VZV infection of keratinocytes: Production of cell-free infectious virions in vivo

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Volumn 342, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 173-188

  Gershon, Michael D ^a,b   Gershon, Anne A ^a,b  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SOMATOMEDIN B RECEPTOR;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ARTICLE; CELL FUSION; CELL MATURATION; CHICKENPOX; CRANIAL NERVE; ENDOSOME; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; INTESTINE INNERVATION; KERATINOCYTE; NONHUMAN; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; SPINAL GANGLION; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIRION; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS ENVELOPE; VIRUS IMMUNITY; VIRUS LATENCY; VIRUS PARTICLE; VIRUS REACTIVATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ANIMAL; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; IMMUNOLOGY; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VIROLOGY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

CAVIA; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 3;

ANIMALS; CHICKENPOX; HERPES ZOSTER; HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; KERATINOCYTES; VIRION; VIRUS LATENCY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 79952046866     PISSN: 0070217X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/82-2010-13     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Abendroth A, Lin I, Slobedman B, Ploegh H, Arvin AM (2001) Varicella-zoster virus retains major histocompatibility complex class I proteins in the Golgi compartment of infected cells. J Virol 75:4878-4888 (Pubitemid 32381530)
2. Arvin AM, Solem S, Koropchak C, Kinney-Thomas E, Paryani SG (1987) Humoral and cellular immunity to varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein, gpI, and to a non-glycosulated protein p170, in strain 2 guinea pigs. J Gen Virol 68:2449-2454
3. Asanuma H, Sharp M, Maecker HT, Maino VC, Arvin AM (2000) Frequencies of memory T cells specific for varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus by intracellular detection of cytokine expression. J Infect Dis 181:859-866 (Pubitemid 30194466)
4. Auriti C, Piersigilli F, De Gasperis MR, Seganti G (2009) Congenital varicella syndrome: still a problem? Fetal Diagn Ther 25:224-229
5. Breuer J, Whitley R (2007) Varicella zoster virus: natural history and current therapies of varicella and herpes zoster. Herpes 14(Suppl 2):25-29
6. Brown WJ, Goodhouse J, Farquhar MG (1986) Mannose-6-phosphate receptors for lysosomal enzymes cycle between the Golgi complex and endosomes. J Cell Biol 103:1235-1247 (Pubitemid 17174150)
7. Canfield WM, Johnson KF, Ye RD, Gregory W, Kornfeld S (1991) Localization of the signal for rapid internalization of the bovine cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor to amino acids 24-29 of the cytoplasmic tail. J Biol Chem 266:5682-5688 (Pubitemid 21909548)
8. Carpenter JE, Henderson EP, Grose C (2009) Enumeration of an extremely high particle-to-PFU ratio for varicella-zoster virus. J Virol 83:6917-6921
9. Chen J, Gershon A, Silverstein SJ, Li ZS, Lungu O, Gershon MD (2003) Latent and lytic infection of isolated guinea pig enteric and dorsal root ganglia by varicella zoster virus. J Med Virol 70: S71-S78 (Pubitemid 36368850)
10. Chen JJ, Zhu Z, Gershon AA, Gershon MD (2004) Mannose 6-phosphate receptor dependence of varicella zoster virus infection in vitro and in the epidermis during varicella and zoster. Cell 119:915-926 (Pubitemid 40037606)
11. Chen JJ, Gershon MD, Wan S, Cowles RA, Ruiz-Elizalde A, Bischoff S, Gershon AA (2009) Latent infection of the human enteric nervous system by varicella zoster virus (VZV). Gastroenterology 136:W1689
