaine B., Crocker J. Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events: An integrative review. Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard 1993, 55-85. Plenum Press, New York, NY. R.F. Baumeister (Ed.).
14. Blascovich J., Tomaka J. Measures of self-esteem. Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes 1991, 115-160. Academic Press/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, NY. J.P. Robinson, P.R. Shaver, L.S. Wrightsman (Eds.).
15. Broemer P., Grabowski A., Gebauer J.E., Ermel O., Diehl M. How distance from past identities influences self-perception. European Journal of Social Psychology 2008, 38:697-714. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.469.
16. Campbell R.S., Pennebaker J.W. The secret life of pronouns: Flexibility in writing style and physical health. Psychological Science 2003, 14:60-65. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.01419.
17. Chandler M. Self-continuity in suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents. New Directions for Child Development 1994, 1994(64):55-70. doi: 10.1002/cd.23219946406.
18. Chen S.X., Bond M.H., Fung I. Perceived communion in the dyadic relationship of others. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2006, 9:103-111. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00187.x.
19. Davis D. Psychology and the legal system 1987, Society of Experimental Social Psychology, Charlottesville, VA.
20. Deci E.L., Ryan R.M. The General Causality Orientations Scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality 1985, 19:109-134. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6.
21. Deci E.L., Ryan R.M. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior 1985, Plenum Press, New York, NY.
22. Deci E.L., Ryan R.M. Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem 1995, 31-49. Plenum Press, New York, NY. M.H. Kernis (Ed.).
23. DeWall N.C., Bushman B.J. Hot under the collar in a lukewarm environment: Words associated with hot temperature increase aggressive thoughts and hostile perceptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2009, 45:1045-1047. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.003.
24. Diener E., Emmons R.A. The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984, 47:1105-1117. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105.
25. Dulaney E.F. Changes in language behavior as a function of veracity. Human Communication Research 1982, 9:75-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1982.tb00684.x.
26. Emmons R.A., McCullough M.E. Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84:377-389. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377.
27. Freedman J., Combs G. Narrative therapy: The social construction of preferred realities 1996, Norton, New York, NY.
28. Freeman M. Rewriting the self: History, memory, and narrative 1993, Routledge, New York, NY.
29. Freud S. The ego and the id 1923, Norton, New York, NY.
30. Fuchs M. Experiments in the heuristic use of past proof experience. Lecture notes in computer science 1996, 1104:523-537. Springer-Verlag, London, England.
31. Gebauer J.E., Broemer P., Haddock G., von Hecker U. Inclusion-exclusion of positive and negative past identities: Mood congruence as information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 95:470-487. doi: 10.1037/a0012543.
32. Habermas T., Bluck S. Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126:748-769. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748.
33. Hadar U. The time-course of analytic psychotherapy. A semiotic phenomenology. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 1993, 30:391-401. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.30.3.391.
34. Hart J., Shaver P.R., Goldenberg J.L. Attachment, self-esteem, worldviews, and terror management: Evidence for a tripartite security system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:999-1013. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.999.
35. Hodgins H.S., Brown A.B., Carver B. Autonomy and control motivation and self-esteem. Self and Identity 2007, 6:189-208. doi: 10.1080/15298860601118769.
36. Hodgins H.S., Knee C.R. The integrating self and conscious experience. Handbook of self-determination research 2002, 87-100. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY. E.L. Deci, R.M. Ryan (Eds.).
37. Hodgins H., Weibust K.S., Weinstein N., Shiffman S., Miller A., Coombs G. The cost of self-protection: Threat response and performance as a function of autonomous and controlled motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36:1101-1114.
38. Hodgins H.S., Yacko H., Gottlieb E. Autonomy and nondefensiveness. Motivation and Emotion 2006, 30:283-293. doi: 10.1007/s11031-006-9036-7.
39. Ilardi B.C., Leone D., Kasser R., Ryan R.M. Employee and supervisor ratings of motivation: Main effects and discrepancies associated with job satisfaction and adjustment in a factory setting. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1993, 23:1789-1805. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01066.x.
40. Jobe J.B. Cognitive psychology and self-reports: Models and methods. Quality of Life Research 2003, 12:219-227. doi: 10.1023/A:1023279029852.
41. Jung, C. G. (1959). Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of self (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.) Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
42. King L.A., Scollon C.K., Ramsey C., Williams T. Stories of life transition: Subjective well-being and ego development in parents of children with Down syndrome. Journal of Research in Personality 2000, 34:509-536. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.2000.2285.
