메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 197-251

Reassessing Trends In Black Violent Crime, 1980-2008: Sorting Out The "Hispanic Effect" In Uniform Crime Reports Arrests, National Crime Victimization Survey Offender Estimates, And U.S. Prisoner Counts

Author keywords

Disparities; Hispanics; Incarceration; Race; Trends; Violence

Indexed keywords


EID: 79951980566     PISSN: 00111384     EISSN: 17459125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00222.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (80)

References (99)
  • 1
    • 0031430238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a reconciliation of "assimilation" and "pluralism": The interplay of acculturation and ethnic retention
    • Alba, Richard, and Victor Nee 1997. Toward a reconciliation of "assimilation" and "pluralism": The interplay of acculturation and ethnic retention. International Migration Review 31:875-92.
    • (1997) International Migration Review , vol.31 , pp. 875-892
    • Alba, R.1    Nee, V.2
  • 2
    • 2442575958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • Alba, Richard, and Victor Nee 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (2003)
    • Alba, R.1    Nee, V.2
  • 3
    • 0035430991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circular, invisible, and ambiguous migrants: Components of difference in estimates of the number of unauthorized Mexican migrants in the United States
    • Bean, Frank, Rodolfo Corona, Rodolfo Tuiran, Karen Woodrow-Lafield, and Jennifer Van Hook 2001. Circular, invisible, and ambiguous migrants: Components of difference in estimates of the number of unauthorized Mexican migrants in the United States. Demography 38:411-22.
    • (2001) Demography , vol.38 , pp. 411-422
    • Bean, F.1    Corona, R.2    Tuiran, R.3    Woodrow-Lafield, K.4    Van Hook, J.5
  • 4
    • 84903328380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • America's Newcomers and the Dynamics of Diversity
    • New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • Bean, Frank, and Gillian Stevens 2003. America's Newcomers and the Dynamics of Diversity. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (2003)
    • Bean, F.1    Stevens, G.2
  • 5
    • 0004032475 scopus 로고
    • The Hispanic Population of the United States
    • New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • Bean, Frank, and Marta Tienda 1987. The Hispanic Population of the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1987)
    • Bean, F.1    Tienda, M.2
  • 6
    • 36148955022 scopus 로고
    • The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime
    • Blau, Judith R., and Peter M. Blau 1982. The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review 47:114-29.
    • (1982) American Sociological Review , vol.47 , pp. 114-129
    • Blau, J.R.1    Blau, P.M.2
  • 7
    • 50649090659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizenship and immigration: Multiculturalism, assimilation, and challenges to the nation-state
    • Bloemraad, Irene, Anna Korteweg, and Gökçe Yurdakul 2008. Citizenship and immigration: Multiculturalism, assimilation, and challenges to the nation-state. Annual Review of Sociology 34:153-79.
    • (2008) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.34 , pp. 153-179
    • Bloemraad, I.1    Korteweg, A.2    Yurdakul, G.3
  • 8
    • 0020424317 scopus 로고
    • On the racial disproportionality of United States' prison populations
    • Blumstein, Alfred. 1982. On the racial disproportionality of United States' prison populations. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73:1259-81.
    • (1982) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , vol.73 , pp. 1259-1281
    • Blumstein, A.1
  • 9
    • 0001060058 scopus 로고
    • Racial disproportionality of U.S. prison populations revisited
    • Blumstein, Alfred. 1993. Racial disproportionality of U.S. prison populations revisited. University of Colorado Law Review 64:743-60.
    • (1993) University of Colorado Law Review , vol.64 , pp. 743-760
    • Blumstein, A.1
  • 10
    • 70349804495 scopus 로고
    • Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry
    • Blumstein, Alfred. 1995. Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10-36.
    • (1995) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , vol.86 , pp. 10-36
    • Blumstein, A.1
  • 11
    • 79952000837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding Crime Trends: Workshop Report
    • Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • Blumstein, Alfred, and Richard Rosenfeld 2009. Understanding Crime Trends: Workshop Report. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2009)
    • Blumstein, A.1    Rosenfeld, R.2
  • 12
    • 84976921584 scopus 로고
    • Race/ethnicity and patterns of Chicago homicide, 1965-1981
    • Block, Carolyn. 1985. Race/ethnicity and patterns of Chicago homicide, 1965-1981. Crime and Delinquency 31:104-16.