12. Cohen JI, Krogmann T, Pesnicak L, Ali MA (2007) Absence or overexpression of the varicellazoster virus (VZV) ORF29 latency-associated protein impairs late gene expression and reduces VZV latency in a rodent model. J Virol 81:1586-1591 (Pubitemid 46214433)
13. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH (2003) Varicella zoster virus transcription in latently-infected human ganglia. Anticancer Res 23:2063-2069 (Pubitemid 36897165)
14. Cohrs RJ, Barbour MB, Mahalingam R, Wellish M, Gilden DH (1995) Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: prevalence of VZV gene 21 transcripts in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol 69:2674-2678
15. Cohrs RJ, Barbour M, Gilden DH (1996) Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: detection of transcripts to genes 21, 29, 62, and 63 in a cDNA library enriched for VZV RNA. J Virol 70:2789-2796 (Pubitemid 26121892)
16. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Kinchington PR, Grinfeld E, Kennedy PG (2003) Varicella-zoster virus gene 66 transcription and translation in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol 77:6660-6665 (Pubitemid 36666859)
17. Croen KD, Ostrove JM, Dragovic LY, Straus SE (1988) Patterns of gene expression and sites of latency in human ganglia are different for varicella-zoster and herpes simplex viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:9773-9777 (Pubitemid 19027207)
18. Diefenbach RJ, Miranda-Saksena M, Douglas MW, Cunningham AL (2008) Transport and egress of herpes simplex virus in neurons. Rev Med Virol 18:35-51 (Pubitemid 351155901)
19. Duncan JR, Kornfeld S (1988) Intracellular movement of two mannose 6-phosphate receptors: return to the Golgi apparatus. J Cell Biol 106:617-628 (Pubitemid 18089962)
20. Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, Gnann JW, Levin MJ, Backonja M, Betts RF, Gershon AA, Haanpaa ML, McKendrick MW, Nurmikko TJ, Oaklander AL, Oxman MN, Pavan-Langston D, Petersen KL, Rowbotham MC, Schmader KE, Stacey BR, Tyring SK, van Wijck AJ, Wallace MS, Wassilew SW, Whitley RJ (2007) Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis 44(Suppl 1):S1-S26 (Pubitemid 44956795)
21. Feller L, Jadwat Y, Bouckaert M (2005) Herpes zoster post-herpetic neuralgia. S Afr Dent J 60 (432):436-437
22. Fields HL, Rowbotham M, Baron R (1998) Postherpetic neuralgia: irritable nociceptors and deafferentation. Neurobiol Dis 5:209-227 (Pubitemid 28519152)
23. Gabel CA, Foster SA (1986) Mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated endocytosis of acid hydrolases: internalization of beta-glucuronidase is accompanied by a limited dephosphorylation. J Cell Biol 103:1817-1827 (Pubitemid 17189037)
24. Gabel C, Dubey L, Steinberg S, Gershon M, Gershon A (1989) Varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins are phosphorylated during posttranslational maturation. J Virol 63:4264-4276 (Pubitemid 19229422)
25. Gershon MD (2005) Nerves, reflexes, and the enteric nervous system: pathogenesis of the irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 39:S184-S193 (Pubitemid 44638345)
26. Gershon MD, Rothman TP (1991) Enteric glia. Glia 4:195-204
27. Gershon AA, Sherman DL, Zhu Z, Gabel CA, Ambron RT, Gershon MD (1994) Intracellular transport of newly synthesized varicella-zoster virus: final envelopment in the trans-Golgi network. J Virol 68:6372-6390 (Pubitemid 24294888)
28. Carpenter JE, Henderson EP, Grose C (2009) Enumeration of an extremely high particle-to-PFU ratio for varicella-zoster virus. J Virol 83:6917-6921
29. Chen J, Gershon A, Silverstein SJ, Li ZS, Lungu O, Gershon MD (2003) Latent and lytic infection of isolated guinea pig enteric and dorsal root ganglia by varicella zoster virus. J Med Virol 70: S71-S78 (Pubitemid 36368850)
30. Chen JJ, Zhu Z, Gershon AA, Gershon MD (2004) Mannose 6-phosphate receptor dependence of varicella zoster virus infection in vitro and in the epidermis during varicella and zoster. Cell 119:915-926 (Pubitemid 40037606)
