Understanding cardiac biomarkers in end-stage kidney disease: Frequently asked questions and the promise of clinical application

Nephrology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 251-260

  Roberts, Matthew A ^a,b   Hedley, Adam J ^a,b   Ierino, Francesco L ^a,b  

^a AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

brain natriuretic peptide; cardiovascular disease; renal dialysis; troponin

Indexed keywords

AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE 32; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MORTALITY; NON ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; SURVIVAL; THERAPY EFFECT;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, BRAIN; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; RENAL DIALYSIS; TROPONIN; UP-REGULATION;

EID: 79952001504     PISSN: 13205358     EISSN: 14401797     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01413.x     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Roberts MA, Hare DL, Ratnaike S, Ierino FL,. Cardiovascular biomarkers in CKD: Pathophysiology and implications for clinical management of cardiac disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006; 48: 341-60. (Pubitemid 44262433)
2. deFilippi C, Wasserman S, Rosanio S, et al. Cardiac troponin T and C-reactive protein for predicting prognosis, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. JAMA 2003; 290: 353-9. (Pubitemid 37430521)
3. Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Thompson CR, Levin A,. Prognostic value of troponin T and I among asymptomatic patients with end-stage renal disease: A meta-analysis. Circulation 2005; 112: 3088-96. (Pubitemid 43113440)
4. Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Tripepi G, et al. Diagnostic potential of cardiac natriuretic peptides in dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001; 59: 1559-66. (Pubitemid 32281248)
5. Roberts MA, Srivastava PM, Macmillan N, et al. B-type natriuretic peptides strongly predict mortality in patients who are treated with long-term dialysis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008; 3: 1057-65.
6. De Zoysa JR,. Cardiac troponins and renal disease. Nephrology 2004; 9: 83-8. (Pubitemid 38530450)
7. Freda BJ, Tang WH, Van Lente F, Peacock WF, Francis GS,. Cardiac troponins in renal insufficiency: Review and clinical implications. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 40: 2065-71. (Pubitemid 36005889)
8. Stein BC, Levin RI,. Natriuretic peptides: Physiology, therapeutic potential, and risk stratification in ischemic heart disease. Am. Heart J. 1998; 135: 914-23. (Pubitemid 28237319)
9. Daniels LB, Maisel AS,. Natriuretic peptides. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007; 50: 2357-68. (Pubitemid 50011582)
10. Goetze JP,. Biochemistry of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-derived peptides: The endocrine heart revisited. Clin. Chem. 2004; 50: 1503-10. (Pubitemid 39121217)
11. Apple FS, Wu AH,. Myocardial infarction redefined: Role of cardiac troponin testing. Clin. Chem. 2001; 47: 377-9. (Pubitemid 32222449)
12. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Jaffe A, White HD,. The universal definition of myocardial infarction: A consensus document: Ischaemic heart disease. Heart 2008; 94: 1335-41.
13. Newby LK, Goldmann BU, Ohman EM,. Troponin: An important prognostic marker and risk-stratification tool in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 41: 31S-36S. (Pubitemid 36223344)
14. Doust JA, Glasziou PP, Pietrzak E, Dobson AJ,. A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for heart failure. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004; 164: 1978-84. (Pubitemid 39390553)
15. Omland T, Persson A, Ng L, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2002; 106: 2913-18. (Pubitemid 35424741)
16. Kragelund C, Gronning B, Kober L, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen R,. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352: 666-75. (Pubitemid 40239214)
17. Hartmann F, Packer M, Coats AJS, et al. Prognostic impact of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in severe chronic congestive heart failure: A substudy of the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Trial. Circulation 2004; 110: 1780-86. (Pubitemid 39302655)
18. Lainchbury JG, Troughton RW, Strangman KM, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for chronic heart failure: Results from the BATTLESCARRED (NT-proBNP-Assisted Treatment To Lessen Serial Cardiac Readmissions and Death) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009; 55: 53-60.