    • (1985) Crime and Delinquency , vol.31 , pp. 104-116
    • Block, C.1
  • 14
    • 2342666984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States
    • Plymouth, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield.
    • Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2007. Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Plymouth, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield.
    • (2007)
    • Bonilla-Silva, E.1
  • 15
    • 79951993804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place
    • In, ed. Robert Bullard. Plymouth, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield.
    • Bositis, David. 2007. Black political power in the new century. In The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place, ed. Robert Bullard Plymouth, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield.
    • (2007) Black political power in the new century
    • Bositis, D.1
  • 16
    • 0039243574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An historical geographical study of lethal violence in San Antonio
    • Bradshaw, Benjamin, David Johnson, Derral Cheatwood, and Stephen Blanchard 1998. An historical geographical study of lethal violence in San Antonio. Social Science Quarterly 79:863-78.
    • (1998) Social Science Quarterly , vol.79 , pp. 863-878
    • Bradshaw, B.1    Johnson, D.2    Cheatwood, D.3    Blanchard, S.4
  • 17
    • 84975850624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of injustice revisited: A test of Hagan 's comparative conflict theory
    • Buckler, Kevin, James D. Unnever, and Francis T. Cullen 2007. Perceptions of injustice revisited: A test of Hagan et al.'s comparative conflict theory. Journal of Crime and Justice 31:35-57.
    • (2007) Journal of Crime and Justice , vol.31 , pp. 35-57
    • Buckler, K.1    Unnever, J.D.2    Cullen, F.T.3
  • 18
    • 78650749423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place
    • Plymouth, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield.
    • Bullard, Robert. 2007. The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place. Plymouth, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield.
    • (2007)
    • Bullard, R.1
  • 19
    • 79960755755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing Poverty, Changing Policies
    • In, eds. Maria Cancian and Sheldon Danziger. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • Cancian, Maria, and Sheldon Danziger 2009. Changing poverty and changing antipoverty policies. In Changing Poverty, Changing Policies, eds. Maria Cancian and Sheldon Danziger New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (2009) Changing poverty and changing antipoverty policies
    • Cancian, M.1    Danziger, S.2
  • 20
    • 0034238518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood racial-composition preferences: Evidence from a multiethnic metropolis
    • Charles, Camille. 2000. Neighborhood racial-composition preferences: Evidence from a multiethnic metropolis. Social Problems 47:379-407.
    • (2000) Social Problems , vol.47 , pp. 379-407
    • Charles, C.1
  • 21
    • 0242641263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of racial residential segregation
    • Charles, Camille. 2003. The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annual Review of Sociology 29:167-207.
    • (2003) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.29 , pp. 167-207
    • Charles, C.1
  • 22
    • 27944499446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American marriage in the early twenty-first century
    • Cherlin, Andrew. 2005. American marriage in the early twenty-first century. The Future of Children 15:33-55.
    • (2005) The Future of Children , vol.15 , pp. 33-55
    • Cherlin, A.1
  • 23
    • 0033466536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victims and offenders in two crime statistics programs: A comparison of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
    • Chilton, Roland, and John Jarvis 1999. Victims and offenders in two crime statistics programs: A comparison of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:193-205.
    • (1999) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.15 , pp. 193-205
    • Chilton, R.1    Jarvis, J.2
  • 24
    • 79951979187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place
    • In, ed. Robert Bullard. Plymouth, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield.
    • Darden, Joe. 2007. Residential apartheid American style. In The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place, ed. Robert Bullard Plymouth, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield.
    • (2007) Residential apartheid American style
    • Darden, J.1
  • 25
    • 1642393710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of citizenship status on sentencing outcomes in drug cases
    • Demuth, Stephen. 2002. The effect of citizenship status on sentencing outcomes in drug cases. Federal Sentencing Report 14:271-5.