31. Chen JJ, Gershon MD, Wan S, Cowles RA, Ruiz-Elizalde A, Bischoff S, Gershon AA (2009) Latent infection of the human enteric nervous system by varicella zoster virus (VZV). Gastroenterology 136:W1689
32. Cohen JI, Krogmann T, Pesnicak L, Ali MA (2007) Absence or overexpression of the varicellazoster virus (VZV) ORF29 latency-associated protein impairs late gene expression and reduces VZV latency in a rodent model. J Virol 81:1586-1591 (Pubitemid 46214433)
33. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH (2003) Varicella zoster virus transcription in latently-infected human ganglia. Anticancer Res 23:2063-2069 (Pubitemid 36897165)
34. Cohrs RJ, Barbour MB, Mahalingam R, Wellish M, Gilden DH (1995) Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: prevalence of VZV gene 21 transcripts in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol 69:2674-2678
35. Cohrs RJ, Barbour M, Gilden DH (1996) Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: detection of transcripts to genes 21, 29, 62, and 63 in a cDNA library enriched for VZV RNA. J Virol 70:2789-2796 (Pubitemid 26121892)
36. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Kinchington PR, Grinfeld E, Kennedy PG (2003) Varicella-zoster virus gene 66 transcription and translation in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol 77:6660-6665 (Pubitemid 36666859)
37. Croen KD, Ostrove JM, Dragovic LY, Straus SE (1988) Patterns of gene expression and sites of latency in human ganglia are different for varicella-zoster and herpes simplex viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:9773-9777 (Pubitemid 19027207)
38. Diefenbach RJ, Miranda-Saksena M, Douglas MW, Cunningham AL (2008) Transport and egress of herpes simplex virus in neurons. Rev Med Virol 18:35-51 (Pubitemid 351155901)
39. Duncan JR, Kornfeld S (1988) Intracellular movement of two mannose 6-phosphate receptors: return to the Golgi apparatus. J Cell Biol 106:617-628 (Pubitemid 18089962)
40. Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, Gnann JW, Levin MJ, Backonja M, Betts RF, Gershon AA, Haanpaa ML, McKendrick MW, Nurmikko TJ, Oaklander AL, Oxman MN, Pavan-Langston D, Petersen KL, Rowbotham MC, Schmader KE, Stacey BR, Tyring SK, van Wijck AJ, Wallace MS, Wassilew SW, Whitley RJ (2007) Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis 44(Suppl 1):S1-S26 (Pubitemid 44956795)
41. Feller L, Jadwat Y, Bouckaert M (2005) Herpes zoster post-herpetic neuralgia. S Afr Dent J 60 (432):436-437
42. Fields HL, Rowbotham M, Baron R (1998) Postherpetic neuralgia: irritable nociceptors and deafferentation. Neurobiol Dis 5:209-227 (Pubitemid 28519152)
43. Gabel CA, Foster SA (1986) Mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated endocytosis of acid hydrolases: internalization of beta-glucuronidase is accompanied by a limited dephosphorylation. J Cell Biol 103:1817-1827 (Pubitemid 17189037)
44. Gabel C, Dubey L, Steinberg S, Gershon M, Gershon A (1989) Varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins are phosphorylated during posttranslational maturation. J Virol 63:4264-4276 (Pubitemid 19229422)
45. Gershon MD (2005) Nerves, reflexes, and the enteric nervous system: pathogenesis of the irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 39:S184-S193 (Pubitemid 44638345)
46. Gershon MD, Rothman TP (1991) Enteric glia. Glia 4:195-204
47. Gershon AA, Sherman DL, Zhu Z, Gabel CA, Ambron RT, Gershon MD (1994) Intracellular transport of newly synthesized varicella-zoster virus: final envelopment in the trans-Golgi network. J Virol 68:6372-6390 (Pubitemid 24294888)
48. Gershon A, Chen J, LaRussa P, Steinberg S (2007) Varicella-zoster virus. In: Murray PR, Baron E, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Pfaller M (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology, 9th edn. ASM Press, Washington, D.C, pp 1537-1548