19. Apple FS, Murakami MM, Pearce LA, Herzog CA,. Predictive value of cardiac troponin I and T for subsequent death in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 2941-5. (Pubitemid 35424746)
20. Apple FS, Wu AH, Jaffe AS,. European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology guidelines for redefinition of myocardial infarction: How to use existing assays clinically and for clinical trials. Am. Heart J. 2002; 144: 981-6. (Pubitemid 36026910)
21. Panteghini M, Pagani F, Yeo KT, et al. Evaluation of imprecision for cardiac troponin assays at low-range concentrations. Clin. Chem. 2004; 50: 327-32. (Pubitemid 38156373)
22. Hickman PE, Koerbin G, Southcott E, et al. Newer cardiac troponin I assays have similar performance to troponin T in patients with end-stage renal disease. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2007; 44: 285-9. (Pubitemid 351724693)
23. Roberts MA, Macmillan N, Hare DL, et al. Cardiac troponin levels in asymptomatic patients on the renal transplant waiting list. Nephrology 2006; 11: 471-6. (Pubitemid 44470099)
24. Roberts MA, Hare DL, Macmillan N, Ratnaike S, Sikaris K, Ierino FL,. Serial increased cardiac troponin T predicts mortality in asymptomatic patients treated with chronic haemodialysis. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2009; 46: 291-5.
25. Hill SA, Cleve R, Carlisle E, Young E, McQueen MJ,. Intra-individual variability in troponin T concentration in dialysis patients. Clin. Biochem. 2009; 42: 991-5.
26. Chapelle JP, Dubois B, Bovy C, Aldenhoff MC, Gielen J, Rorive G,. Comparison of plasma cardiac troponins T and I in chronically hemodialyzed patients in relation to cardiac status and age. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2002; 40: 240-45. (Pubitemid 34428852)
27. Conway B, McLaughlin M, Sharpe P, Harty J,. Use of cardiac troponin T in diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac events in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005; 20: 2759-64. (Pubitemid 41672277)
28. Beciani M, Tedesco A, Violante A, et al. Cardiac troponin I (2nd generation assay) in chronic haemodialysis patients: Prevalence and prognostic value. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003; 18: 942-6. (Pubitemid 36592537)
29. Lippi G, Tessitore N, Montagnana M, Salvagno GL, Lupo A, Guidi GC,. Influence of sampling time and ultrafiltration coefficient of the dialysis membrane on cardiac troponin I and T. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2008; 132: 72-6.
30. Wayand D, Baum H, Schatzle G, Scharf J, Neumeier D,. Cardiac troponin T and I in end-stage renal failure. Clin. Chem. 2000; 46: 1345-50.
31. Lowbeer C, Ottosson-Seeberger A, Gustafsson SA, Norrman R, Hulting J, Gutierrez A,. Increased cardiac troponin T and endothelin-1 concentrations in dialysis patients may indicate heart disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999; 14: 1948-55. (Pubitemid 29358893)
32. Willging S, Keller F, Steinbach G,. Specificity of cardiac troponins I and T in renal disease. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 1998; 36: 87-92. (Pubitemid 28156057)
33. Tun A, Khan IA, Win MT, et al. Specificity of cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme in asymptomatic long-term hemodialysis patients and effect of hemodialysis on these cardiac markers. Cardiology 1998; 90: 280-85. (Pubitemid 29137526)
34. Tarakcioglu M, Erbagci A, Cekmen M, et al. Acute effect of haemodialysis on serum markers of myocardial damage. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2002; 56: 328-32. (Pubitemid 34814582)
35. Mockel M, Schindler R, Knorr L, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin T and I elevations in renal disease patients without acute coronary syndromes: A 9-month outcome analysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999; 14: 1489-95. (Pubitemid 29241743)
36. Farkouh ME, Robbins MJ, Urooj Zafar M, et al. Association between troponin I levels and mortality in stable hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Med. 2003; 114: 224-6. (Pubitemid 36294009)
37. Sommerer C, Heckele S, Schwenger V, Katus HA, Giannitsis E, Zeier M,. Cardiac biomarkers are influenced by dialysis characteristics. Clin. Nephrol. 2007; 68: 392-400. (Pubitemid 350258768)
38. Ooi DS, House AA,. Cardiac troponin T in hemodialyzed patients. Clin. Chem. 1998; 44: 1410-16. (Pubitemid 28309099)