    • (2002) Federal Sentencing Report , vol.14 , pp. 271-275
    • Demuth, S.1
  • 26
    • 1642418520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic differences in pretrial release decisions and outcomes: A comparison of Hispanic, black, and white felony arrestees
    • Demuth, Stephen. 2003. Racial and ethnic differences in pretrial release decisions and outcomes: A comparison of Hispanic, black, and white felony arrestees. Criminology 41:873-908.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 873-908
    • Demuth, S.1
  • 27
    • 44649107573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hispanics and the Future of America
    • In, eds. Marta Tienda and Faith Mitchell. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • Durand, Jorge, Edward Telles, and Jennifer Flashman 2006. The demographic foundations of the Latino population. In Hispanics and the Future of America, eds. Marta Tienda and Faith Mitchell Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2006) The demographic foundations of the Latino population
    • Durand, J.1    Telles, E.2    Flashman, J.3
  • 28
    • 84926281810 scopus 로고
    • Blacks and Whites: Narrowing the Gap?
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • Farley, Reynolds. 1984. Blacks and Whites: Narrowing the Gap? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1984)
    • Farley, R.1
  • 29
    • 0028551037 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the segregation of whites from blacks during the 1980s: Small steps toward an integrated society
    • Farley, Robert, and William Frey 1994. Changes in the segregation of whites from blacks during the 1980s: Small steps toward an integrated society. American Sociological Review 59:23-45.
    • (1994) American Sociological Review , vol.59 , pp. 23-45
    • Farley, R.1    Frey, W.2
  • 30
    • 70149115880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration and violence: The offsetting effects of immigrant concentration on Latino violence
    • Feldmeyer, Ben. 2009. Immigration and violence: The offsetting effects of immigrant concentration on Latino violence. Social Science Research 38:717-31.
    • (2009) Social Science Research , vol.38 , pp. 717-731
    • Feldmeyer, B.1
  • 31
    • 70349153770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration effects on homicide offending for total and race/ethnicity-disaggregated populations (white, black, and Latino)
    • Feldmeyer, Ben, and Darrell Steffensmeier 2009. Immigration effects on homicide offending for total and race/ethnicity-disaggregated populations (white, black, and Latino). Homicide Studies 13:211-26.
    • (2009) Homicide Studies , vol.13 , pp. 211-226
    • Feldmeyer, B.1    Steffensmeier, D.2
  • 32
    • 77956330133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latino immigrants and the U.S. racial order: How and where do they fit in
    • Frank, Reanne, Hana Redstone Akresh, and Bo Lu 2010. Latino immigrants and the U.S. racial order: How and where do they fit in American Sociological Review 75:378-401.
    • (2010) American Sociological Review , vol.75 , pp. 378-401
    • Frank, R.1    Akresh, H.R.2    Lu, B.3
  • 33
    • 0012093209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race in America: Rapidly Resegregating School Districts
    • Cambridge, MA: The Civil Rights Project.
    • Frankenberg, Erica, and Chungmei Lee 2002. Race in America: Rapidly Resegregating School Districts. Cambridge, MA: The Civil Rights Project.
    • (2002)
    • Frankenberg, E.1    Lee, C.2
  • 34
  • 36
    • 27544503254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States
    • In, eds. Victor Zúñiga and Rubén Hernández-León. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • Griffith, David. 2005. Rural industry and Mexican immigration and settlement in North Carolina. In New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States, eds. Victor Zúñiga and Rubén Hernández-León New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (2005) Rural industry and Mexican immigration and settlement in North Carolina
    • Griffith, D.1
  • 37
    • 0003403425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal
    • New York: Scribner.
    • Hacker, Andrew. 2003. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York: Scribner.
    • (2003)
    • Hacker, A.1
  • 38
    • 82455252687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are blacks and Hispanics disproportionately incarcerated relative to their arrests? Racial and ethnic disproportionality between arrest and incarceration
    • Harris, Casey T., Darrell Steffensmeier, Jeffery T. Ulmer, and Noah Painter-Davis 2009. Are blacks and Hispanics disproportionately incarcerated relative to their arrests? Racial and ethnic disproportionality between arrest and incarceration. Race and Social Problems 1:187-99.
