Bromine as an ash forming element in a fluidised bed boiler combusting solid recovered fuel

Fuel

Volumn 90, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 1101-1112

  Vainikka, Pasi ^a   Enestam, Sonja ^b   Silvennoinen, Jaani ^b   Taipale, Raili ^c   Yrjas, Patrik ^a   Frantsi, Ari ^d   Hannula, Janne ^e   Hupa, Mikko ^a  

^a ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

^b Metso Power   (Finland)

^c VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND   (Finland)

^d Stora Enso   (Finland)

^e Lassila and Tikanoja   (Finland)

Author keywords

Aerosols; Bromine; Chlorine; Corrosion; Solid recovered fuel

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL SAMPLES; ASH-FORMING ELEMENTS; ASH-FORMING MATTER; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; EXPERIMENTAL CAMPAIGN; FLUIDISED BED; HEAT TRANSFER SURFACES; PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; PLASTIC MATERIALS; VAPOUR PRESSURES; WALL TUBES; WASTE COMBUSTION; WATER SOLUBLE SALTS;

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; BOILERS; BROMINE COMPOUNDS; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; CHLORINE; CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; CORROSION; ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS; ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATORS; FLAME RETARDANTS; FLUIDIZATION; FLUIDIZED BEDS; FUELS; RECOVERY; SALTS; WASTE INCINERATION; WASTE TREATMENT;

BROMINE;