49. Gershon A, Takahashi M, Seward J (2008a) Live attenuated varicella vaccine. In: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P (eds) Vaccines, 5th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 915-958
50. Gershon AA, Chen J, Gershon MD (2008b) A model of lytic, latent, and reactivating varicellazoster virus infections in isolated enteric neurons. J Infect Dis 197(Suppl 2):S61-S65 (Pubitemid 351590148)
51. Gershon AA, Chen J, Davis L, Krinsky C, Cowles R, Gershon MD (2009) In: Presented at the 34th international herpesvirus workshop, Ithaca, NY
52. Goda Y, Pfeffer SR (1988) Selective recycling of the mannose 6-phosphate/IGF-II receptor to the trans Golgi network in vitro. Cell 55:309-320
53. Gold E (1966) Serologic and virus-isolation studies of patients with varicella or herpes zoster infection. N Engl J Med 274:181-185
54. Gowrishankar K, Slobedman B, Cunningham AL, Miranda-Saksena M, Boadle RA, Abendroth A (2007) Productive varicella-zoster virus infection of cultured intact human ganglia. J Virol 81:6752-6756 (Pubitemid 46878079)
55. Gregorakos L, Myrianthefs P, Markou N, Chroni D, Sakagianni E (2002) Severity of illness and outcome in adult patients with primary varicella pneumonia. Respiration 69:330-334 (Pubitemid 34920757)
56. Grinfeld E, Kennedy PG (2004) Translation of varicella-zoster virus genes during human ganglionic latency. Virus Genes 29:317-319 (Pubitemid 40941264)
57. Grinfeld E, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Kennedy PG (2004) Varicella-zoster virus proteins encoded by open reading frames 14 and 67 are both dispensable for the establishment of latency in a rat model. Virology 323:85-90 (Pubitemid 38681022)
58. Hambleton S, Steinberg SP, Gershon MD, Gershon AA (2007) Cholesterol dependence of varicella-zoster virion entry into target cells. J Virol 81:7548-7558 (Pubitemid 47047841)
59. Head H, Campbell AW (1900) The pathology of herpes zoster and its bearing on sensory localization. Brain 23:353-523
60. Johnson CF, Chan W, Kornfeld S (1990) Cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor contains two internalization signals in its cytoplasmic domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:10010-10014 (Pubitemid 120016574)
61. Kennedy PGE, Grinfeld E, Bell JE (2000) Varicella-zoster virus gene expression in latently infected and explanted human ganglia. J Virol 74:11893-11898 (Pubitemid 32222339)
62. Kennedy PG, Grinfeld E, Bontems S, Sadzot-Delvaux C (2001) Varicella-Zoster virus gene expression in latently infected rat dorsal root ganglia. Virology 289:218-223 (Pubitemid 33141001)
63. Kinchington PR, Bookey D, Turse SE (1995) The transcriptional regulatory proteins encoded by varicella-zoster virus are open reading frames (ORFs) 4 and 63, but not ORF 61, are associated with purified virus particles. J Virol 69:4274-4282
64. Kornfeld S (1987) Trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. FASEB J 1:462-468 (Pubitemid 18012081)
65. Koropchak C, Solem S, Diaz P, Arvin A (1989) Investigation of varicella-zoster virus infection of lymphocytes by in situ hybridization. J Virol 63:2392-2395 (Pubitemid 19107844)
66. Koster MI (2009) Making an epidermis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1170:7-10
67. Ku CC, Padilla JA, Grose C, Butcher EC, Arvin AM (2002) Tropism of varicella-zoster virus for human tonsillar CD4(+) T lymphocytes that express activation, memory, and skin homing markers. J Virol 76:11425-11433 (Pubitemid 35231298)
68. Ku CC, Zerboni L, Ito H, Graham BS, Wallace M, Arvin AM (2004) Varicella-zoster virus transfer to skin by T cells and modulation of viral replication by epidermal cell interferon-{alpha}. J Exp Med 200:917-925 (Pubitemid 39362927)