    • (2009) Race and Social Problems , vol.1 , pp. 187-199
    • Harris, C.T.1    Steffensmeier, D.2    Ulmer, J.T.3    Painter-Davis, N.4
  • 39
    • 77953912022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the US Criminal Justice System
    • Oakland, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
    • Hartney, Christopher, and Linh Vuong 2009. Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the US Criminal Justice System. Oakland, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
    • (2009)
    • Hartney, C.1    Vuong, L.2
  • 40
    • 0003501524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change
    • Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • Healey, Joseph. 2006. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2006)
    • Healey, J.1
  • 41
    • 0032445065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The continuing significance of race revisited: A study of race, class, and quality of life in America, 1972 to 1996
    • Hughes, Michael, and Melvin Thomas 1998. The continuing significance of race revisited: A study of race, class, and quality of life in America, 1972 to 1996. American Sociological Review 63:785-95.
    • (1998) American Sociological Review , vol.63 , pp. 785-795
    • Hughes, M.1    Thomas, M.2
  • 42
    • 33646159990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does socioeconomic status matter? Race, class, and residential segregation
    • Iceland, John, and Rima Wilkes 2006. Does socioeconomic status matter? Race, class, and residential segregation. Social Problems 53:248-73.
    • (2006) Social Problems , vol.53 , pp. 248-273
    • Iceland, J.1    Wilkes, R.2
  • 43
    • 78049475646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Still separate and unequal? A city-level analysis of the black-white gap in homicide arrests since 1960
    • LaFree, Gary, Eric P. Baumer, and Robert O'Brien 2010. Still separate and unequal? A city-level analysis of the black-white gap in homicide arrests since 1960. American Sociological Review 75:75-100.
    • (2010) American Sociological Review , vol.75 , pp. 75-100
    • LaFree, G.1    Baumer, E.P.2    O'Brien, R.3
  • 44
    • 84900887648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America
    • and ? In, eds. Ruth D. Peterson, Lauren J. Krivo, and John Hagan. New York: New York University Press.
    • LaFree, Gary, Robert O'Brien, and Eric P. Baumer 2006. Is the gap between black and white arrest rates narrowing? In The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America, eds. Ruth D. Peterson, Lauren J. Krivo, and John Hagan New York: New York University Press.
    • (2006) Is the gap between black and white arrest rates narrowing
    • LaFree, G.1    O'Brien, R.2    Baumer, E.P.3
  • 45
    • 50649093950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broken down by race and gender? Sociological explanations of new sources of earnings inequality
    • Leicht, Kevin. 2008. Broken down by race and gender? Sociological explanations of new sources of earnings inequality. Annual Review of Sociology 34:237-55.
    • (2008) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.34 , pp. 237-255
    • Leicht, K.1
  • 46
    • 79951967172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime and Social Control in a Changing China
    • In, eds. Jianhong Liu, Lening Zheng, and Steven F. Messner. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
    • Liu, Jianhong, and Steven F. Messner 2001. Modernization and crime trends in China's reform era. In Crime and Social Control in a Changing China, eds. Jianhong Liu, Lening Zheng, and Steven F. Messner Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
    • (2001) Modernization and crime trends in China's reform era
    • Liu, J.1    Messner, S.F.2
  • 47
    • 78651477851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000
    • In, eds. Bruce Katz and Robert E. Lang. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
    • Logan, John. 2003. Ethnic diversity grows, neighborhood integration lags. In Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000, vol. 1, eds. Bruce Katz and Robert E. Lang Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
    • (2003) Ethnic diversity grows, neighborhood integration lags , vol.1
    • Logan, J.1
  • 48
    • 57749137452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic and gender satisfaction in the military: The effect of a meritocratic institution
    • Lundquist, Jennifer. 2008. Ethnic and gender satisfaction in the military: The effect of a meritocratic institution. American Sociological Review 73:477-96.