39. Montagnana M, Lippi G, Tessitore N, et al. Effect of hemodialysis on traditional and innovative cardiac markers. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2008; 22: 59-65. (Pubitemid 351272482)
40. Bozbas H, Korkmaz ME, Atar I, et al. Serum levels of cardiac enzymes before and after renal transplantation. Clin. Cardiol. 2004; 27: 559-62. (Pubitemid 39299014)
41. Fredericks S, Chang R, Gregson H, et al. Circulating cardiac troponin-T in patients before and after renal transplantation. Clin. Chim. Acta 2001; 310: 199-203. (Pubitemid 32728350)
42. Wu AH, Feng YJ, Roper L, Herbert K, Schweizer R,. Cardiac troponins T and I before and after renal transplantation. Clin. Chem. 1997; 43: 411-12.
43. Apple FS, Murakami MM, Pearce LA, Herzog CA,. Multi-biomarker risk stratification of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiac troponin T and I in end-stage renal disease for all-cause death. Clin. Chem. 2004; 50: 2279-85. (Pubitemid 39552162)
44. Wang AY-M, Lam CW-K, Yu C-M, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: An independent risk predictor of cardiovascular congestion, mortality, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007; 18: 321-30. (Pubitemid 46053444)
45. Nakatani T, Naganuma T, Masuda C, Uchida J, Sugimura T, Sugimura K,. Significance of brain natriuretic peptides in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2002; 10: 457-61.
46. Fernandez-Reyes MJ, Mon C, Heras M, et al. Predictive value of troponin T levels for ischemic heart disease and mortality in patients on hemodialysis. J. Nephrol. 2004; 17: 721-7. (Pubitemid 40484587)
47. Gutierrez OM, Tamez H, Bhan I, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations in hemodialysis patients: Prognostic value of baseline and follow-up measurements. Clin. Chem. 2008; 54: 1339-48.
48. Madsen LH, Ladefoged S, Corell P, Schou M, Hildebrandt PR, Atar D,. N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease in hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2007; 71: 548-54. (Pubitemid 46398682)
49. Choi SY, Lee JE, Jang EH, et al. Association between changes in N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and changes in left ventricular mass index in stable hemodialysis patients. Nephron. Clin. Pract. 2008; 110: c93-100.
50. Nybo M, Benn M, Mogelvang R, et al. Impact of hemoglobin on plasma pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in the general population. Clin. Chem. 2007; 53: 1921-7. (Pubitemid 350036036)
51. Iwanaga Y, Kihara Y, Niizuma S, et al. BNP in overweight and obese patients with heart failure: An analysis based on the BNP-LV diastolic wall stress relationship. J. Card. Fail. 2007; 13: 663-7. (Pubitemid 47513540)
52. Biasioli S, Zamperetti M, Borin D, Guidi G, De Fanti E, Schiavon R,. Significance of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in hemodialysis patients: Blood sample timing and comorbidity burden. ASAIO J. 2007; 53: 587-91. (Pubitemid 47462253)
53. Codognotto M, Piccoli A, Zaninotto M, et al. Renal dysfunction is a confounder for plasma natriuretic peptides in detecting heart dysfunction in uremic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies. Clin. Chem. 2007; 53: 2097-104. (Pubitemid 350197292)
54. Racek J, Krlov H, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Eiselt J,. Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal proBNP in chronic Haemodialysis patients. Nephron. Clin. Prac. 2006; 103: c162-72. (Pubitemid 44114504)
55. Wahl HG, Graf S, Renz H, Fassbinder W,. Elimination of the cardiac natriuretic peptides B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP by hemodialysis. Clin. Chem. 2004; 50: 1071-4. (Pubitemid 38725801)
56. Dautin G, Boudjeltia S, Soltani Z, Gambert P, Duvillard L,. The changes in NT-proBNP plasma concentrations during dialysis are highly dependent of the dialysis membrane ultrafiltration coefficient. Clin. Chim. Acta 2007; 376: 237-9. (Pubitemid 44880991)
57. Obineche EN, Pathan JY, Fisher S, et al. Natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin levels in chronic renal failure and effects of peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 2006; 69: 152-6. (Pubitemid 43117751)
58. Wei T-M, Jin L, Lv L-C, Zhang B-J, Wang L-X,. Changes in plasma B-type natriuretic peptide after allograft renal transplantation. Nephrology 2007; 12: 102-6.