69. Li Q, Ali MA, Cohen JI (2006) Insulin degrading enzyme is a cellular receptor mediating varicella-zoster virus infection and cell-to-cell spread. Cell 127:305-316 (Pubitemid 44572380)
70. Lowry PW, Solem S, Watson BN, Koropchak C, Thackeray H, Kinchington P, Ruyechan W, Ling P, Hay J, Arvin A (1992) Immunity in strain 2 guinea pigs inoculated with vaccinia virus recombinants expressing varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins I, IV, V, or the protein product of the immediate early gene 62. J Gen Virol 73:811-819
71. Lowry PW, Sabella C, Koropchek C, Watson BN, Thackray HM, Abruzzi GM, Arvin AM (1993) Investigation of the pathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus infection in guinea pigs by using polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 167:78-83 (Pubitemid 23002840)
72. Lungu O, Annunziato P, Gershon A, Stegatis S, Josefson D, LaRussa P, Silverstein S (1995) Reactivated and latent varicella-zoster virus in human dorsal root ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10980-10984
73. Lungu O, Panagiotidis C, Annunziato P, Gershon A, Silverstein S (1998) Aberrant intracellular localization of varicella-zoster virus regulatory proteins during latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7080-7085 (Pubitemid 28278110)
74. Matsunga Y, Yamanishi K, Takahashi M (1982) Experimental infection and immune responses of guinea pigs with varicella zoster virus. Infect Immun 37:407
75. McArthur JC, Stocks EA, Hauer P, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW (1998) Epidermal nerve fiber density: normative reference range and diagnostic efficiency. Arch Neurol 55:1513-1520
76. Moffat JF, Stein MD, Kaneshima H, Arvin AM (1995) Tropism of varicella-zoster virus for human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and epidermal cells in SCID-hu mice. J Virol 69:5236-5242
77. Morawska L (2006) Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection? Indoor Air 16:335-347 (Pubitemid 44327686)
78. Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Straus S, Cohen J (1993) Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame 61 protein transactivates VZV gene promoters and enhances the infectivity of VZV DNA. J Virol 67:4290-4295 (Pubitemid 23180756)
79. Mueller NH, Gilden DH, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA (2008) Varicella zoster virus infection: clinical features, molecular pathogenesis of disease, and latency. Neurol Clin 26:675-697 (Pubitemid 352020491)
80. Mustonen K, Mustakangas P, Valanne L, Professor MH, Koskiniemi M (2001) Congenital varicella-zoster virus infection after maternal subclinical infection: clinical and neuropathological findings. J Perinatol 21:141-146 (Pubitemid 33710869)
81. Myers M, Duer HL, Haulser CK (1980) Experimental infection of guinea pigs with varicellazoster virus. J Infect Dis 142:414-420 (Pubitemid 10024579)
82. Myers M, Stanberry L, Edmond B (1985) Varicella-zoster virus infection of strain 2 guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 151:106-113 (Pubitemid 15192887)
83. Myers MG, Connelly B, Stanberry LR (1991) Varicella in hairless guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 163:746-751
84. Nagashima K, Nakazawa M, Endo H (1975) Pathology of the human spinal ganglia in varicellazoster virus infection. Acta Neuropathol 33:105-117
85. Nagel MA, Gilden DH (2007) The protean neurologic manifestations of varicella-zoster virus infection. Cleve Clin J Med 74:489-494, 496, 498-499 passim
86. Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM (2008) The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol 17:1063-1072
87. Reichelt M, Brady J, Arvin AM (2009) The replication cycle of varicella-zoster virus: analysis of the kinetics of viral protein expression, genome synthesis, and virion assembly at the singlecell level. J Virol 83:3904-3918