EID: 79951958527     PISSN: 00162361     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.11.032     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) H.S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, K. Tanabe, 2006 IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006 The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
2. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union European Parliament resolution on a thematic strategy on the recycling of waste (2006/2175(INI)) J Eur Union 50 2007 168 174
3. Commission of the European Communities Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions - taking sustainable use of resources forward - a thematic strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste. Report No. COM(2005) 666 Final 2005 European Union < http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52005DC0666:EN:NOT >
4. A. Gendebien, A. Leavens, and K. Blackmore Refuse Derived Fuel, Current Practice and Perspectives. Report no CO 5087-4 2003 European Commission - DG Environment UK
5. R.W. Bryers Fireside slagging, fouling, and high-temperature corrosion of heat-transfer surface due to impurities in steam-raising fuels Prog Energy Combust Sci 22 1996 29 120 (Pubitemid 126352218)
6. L.L. Baxter, T.R. Miles, and B.M. Jenkins The behavior of inorganic material in biomass-fired power boilers: field and laboratory experiences Fuel Process Technol 54 1998 47 78
7. T.R. Miles, L.L. Baxter, R.W. Bryers, B.M. Jenkins, and L.L. Oden Boiler deposits from firing biomass fuels Biomass Bioenergy 10 1996 125 138 (Pubitemid 27100847)
8. L.A. Hansen, H.P. Nielsen, F.J. Frandsen, K. Dam-Johansen, S. Hørlyck, and A. Karlsson Influence of deposit formation on corrosion at a straw-fired boiler Fuel Process Technol 64 2000 189 209
9. H.P. Nielsen, F.J. Frandsen, K. Dam-Johansen, and L.L. Baxter The implications of chlorine-associated corrosion on the operation of biomass-fired boilers Prog Energy Combust Sci 26 2000 283 298
10. Salmenoja K. Field and laboratory studies on chlorine-induced superheater corrosion in boilers fired with biofuels. PhD thesis. bo: bo Akademi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Process Chemistry Group; 2000.
11. L. mand, B. Leckner, D. Eskilsson, and C. Tullin Deposits on heat transfer tubes during co-combustion of biofuels and sewage sludge Fuel 85 2006 1313 1322
12. E. Lindström, M. Sandström, D. Boström, and M. Öhman Slagging characteristics during combustion of cereal grains rich in phosphorus Energy Fuels 21 2007 710 717 (Pubitemid 46585074)
13. Barišić V, mand L, Coda Zabetta E. The role of limestone in preventing agglomeration and slagging during CFB combustion of high-phosphorous fuels. In: Proceedings of the world bioenergy 2008. Jönköping, Sweden, May, 27-29, 2008. Stockholm: Swedish Bioenergy Association Svebio; 2008.
14. Piotrowska P, Zevenhoven M, Hupa M, et al. Fate of phosphorus during co-combustion of rapeseed cake with wood. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on fluidized bed combustion, Xi'an, China, 18-20.5.2009. Springer jointly published with Tsinghua University Press; 2009.
15. P. Piotrowska, M. Zevenhoven, and K. Davidsson Fate of alkali metals and phosphorus of rapeseed cake in circulating fluidized bed boiler. Part 1: Cocombustion with wood Energy Fuels 24 2010 333 345
16. I.G. Wright, and H.H. Krause Assessment of factors affecting boiler tube lifetime in waste-fired steam generators: new opportunities for research and technology development 1996 ASME New York
17. M. Spiegel Salt melt induced corrosion of metallic materials in waste incineration plants Mater Corros 50 1999 373 393
18. M. Sánchez-Pastén, and M. Spiegel High temperature corrosion of metallic materials in simulated waste incineration environments at 300-600 °C Mater Corros 57 2006 192 195 (Pubitemid 43266882)
19. M. Becidan, L. Sørum, F. Frandsen, and A.J. Pedersen Corrosion in waste-fired boilers: a thermodynamic study Fuel 88 2009 595 604
20. D. Bankiewicz, P. Yrjas, and M. Hupa High-temperature corrosion of superheater tube materials exposed to zinc salts Energy Fuels 23 2009 3469 3474
21. European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (IPPC Bureau). Reference document on best available techniques for waste incineration. European Commission; 2006. < http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/>.
22. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN). CEN/TC 343. Solid recovered fuels; 2010.
23. CEN/TC 343. CEN/TS 15359:2006 Solid recovered fuels - specifications and classes; 2006.
24. Kloek W, Jordan K. Waste generated and treated in Europe - data 1995-2003. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2005.131 p.
25. V.S. Rotter, T. Kost, J. Winkler, and B. Bilitewski Material flow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manage 24 2004 1005 1021 (Pubitemid 39572775)
26. Dunnu G, Maier J, Gerhardt A. Thermal utilization of solid recovered fuels in pulverized coal power plants and industrial furnaces as part of an integrated waste management concept. Appropriate technologies for environmental protection in the developing world: selected papers from ERTEP 2007, July 17-19, 2007, Ghana, Africa. Accra, Ghana, July 17-19 2007. Dordrecht: Springer; 2009.
27. UPSWING (Unification of power plant and solid waste incineration). Project No NNES-2001-00719; 2002-2005.
28. Pulkkinen S, Vehmas A, Herkkola H, Sinisalo S. Pää kaupunkiseudun kotitalouksien sekajätteen määrä ja laatu vuonna 2007. Helsinki: YTV Pääkaupunkiseudun yhteistyö valtuuskunta; 2008.
29. Backman R, Hupa M, Hiltunen M, Peltola K. Interaction of the behavior of lead and zinc with alkalis in fluidized bed combustion or gasification of waste derived fuels. In: Proceedings of 18th international conference on fluidized bed combustion, Toronto, Ontario Canada, May 22-25. ASME; 2005.
30. Rademakers P, Hesseling W, van de Wetering J. Review on corrosion in waste incinerators, and possible effect of bromine. Ampeldoorn (the Netherlands): TNO; 2002.
31. Vehlow J, Wanke T, Seifert H, Jay K, Mark FE. Chlor- und bromhaltige Kunststoffe in der Abfallverbrennung. Report No. Nachrichten - Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe v. 29(2); 1998.
32. J. Vehlow, B. Bergfeldt, H. Hunsinger, H. Seifert, and F. Mark Bromine in waste incineration partitioning and influence on metal volatilisation Environ Sci Pollut Res 10 2003 329 334 (Pubitemid 37084142)
33. L.N. Oji Zinc bromide combustion: implications for the consolidated incinerator facility 1998 DOE US
34. H. Zweifel Plastics additives handbook 2000 Hanser Gardner Publications Cincinnati (OH)
35. N. Pasquini Polypropylene handbook 2005 Hanser Munich, Cincinnati