    • (2008) American Sociological Review , vol.73 , pp. 477-496
    • Lundquist, J.1
  • 49
    • 0004262962 scopus 로고
    • Citizenship and Social Class
    • London, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
    • Marshall, Thomas H. 1950. Citizenship and Social Class. London, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1950)
    • Marshall, T.H.1
  • 50
    • 0842336567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latino Homicide: Immigration, Violence, and Community
    • New York: Routledge.
    • Martinez, Ramiro, Jr. 2002. Latino Homicide: Immigration, Violence, and Community. New York: Routledge.
    • (2002)
    • Martinez Jr, R.1
  • 51
    • 58149253200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problem of the Century
    • In, eds. Elijah Anderson and Douglas S. Massey. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • Massey, Douglas S. 2001. Segregation and violent crime in urban America. In Problem of the Century, eds. Elijah Anderson and Douglas S. Massey New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (2001) Segregation and violent crime in urban America
    • Massey, D.S.1
  • 52
    • 33748335630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No community is an island: The effects of resource deprivation on urban violence in spatially and socially proximate communities
    • Mears, Daniel P., and Avinash Bhati 2006. No community is an island: The effects of resource deprivation on urban violence in spatially and socially proximate communities. Criminology 44:509-48.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 509-548
    • Mears, D.P.1    Bhati, A.2
  • 53
    • 79951978721 scopus 로고
    • Anomie and Deviant Behavior: A Discussion and Critique
    • In, ed. Marshall B. Clinard. New York: The Free Press.
    • Merton, Robert K. 1964. Anomie, anomia, and social interaction. In Anomie and Deviant Behavior: A Discussion and Critique, ed. Marshall B. Clinard New York: The Free Press.
    • (1964) Anomie, anomia, and social interaction
    • Merton, R.K.1
  • 54
    • 0038905244 scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in job satisfaction: Testing four common explanations
    • Moch, Michael. 1980. Racial differences in job satisfaction: Testing four common explanations. Journal of Applied Psychology 65:299-306.
    • (1980) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 299-306
    • Moch, M.1
  • 55
    • 79951979414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • America's Tomorrow: A Profile of Latino Youth
    • New York: National Council of La Raza.
    • Moeller, Marguerite. 2010. America's Tomorrow: A Profile of Latino Youth. New York: National Council of La Raza.
    • (2010)
    • Moeller, M.1
  • 56
    • 0004007288 scopus 로고
    • Hispanics in the United States
    • Englewood, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    • Moore, Joan, and Harry Pachon 1985. Hispanics in the United States. Englewood, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    • (1985)
    • Moore, J.1    Pachon, H.2
  • 57
    • 0003672359 scopus 로고
    • In the Barrios: Latinos and the Underclass Debate
    • New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • Moore, Joan, and Raquel Pinderhughes 1993. In the Barrios: Latinos and the Underclass Debate. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1993)
    • Moore, J.1    Pinderhughes, R.2
  • 58
    • 77949912204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridged Race Population Estimates, US, 2008
    • National Center on Health Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    • National Center on Health Statistics. 2009. Bridged Race Population Estimates, US, 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    • (2009)
  • 59
    • 65949094687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveying Victims: Options for Conducting the National Crime Victimization Survey
    • National Research Council. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
    • National Research Council. 2008. Surveying Victims: Options for Conducting the National Crime Victimization Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
    • (2008)
  • 60
    • 79951976547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The State of Black America
    • National Urban League. New York: National Urban League.
    • National Urban League. 2009. The State of Black America. New York: National Urban League.
    • (2009)
  • 61
    • 0033471109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring the convergence/divergence of "serious crime" arrest rates for males and females: 1960-1995
    • O'Brien, Robert. 1999. Measuring the convergence/divergence of "serious crime" arrest rates for males and females: 1960-1995. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:97-114.
    • (1999) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.15 , pp. 97-114
    • O'Brien, R.1
  • 62
    • 84900056386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unequal Crime Decline: Theorizing Race, Urban Inequality, and Criminal Violence
    • New York: New York University Press.