88. Rentier B, Debrus S, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Nikkels A, Piette J, Mahalingam R, Wellish M, Cohrs R, Gilden DH, Lungu O, LaRussa P, Silverstein S, Annunziato P, Gershon A (1996) In: Presented at the keystone symposium on virus entry, replication, and pathogenesis, Santa Fe, NM, pp 10-16
89. Ross AH, Lencher E, Reitman G (1962) Modification of chickenpox in family contacts by administration of gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 267:369-376
90. Sato H, Pesnicak L, Cohen JI (2003) Use of a rodent model to show that varicella-zoster virus ORF61 is dispensable for establishment of latency. J Med Virol 70(Suppl 1):S79-S81 (Pubitemid 36368851)
91. Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P (2000) The congenital varicella syndrome. J Perinatol 20:548-554
92. Sawyer M, Chamberlin C, Wu Y, Aintablian N, Wallace M (1993) Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in air samples from hospital rooms. J Infect Dis 169:91-94
93. Schaap A, Fortin JF, Sommer M, Zerboni L, Stamatis S, Ku CC, Nolan GP, Arvin AM (2005) T-cell tropism and the role of ORF66 protein in pathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus infection. J Virol 79:12921-12933 (Pubitemid 41433211)
94. Sharrar RG, LaRussa P, Galea S, Steinberg S, Sweet A, Keatley M, Wells M, Stephenson W, Gershon A (2000) The postmarketing safety profile of varicella vaccine. Vaccine 19:916-923
95. Soong W, Schultz JC, Patera AC, Sommer MH, Cohen JI (2000) Infection of human T lymphocytes with varicella-zoster virus: an analysis with viral mutants and clinical isolates. J Virol 74:1864-1870 (Pubitemid 30434045)
96. Tsolia M, Gershon A, Steinberg S, Gelb L (1990) Live attenuated varicella vaccine: evidence that the virus is attenuated and the importance of skin lesions in transmission of varicella-zoster virus. J Pediatr 116:184-189 (Pubitemid 20056770)
97. Wallace MR, Bowler WA, Oldfield EC 3rd (1993) Treatment of varicella in the immunocompetent adult. J Med Virol (Suppl 1):90-92 (Pubitemid 23290490)
98. Wang L, Sommer M, Rajamani J, Arvin AM (2009) Regulation of the ORF61 promoter and ORF61 functions in varicella-zoster virus replication and pathogenesis. J Virol 83:7560-7572
99. Wang Z-H, Gershon MD, Lungu O, Zhu Z, Mallory S, Arvin A, Gershon A (2001) Essential role played by the C-terminal domain of glycoprotein I in envelopment of varicella-zoster virus in the trans-Golgi network: interactions of glycoproteins with tegument. J Virol 75:323-340
100. Wood SM, Shah SS, Steenhoff AP, Rutstein RM (2008) Primary varicella and herpes zoster among HIV-infected children from 1989 to 2006. Pediatrics 121:e150-e156
101. Yadavalli S, Nadimpalli SK (2009) Role of cation independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor protein in sorting and intracellular trafficking of lysosomal enzymes in chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. Glycoconj J
102. Yoshikawa T, Ihira M, Suzuki K, Suga S, Tomitaka A, Ueda H, Asano Y (2001) Rapid contamination of the environment with varicella-zoster virus DNA from a patient with herpes zoster. J Med Virol 63:64-66
103. Yu IT, Li Y, Wong TW, Tam W, Chan AT, Lee JH, Leung DY, Ho T (2004) Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. N Engl J Med 350:1731-1739 (Pubitemid 38528700)
104. Zerboni L, Ku CC, Jones CD, Zehnder JL, Arvin AM (2005) Varicella-zoster virus infection of human dorsal root ganglia in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6490-6495 (Pubitemid 40617470)
105. Zhu Z, Gershon MD, Gabel C, Sherman D, Ambron R, Gershon AA (1995) Entry and egress of VZV: role of mannose 6-phosphate, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and signal sequences in targeting virions and viral glycoproteins. Neurology 45:S15-S17 (Pubitemid 26163677)