43. Knee C.R., Patrick H., Vietor N.A., Nanayakkara A., Neighbors C. Self-determination as growth motivation in romantic relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:609-619. doi: 10.1177/0146167202288005.
44. Knee C.R., Zuckerman M. Causality orientations and the disappearance of the self-serving bias. Journal of Research in Personality 1996, 30:76-87. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1996.0005.
45. Knee C.R., Zuckerman M. A nondefensive personality: Autonomy and control as moderators of defensive coping and self-handicapping. Journal of Research in Personality 1998, 32:115-130. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1997.2207.
46. Linde C. Explanatory systems in oral life stories. Cultural models in language and thought 1987, 343-366. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. D. Holland, N. Quinn (Eds.).
47. Loftus E.F. The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist 1993, 48:518-537. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.5.518.
48. Lyubomirsky S., Sousa L., Dickerhoof R. The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 90:692-708. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.692.
49. Madia B.P., Lutz C.J. Perceived similarity, expectation-reality discrepancies, and mentors' expressed intention to remain in Big Brothers/Big Sisters programs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2004, 34:598-623. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02562.x.
50. Markus H. Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977, 35:63-78. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63.
51. Markus H., Kunda Z. Stability and malleability of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:858-866. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.858.
52. McAdams D.P. Personal needs and personal relationships. Handbook of personal relationships 1988, 7-22. Wiley, Chichester, England. S. Duck (Ed.).
53. McAdams D.P. What do we know when we know a person?. Journal of Personality 1995, 63:365-396. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00500.x.
54. McAdams D.P., Anyidoho N.A., Brown C., Huang Y.T., Kaplan B., Machado M.A. Traits and stories: Links between dispositional and narrative features of personality. Journal of Personality 2004, 72:761-784. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00279.x.
55. McCullough M.E., Pargament K.I., Thoresen C.E. Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice 2000, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
56. McIsaac H.K., Elch E. Vantage point in traumatic memory. Psychological Science 2004, 15:248-253. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00660.x.
57. McLean K.C., Fournier M.A. Personality coherence in the content and processes of autobiographical reasoning. Journal of Research in Personality 2008, 42:527-545. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.08.003.
58. McLean K.C., Pasupathi M., Pals J.L. Identities creating stories creating identities: A process model of narrative self development in adolescence and adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2007, 11:262-278. doi: 10.1177/1088868307301034.
59. McLean K.C., Pratt M.W. Life's little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology 2006, 42:714-722. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.714.
60. McLean K.C., Thorne A. Adolescents' self-defining memories about relationships. Developmental Psychology 2003, 39:635-645. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.635.
61. Mueller E.T. Daydreaming in humans and machines: A computer model of the stream of thought 1990, Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
62. Muller D., Judd C.M., Yzerbyt V.Y. When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89:852-863. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.852.
63. Newman M.L., Pennebaker J.W., Berry D.S., Richards J.M. Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2003, 29:665-675. doi: 10.1177/0146167203029005010.
64. Pals J.L. The narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality 2006, 74:1079-1110. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00403.x.
65. Park S.W., Bauer J.J., Arbuckle N.B. Growth motivation attenuates the self-serving attribution. Journal of Research in Personality 2009, 43:914-917. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.013.
66. Pasupathi M. The social construction of the personal past and its implications for adult development. Psychological Bulletin 2001, 127:651-672. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.651.
67. Pennebaker J.W. Opening up: The healing power of confiding in others 1990, Avon, New York, NY.
68. Pennebaker J.W., Francis M.E., Booth R.J. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2001) 2001, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
69. Pleban R., Tesser A. The effects of relevance and quality of another's performance on interpersonal closeness. Social Psychology Quarterly 1981, 44:278-285. doi: 10.2307/3033841.
70. Pronin E., Ross L. Differences in trait self ascription: When the self is seen as an other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 90:197-209. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.197.
71. Richman J.A., Wislar J.S., Flaherty J.A., Fendrich M., Rospenda K.M. Effects of alcohol use and anxiety on the September 11, 2001, attacks and chronic work stressors: A longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Public Health 2004, 94:2010-2015. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.94.11.2010.
72. Rogers C.R. The actualizing tendency in relation to " motives" and to consciousness. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1963, 1-24. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. M.R. Jones (Ed.).
73. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image 1965, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
74. Ross M., Wilson A.E. Constructing and appraising past identities. Memory, brain, and belief 2000, 231-258. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. D.L. Schacter, E. Scarry (Eds.).
75. Ross M., Wilson A.E. It feels like yesterday: Self-esteem, valence of personal past experiences, and judgments of subjective distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:792-803. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.792.
76. Routledge C., Arndt J., Sedikides C., Wildschut T. A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:132-140. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.11.001.
77. Ryan R.M. The nature of the self in autonomy and relatedness. Multidisciplinary perspectives on the self 1990, 208-238. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. J. Strauss, G.R. Goethals (Eds.).
78. Ryan R.M., Deci E.L. To be happy or to be self-fulfilled: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology 2001, 52:141-166. Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA. S. Fiske (Ed.).
79. Ryan R.M., Deci E.L. A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology 2008, 49:186-193. doi: 10.1037/a0012753.
80. Ryan R.M., Deci E.L., Grolnick W.S., LaGuardia J.G. The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. Developmental psychopathology 2006, 1:295-849. Wiley, New York, NY. 2nd ed. D. Cicchetti, D. Cohen (Eds.).
81. Ryan R.M., Frederick C.M. On energy, personality and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality 1997, 65:529-565. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x.
82. Ryan R.M., Kuhl J., Deci E.L. Nature and autonomy: Organizational view of social and neurobiological aspects of self regulation in behavior and development. Development and Psychopathology 1997, 9:701-728. doi: 10.1017/S0954579497001405.
83. Ryff C.D. Possible identities in adulthood and old age: A tale of shifting horizons. Psychology and Aging 1991, 6:286-295. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.6.2.286.
84. Schwarz N., Bless H. Constructing reality and its alternatives: Assimilation and contrast effects in social judgment. The construction of social judgments 1992, 217-245. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. L.L. Martin, A. Tesser (Eds.).
85. Showers C.J. Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 62:1036-1049. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1036.
86. Showers C.J., Zeigler-Hill V. Organization of self-knowledge: Features, functions, and flexibility. Handbook of self and identity 2003, 47-67. Guilford Press, New York, NY. M.R. Leary, J. Tangney (Eds.).
87. Singer J.A., Salovey P. The remembered self: Emotion and memory in personality 1993, Free Press, New York, NY.
88. Sobel M.E. Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. Sociological methodology 1982, 290-312. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. S. Leinhart (Ed.).
89. Steger M.F., Frazier P., Oishi S., Kaler M. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2006, 53:80-93. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80.
90. Swann W.J. The trouble with change: Self-verification and allegiance to the self. Psychological Science 1997, 8:177-180. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00407.x.
91. Tesser A., Campbell J. Self-definition and self-evaluation maintenance. Social psychological perspectives on the self 1983, 2:1-31. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J. Suls, A. Greenwald (Eds.).
92. Thorne A., McLean K.C. Telling traumatic events in adolescence: A study of master narrative positioning. Connecting culture and memory: The development of an autobiographical self 2003, 169-185. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. R. Fivush, C. Haden (Eds.).
93. Weinstein N., Hodgins H.S. The moderating role of motivation for written emotion expression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2009, 35:351-364. doi: 10.1177/0146167208328165.
94. Weinstein, N., Przybylski, A. K., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). The Dispositional Autonomous Functioning scale. Manuscript in preparation.
95. Weinstein N., Ryan R.M. Vitality. Encyclopedia of positive psychology 2009, 1023-1025. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, NY. S.J. Lopez (Ed.).
96. Wheeler S.C., DeMarree K.G., Petty R.E. Understanding the role of the self in prime-to-behavior effects: The active-self account. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2007, 11:234-261. doi: 10.1177/1088868307302223.
97. Wills T.A. Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin 1981, 90:245-271. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.245.
98. Wilson A.E., Ross M. From chump to champ: People's appraisals of their earlier and present identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 80:572-584. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.572.
99. Wood J.V., Saltzberg J.A., Goldsamt L.A. Does affect induce self-focused attention?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 58:899-908. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.899.
100. Wood J.V., Taylor K.L. Serving self-relevant goals through social comparison. Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research 1991, 23-49. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J. Suls, T.A. Wills (Eds.).
101. Zuroff D.C., Koestner R., Moskowitz D.S., McBride C., Bagby M., Marshall M. Autonomous motivation for therapy: A new non-specific predictor of outcome in brief treatments of depression. Psychotherapy Research 2007, 17:137-147. doi: 10.1080/10503300600919380.