    • Parker, Karen. 2008. Unequal Crime Decline: Theorizing Race, Urban Inequality, and Criminal Violence. New York: New York University Press.
    • (2008)
    • Parker, K.1
  • 63
    • 27144462427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics
    • Washingon, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
    • Passel, Jeffery. 2005. Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics. Washingon, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
    • (2005)
    • Passel, J.1
  • 64
    • 58249102540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Population Projections, 2005-2050
    • Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
    • Passel, Jeffrey, and D'Vera Cohn 2008. U.S. Population Projections, 2005-2050. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
    • (2008)
    • Passel, J.1    Cohn, D.2
  • 65
    • 33747411973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of the Legal and Unauthorized Foreign-Born Population for the United States and Selected States, Based on Census 2000
    • Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
    • Passel, Jeffrey, Jennifer Van Hook, and Frank Bean 2004. Estimates of the Legal and Unauthorized Foreign-Born Population for the United States and Selected States, Based on Census 2000. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
    • (2004)
    • Passel, J.1    Van Hook, J.2    Bean, F.3
  • 66
    • 79951988684 scopus 로고
    • Organized Crime: Trends and Patterns
    • Conshohocken, PA: Pennsylvania Crime Commission.
    • Pennsylvania Crime Commission 1991. Organized Crime: Trends and Patterns. Conshohocken, PA: Pennsylvania Crime Commission.
    • (1991)
    • Commission, P.C.1
  • 67
    • 33847060770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social boundaries and marital assimilation: Interpreting trends in racial and ethnic intermarriage
    • Qian, Zhenchao, and Daniel Lichter 2007. Social boundaries and marital assimilation: Interpreting trends in racial and ethnic intermarriage. American Sociological Review 72:68-94.
    • (2007) American Sociological Review , vol.72 , pp. 68-94
    • Qian, Z.1    Lichter, D.2
  • 68
    • 0242624786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How long are exposures to poor neighborhoods? The long-term dynamics of entry and exit from poor neighborhoods
    • Quillian, Lincoln. 2003. How long are exposures to poor neighborhoods? The long-term dynamics of entry and exit from poor neighborhoods. Population Research and Policy Review 22:221-49.
    • (2003) Population Research and Policy Review , vol.22 , pp. 221-249
    • Quillian, L.1
  • 69
    • 0004041509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Victimization 1973-95
    • Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
    • Rand, Michael, James P. Lynch, and David Cantor 1997. Criminal Victimization 1973-95. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
    • (1997)
    • Rand, M.1    Lynch, J.P.2    Cantor, D.3
  • 70
    • 74049123304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring the economic racial divide across the course of American lives
    • Rank, Mark. 2009. Measuring the economic racial divide across the course of American lives. Race and Social Problems 1:57-66.
    • (2009) Race and Social Problems , vol.1 , pp. 57-66
    • Rank, M.1
  • 71
    • 85009288464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hispanics and the Future of America
    • In, eds. Marta Tienda and Faith Mitchell. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • Rumbaut, Rubén. 2006. The making of a people. In Hispanics and the Future of America, eds. Marta Tienda and Faith Mitchell Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2006) The making of a people
    • Rumbaut, R.1
  • 72
    • 0034137967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The declining significance of race among American men during the latter half of the twentieth century
    • Sakamoto, Arthur, Wu Huei-Hsia, and Jessie Tzeng 2000. The declining significance of race among American men during the latter half of the twentieth century. Demography 37:41-51.
    • (2000) Demography , vol.37 , pp. 41-51
    • Sakamoto, A.1    Huei-Hsia, W.2    Tzeng, J.3
  • 73
    • 33751007252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of diverse forms of family structure on women's and men's homicide
    • Schwartz, Jennifer. 2006. The effects of diverse forms of family structure on women's and men's homicide. Journal of Marriage and the Family 68:1292-313.