59. Wang AY, Lam CW, Wang M, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin T is independent of inflammation, residual renal function, and cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis patients. Clin. Chem. 2007; 53: 882-9. (Pubitemid 46744244)
60. Duman D, Tokay S, Toprak A, Duman D, Oktay A, Ozener IC,. Elevated cardiac troponin T is associated with increased left ventricular mass index and predicts mortality in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005; 20: 962-7. (Pubitemid 40704034)
61. Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Parlongo S, et al. Troponin is related to left ventricular mass and predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 68-75. (Pubitemid 34701213)
62. deFilippi CR, Thorn EM, Aggarwal M, et al. Frequency and cause of cardiac troponin T elevation in chronic hemodialysis patients from study of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am. J. Cardiol. 2007; 100: 885-9. (Pubitemid 47268284)
63. Paniagua R, Amato D, Mujais S, et al. Predictive value of brain natriuretic peptides in patients on peritoneal dialysis: Results from the ADEMEX trial. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008; 3: 407-15.
64. Paniagua R, Ventura MD, Avila-Diaz M, et al. NT-proBNP, fluid volume overload and dialysis modality are independent predictors of mortality in ESRD patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2010; 25: 551-7.
65. Takase H, Dohi Y, Toriyama T, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide levels and cardiovascular risk in patients with diastolic dysfunction on chronic haemodialysis: Cross-sectional and observational studies. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2010; Epub Jul 12. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq408
66. Nishikimi T, Futoo Y, Tamano K, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels in chronic hemodialysis patients: Influence of coronary artery disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2001; 37: 1201-8. (Pubitemid 32525156)
67. Niizuma S, Iwanaga Y, Yahata T, et al. Impact of left ventricular end-diastolic wall stress on plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Clin. Chem. 2009; 55: 1347-53.
68. Lee JA, Kim DH, Yoo SJ, Oh DJ, Yu SH, Kang ET,. Association between serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentration and left ventricular dysfunction and extracellular water in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 2006; 26: 360-65.
69. Granja CA, Tailor PT, Gorban-Brennan N, Francis J, Bekui A, Finkelstein FO,. Brain natriuretic peptide and impedance cardiography to assess volume status in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv. Perit. Dial. 2007; 23: 155-60.
70. Gangji AS, Helal BA, Churchill DN, Brimble KS, Margetts PJ,. Association between N-terminal propeptide B-type natriuretic peptide and markers of hypervolemia. Perit. Dial. Int. 2008; 28: 308-11. (Pubitemid 352003047)
71. Fagugli RM, Palumbo B, Ricciardi D, et al. Association between brain natriuretic peptide and extracellular water in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. Clin. Pract. 2003; 95: c60-66.