    • (2006) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.68 , pp. 1292-1313
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 74
    • 52049095457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The narrowing gender gap in arrests: Assessing competing explanations using self-report, traffic fatality, and official data on drunk driving, 1980-2004
    • Schwartz, Jennifer, and Bryan D. Rookey 2008. The narrowing gender gap in arrests: Assessing competing explanations using self-report, traffic fatality, and official data on drunk driving, 1980-2004. Criminology 46:637-71.
    • (2008) Criminology , vol.46 , pp. 637-671
    • Schwartz, J.1    Rookey, B.D.2
  • 75
    • 65949093055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in the gender gap in violence: Reevaluating NCVS and other evidence
    • Schwartz, Jennifer, Darrell Steffensmeier, Hua Zhong, and Jeffery Ackerman 2009. Trends in the gender gap in violence: Reevaluating NCVS and other evidence. Criminology 47:401-26.
    • (2009) Criminology , vol.47 , pp. 401-426
    • Schwartz, J.1    Steffensmeier, D.2    Zhong, H.3    Ackerman, J.4
  • 76
    • 39349098013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intergenerational transmission of context
    • Sharkey, Patrick. 2008. The intergenerational transmission of context. American Journal of Sociology 113:931-69.
    • (2008) American Journal of Sociology , vol.113 , pp. 931-969
    • Sharkey, P.1
  • 77
    • 70449475555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, class and crime: Reconsidering the effects of social isolation and crime
    • Shihadeh, Edward. 2009. Race, class and crime: Reconsidering the effects of social isolation and crime. Deviant Behavior 30:349-78.
    • (2009) Deviant Behavior , vol.30 , pp. 349-378
    • Shihadeh, E.1
  • 78
    • 77952120531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latino employment and black violence: The unintended consequence of U.S. immigration policy
    • Shihadeh, Edward, and Raymon Barranco 2010. Latino employment and black violence: The unintended consequence of U.S. immigration policy. Social Forces 88:1393-1420.
    • (2010) Social Forces , vol.88 , pp. 1393-1420
    • Shihadeh, E.1    Barranco, R.2
  • 79
    • 0030432194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation and crime: The effect of black social isolation on the rates of black urban violence
    • Shihadeh, Edward, and Nicole Flynn 1996. Segregation and crime: The effect of black social isolation on the rates of black urban violence. Social Forces 74:1325-52.
    • (1996) Social Forces , vol.74 , pp. 1325-1352
    • Shihadeh, E.1    Flynn, N.2
  • 80
    • 0033713962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in U.S. federal courts: Who is punished more harshly
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Stephen Demuth 2000. Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in U.S. federal courts: Who is punished more harshly American Sociological Review 65:705-29.
    • (2000) American Sociological Review , vol.65 , pp. 705-729
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Demuth, S.2
  • 81
    • 0032856896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making sense of recent U.S. crime trends, 1980 to 1996/1998: Age composition effects and other explanations
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Miles Harer 1999. Making sense of recent U.S. crime trends, 1980 to 1996/1998: Age composition effects and other explanations. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36:235-74.
    • (1999) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.36 , pp. 235-274
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Harer, M.2
  • 82
    • 84984038231 scopus 로고
    • World War II and its effect on the sex differential in arrests: An empirical test of the sex-role equality and crime proposition
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell, Alvin Rosenthal, and Constance Shehan 1980. World War II and its effect on the sex differential in arrests: An empirical test of the sex-role equality and crime proposition. The Sociological Quarterly 21:403-16.
    • (1980) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.21 , pp. 403-416
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Rosenthal, A.2    Shehan, C.3
  • 83
    • 78649713188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope and conceptual issues in testing the race-crime invariance thesis: Black, white, and Hispanic comparisons
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell, Jeffery T. Ulmer, Ben Feldmeyer, and Casey T. Harris 2010. Scope and conceptual issues in testing the race-crime invariance thesis: Black, white, and Hispanic comparisons. Criminology 48:1133-70.
    • (2010) Criminology , vol.48 , pp. 1133-1170
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Ulmer, J.T.2    Feldmeyer, B.3    Harris, C.T.4
  • 84
    • 33750896006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future
    • Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • Tienda, Marta, and Faith Mitchell 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2006)
    • Tienda, M.1    Mitchell, F.2
  • 85
    • 27744550328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and the accumulation of human capital across the career: A theoretical model and fixed-effects application
    • Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, Melvin Thomas, and Kecia Johnson 2005. Race and the accumulation of human capital across the career: A theoretical model and fixed-effects application. American Journal of Sociology 111:58-89.
    • (2005) American Journal of Sociology , vol.111 , pp. 58-89
    • Tomaskovic-Devey, D.1    Thomas, M.2    Johnson, K.3
  • 87
    • 41549088231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime and human rights-how political paranoia, protestant fundamentalism, and constitutional obsolescence combined to devastate black America: The American Society of Criminology 2007 Presidential Address
    • Tonry, Michael H. 2008. Crime and human rights-how political paranoia, protestant fundamentalism, and constitutional obsolescence combined to devastate black America: The American Society of Criminology 2007 Presidential Address. Criminology 46:1-34.
    • (2008) Criminology , vol.46 , pp. 1-34
    • Tonry, M.H.1
  • 89
    • 0037956937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts
    • New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • Tyler, Tom R., and Yuen Huo 2002. Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (2002)
    • Tyler, T.R.1    Huo, Y.2
  • 90
    • 77955310753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual Population Estimates
    • U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
    • U.S. Census Bureau. 2008. Annual Population Estimates. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
    • (2008)
  • 91
    • 41549118630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research
    • ed. Michael H. Tonry. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • Unnever, James D., Francis T. Cullen, and Cheryl Jonson 2008. Race, racism, and support for capital punishment. In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 37, ed. Michael H. Tonry Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2008) Race, racism, and support for capital punishment , vol.37
    • Unnever, J.D.1    Cullen, F.T.2    Jonson, C.3
  • 92
    • 74849133425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catching Hell in the City of Angels: Life and Meanings of Blackness in South Central Los Angeles
    • Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    • Vargas, John Costa. 2006. Catching Hell in the City of Angels: Life and Meanings of Blackness in South Central Los Angeles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    • (2006)
    • Vargas, J.C.1
  • 93
    • 33747434852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foreign-born emigration: A new approach and estimates based on matched CPS files
    • Van Hook, Jennifer, Weiwei Zhang, Frank Bean, and Jeffery Passel 2006. Foreign-born emigration: A new approach and estimates based on matched CPS files. Demography 43:361-82.
    • (2006) Demography , vol.43 , pp. 361-382
    • Van Hook, J.1    Zhang, W.2    Bean, F.3    Passel, J.4
  • 94
    • 20444391755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incarceration and racial inequality in men's employment
    • Western, Bruce, and Becky Pettit 2000. Incarceration and racial inequality in men's employment. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54:3-16.
    • (2000) Industrial and Labor Relations Review , vol.54 , pp. 3-16
    • Western, B.1    Pettit, B.2
  • 95
    • 0004136178 scopus 로고
    • The Declining Significance of Race
    • New York: Springer-Verlag.
    • Wilson, William J. 1978. The Declining Significance of Race. New York: Springer-Verlag.
    • (1978)
    • Wilson, W.J.1
  • 96
    • 79951978499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a framework for understanding forces that contribute to or reinforce racial inequality
    • Wilson, William J. 2009. Toward a framework for understanding forces that contribute to or reinforce racial inequality. Race and Social Problems 1:3-11.
    • (2009) Race and Social Problems , vol.1 , pp. 3-11
    • Wilson, W.J.1
  • 98
    • 84929749037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and Policing in America: Conflict and Reform
    • New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Weitzer, Ronald, and Steven A. Tuch 2006. Race and Policing in America: Conflict and Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2006)
    • Weitzer, R.1    Tuch, S.A.2
  • 99
    • 2942687861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who Is White? Latinos, Asians, and the New Black/Non-Black Divide
    • Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
    • Yancey, George. 2003. Who Is White? Latinos, Asians, and the New Black/Non-Black Divide. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
    • (2003)
    • Yancey, G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.