72. Lee S, Song J, Kim G, Lim H, Kim M-J,. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration on assessment of hydration status in hemodialysis patient. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2003; 41: 1257-66. (Pubitemid 36637982)
73. Roueff S, Martin E, Chauffert ML, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide variations are linked to volume status in hemodialysis patients. Clin. Nephrol. 2008; 70: 508-13.
74. Bueti J, Krahn J, Karpinski M, Bohm C, Fine A, Rigatto C,. Troponin I testing in dialysis patients presenting to the emergency room: Does troponin I predict the 30-day outcome? Nephron. Clin. Pract. 2006; 103: c129-36. (Pubitemid 44114499)
75. Han JH, Lindsell CJ, Ryan RJ, Gibler WB,. Changes in cardiac troponin T measurements are associated with adverse cardiac events in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2005; 23: 468-73. (Pubitemid 41007995)
76. Ie EH, Klootwijk PJ, Weimar W, Zietse R,. Significance of acute versus chronic troponin T elevation in dialysis patients. Nephron. Clin. Pract. 2004; 98: c87-92. (Pubitemid 39482571)
77. Balamuthusamy S, Khosla S, Meka S, et al. Clinical utility of cardiac troponin I in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in patients with renal failure. Am. J. Ther. 2007; 14: 356-60. (Pubitemid 47220846)
78. Badero OJ, Salifu MO,. Prediction of hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease using troponin I in hemodialysis patients presenting with chest pain: A case-control study. Cardiology 2009; 114: 292-7.
79. Ziebig R, Lun A, Hocher B, et al. Renal elimination of troponin T and troponin I. Clin. Chem. 2003; 49: 1191-3. (Pubitemid 36751111)
80. Wiessner R, Hannemann-Pohl K, Ziebig R, et al. Impact of kidney function on plasma troponin concentrations after coronary artery bypass grafting. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2008; 23: 231-8. (Pubitemid 351767358)
81. Ellis K, Dreisbach AW, Lertora JL,. Plasma elimination of cardiac troponin I in end-stage renal disease. South Med. J. 2001; 94: 993-6. (Pubitemid 33753063)
82. Diris JH, Hackeng CM, Kooman JP, Pinto YM, Hermens WT, van Dieijen-Visser MP,. Impaired renal clearance explains elevated troponin T fragments in hemodialysis patients. Circulation 2004; 109: 23-5. (Pubitemid 38056015)
83. Fahie-Wilson MN, Carmichael DJ, Delaney MP, Stevens PE, Hall EM, Lamb EJ,. Cardiac troponin T circulates in the free, intact form in patients with kidney failure. Clin. Chem. 2006; 52: 414-20.
84. Panteghini M, Clerico A,. Understanding the clinical biochemistry of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: The prerequisite for its optimal clinical use. Clin. Lab. 2004; 50: 325-31. (Pubitemid 38877732)
85. Vickery S, Price CP, John RI, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino-terminal proBNP in patients with CKD: Relationship to renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2005; 46: 610-20. (Pubitemid 41383938)
86. Austin WJ, Bhalla V, Hernandez-Arce I, et al. Correlation and prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide and its amino-terminal fragment in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2006; 126: 506-12. (Pubitemid 44498499)
87. Luchner A, Hengstenberg C, Lowel H, Riegger GA, Schunkert H, Holmer S,. Effect of compensated renal dysfunction on approved heart failure markers: Direct comparison of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP. Hypertension 2005; 46: 118-23. (Pubitemid 40946501)
88. Richards M, Nicholls MG, Espiner EA, et al. Comparison of B-type natriuretic peptides for assessment of cardiac function and prognosis in stable ischemic heart disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 52-60. (Pubitemid 43005164)
89. Ng LL, Geeranavar S, Jennings SC, Loke I, O'Brien RJ,. Diagnosis of heart failure using urinary natriuretic peptides. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 2004; 106: 129-33. (Pubitemid 38223430)
90. Palmer SC, Endre ZH, Richards AM, Yandle TG,. Characterization of NT-proBNP in human urine. Clin. Chem. 2009; 55: 1126-34.
91. Palmer SC, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, Frampton CM, Richards AM,. Regional clearance of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide from human plasma. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2009; 11: 832-9.
92. Schou M, Dalsgaard MK, Clemmesen O, et al. Kidneys extract BNP and NT-proBNP in healthy young men. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005; 99: 1676-80. (Pubitemid 41547162)
93. van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL Jr, Bakker JA, et al. Renal clearance of B-type natriuretic peptide and amino terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide a mechanistic study in hypertensive subjects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009; 53: 884-90.
94. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, et al. Multimarker approach to risk stratification in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: Simultaneous assessment of troponin I, C-reactive protein, and B-type natriuretic peptide. Circulation 2002; 105: 1760-63. (Pubitemid 34408881)
95. Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Goldmann B, Deu A, Langenbrink L, White HD,. Troponin concentrations for stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes in relation to therapeutic efficacy of tirofiban. PRISM Study Investigators. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management. Lancet 1999; 354: 1757-62.
96. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Tanasijevic M, et al. Cardiac troponin I for stratification of early outcomes and the efficacy of enoxaparin in unstable angina: A TIMI-11B substudy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000; 36: 1812-17.
97. Newby LK, Ohman EM, Christenson RH, et al. Benefit of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in patients with acute coronary syndromes and troponin T-positive status: The PARAGON-B troponin T substudy. Circulation 2001; 103: 2891-6. (Pubitemid 32578124)
98. Richards AM, Troughton R, Lainchbury J, Doughty R, Wright S,. Guiding and monitoring of heart failure therapy with NT-ProBNP: Concepts and clinical studies. J. Card. Fail. 2005; 11: S34-7.
99. Jourdain P, Jondeau G, Funck F, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: The STARS-BNP multicenter study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007; 49: 1733-9. (Pubitemid 46589928)
100. Johnson DW, Craven AM, Isbel NM,. Modification of cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients: An evidence-based review. Hemodial. Int. 2007; 11: 1-14. (Pubitemid 46128673)
101. Hedley AJ, Roberts MA, Hayward PA, et al. Impact of chronic kidney disease on patient outcome following cardiac surgery. Heart Lung Circ. 2010; 19: 453-9.
102. Hara Y, Hamada M, Shigematsu Y, Murakami B, Hiwada K,. Beneficial effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on left ventricular function in haemodialysis patients. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 2001; 101: 219-25. (Pubitemid 32835518)
103. Kojima M, Sato K, Kimura G, Ueda R, Dohi Y,. Carvedilol reduces elevated B-type natriuretic peptide in dialyzed patients without heart failure: Cardioprotective effect of the beta-blocker. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2007; 49: 191-6. (Pubitemid 46626010)
104. Mitsuhashi H, Tamura K, Yamauchi J, et al. Effect of losartan on ambulatory short-term blood pressure variability and cardiovascular remodeling in hypertensive patients on hemodialysis. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207: 186-90.
105. Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Sugahara S, et al. Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis: An open-label randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2008; 52: 501-6.
106. Takahashi A, Takase H, Toriyama T, et al. Candesartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, reduces cardiovascular events in patients on chronic haemodialysis-a randomized study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2006; 21: 2507-12. (Pubitemid 44644524)
107. Zannad F, Kessler M, Lehert P, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease: Results of a randomized trial of fosinopril and implications for future studies. Kidney Int. 2006; 70: 1318-24. (Pubitemid 44435184)
108. Tapolyai M, Uysal A, Maeweathers G, Bahta E, Dossabhoy NR,. B-type natriuretic peptide-directed ultrafiltration improves care in acutely hospitalized dialysis patients. Congest. Heart Fail. 2009; 15: 131-5.
109. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 339: 584-90. (Pubitemid 28385655)
110. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009; 360: 1395-407.