36. C.W. Bale, E. Bélisle, and P. Chartrand FactSage thermochemical software and databases - recent developments Calphad 33 2009 295 311
37. J.A. Dean Lange's handbook of chemistry 1999 McGraw-Hill New York
38. J. Vehlow, and F.E. Mark Influence of bromine on metal volatilization in waste combustion J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 2 2000 89 99
39. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste. J Eur Union 2000:91-111.
40. Miller RN, Given PH. Ash deposits and corrosion due to impurities in combustion gases. In: Bryers RH, editors. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Carp.; 1977. 39 p.
41. S.A. Benson, and P.L. Holm Comparison of inorganics in three low-rank coals Indus Eng Chem Prod Res Develop 24 1985 145 149
42. Baxter LL. Task 2. Pollutant emission and deposit formation during combustion of biomass fuels. Quarterly report to National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Livermore (CA, USA): Sandia National Laboratories; 1994.
43. M. Zevenhoven-Onderwater, J. Blomquist, B. Skrifvars, R. Backman, and M. Hupa The prediction of behaviour of ashes from five different solid fuels in fluidised bed combustion Fuel 79 2000 1353 1361
44. Zevenhoven-Onderwater M. Ash-forming matter in biomass fuels. PhD thesis. bo: Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Chemistry Group, bo Akademi University; 2001.
45. Werkelin J. Ash-forming elements and their chemical forms in woody biomass fuels. PhD thesis. bo: Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Chemistry Group, bo Akademi University; 2008.
46. Kanto-Öqvist C. Microbial life and deposits in paper machine circuits. PhD thesis. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology; 2008. p. 1-71.
47. R. Dewil, J. Baeyens, J. Roels, and B. Van De Steene Distribution of sulphur compounds in sewage sludge treatment Environ Eng Sci 25 2008 879 886
48. P.T. Selvaraj, and K.L. Sublette Microbial reduction of sulfur dioxide with anaerobically digested municipal sewage biosolids as electron donors Biotechnol Prog 11 1995 153 158
49. Vesanto P, Hiltunen M, Moilanen A, et al. Kierrätyspolttoaineiden ominaisuudet ja käyttö. Report No. 2516. Espoo: VTT; 2007.
50. Wenchao M, Rotter S. Overview on the chlorine origin of MSW and Cl-originated corrosion during MSW & RDF combustion process. In: The 2nd international conference on bioinformatics and biomedical engineering, Shanghai, China, 16-18 May. ICBBE; 2008.
51. G.J. van Esch Flame retardants: a general introduction 1997 World Health Organization Geneva
52. M. Chanda, and S.K. Roy Plastics technology handbook 1998 Marcel Dekker New York
53. Vehlow J. Personal communication, 6.2.2009.
54. F.E. Mark Metals in source separated plastics packaging waste - a European overview - analytical methods and results 1996 APME Brussels
55. M. Alaee, P. Arias, A. Sjödin, and Bergman An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release Environ Int 29 2003 683 689 (Pubitemid 37337114)
56. F.B. Whitfield, F. Helidoniotis, K.J. Shaw, and D. Svoronos Distribution of bromophenols in species of marine algae from Eastern Australia J Agric Food Chem 47 1999 2367 2373 (Pubitemid 29325126)
57. BSEF. An introduction to brominated flame retardants. Brussels: Bromine Science and Environmental Forum; 2000.
58. P. Cusack Novel coated fillers enhance flame-retardant properties Plast Addit Compound 9 2007 26 29 (Pubitemid 47069945)
59. J.A. Kent, and E.R. Riegel Kent and Riegel's handbook of industrial chemistry and biotechnology 2007 Springer New York, London
60. European Chemicals Bureau, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection. Risk assessment hexabromocyclododecane. Final draft. European Communities; 2008.
61. European Chemicals Bureau, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection. Risk assessment tetrabromobisphenol-A. European Communities; 2006.
62. th BFB boiler. Finnish-Swedish Flame Days, Naantali, Finland, January 28-29, 2009.
63. Vehlow J, Wanke T, Bergfeldt B, Mark FE. Co-combustion of E+E waste plastics in the TAMARA test plant. In: Proceedings of fifth annual North American waste-to-energy conference. Research Triangle Park, NC, United States, April 22-25, 1997.
64. Vehlow et al. Recycling of bromine from plastics containing brominated flame retardants in state-of-the-art combustion facilities. A technical paper from APME, Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe, No. 8040/GB/0202, Brussels; 2002. p. 20.
65. K. Choi, S. Lee, and M. Osako Leaching of brominated flame retardants from TV housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter Chemosphere 74 2009 460 466
66. M. Osako, Y. Kim, and S. Sakai Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in Japan Chemosphere 57 2004 1571 1579 (Pubitemid 39422336)
67. T. Hyötyläinen, and K. Hartonen Determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental samples TrAC Trend Anal Chem 21 2002 13 30
68. A. Hornung, S. Donner, A. Balabanovich, and H. Seifert Polypropylene as a reductive agent for dehalogenation of brominated organic compounds J Clean Prod 13 2005 525 530
69. V. Steukers, S. Kroon, and D. Drohmann Flame retardants: European Union risk assessments update Plast Addit Compound 6 2004 26 29
70. European Chemicals Bureau, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection. Risk assessment bis(pentabromophenyl) ether [decabromodiphenyl ether]. European Communities; 2002.
71. A. Pettersson, M. Zevenhoven, B. Steenari, and L. mand Application of chemical fractionation methods for characterisation of biofuels, waste derived fuels and CFB co-combustion fly ashes Fuel 87 2008 3183 3193
72. Vainikka P, Telaranta R, Yrjas P, Taipale R, Laurén T, Hupa M. Alkali chloride chemistry in FBC combustion of SRF with spruce bark and two different types of Finnish peat - experimental results from in-furnace aerosol measurements. Impacts of fuel quality on power production and the environment, Banff, AB, Canada, September 29-October 3. EPRI; 2008.
73. M. Aho, P. Vainikka, R. Taipale, and P. Yrjas Effective new chemicals to prevent corrosion due to chlorine in power plant superheaters Fuel 87 2008 647 654 (Pubitemid 351199497)
74. J. Taler, P. Duda, and B. Wglowski Identification of local heat flux to membrane water-walls in steam boilers Fuel 88 2009 305 311
75. S. Ishigai Steam power engineering: thermal and hydraulic design principles 1999 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
76. L. Hoehenberger Waterside scaling, deposition and corrosion in steam generators 2005 TÜV Industrie Service GmbH
77. A. Hauser, U. Eggenberger, and T. Peters Origin and characterisation of fly ashes from cellulose industries containing high proportions of free lime and anhydrite Cem Concr Res 29 1999 1569 1573 (Pubitemid 129303935)
78. 2 Fuel 84 2005 1685 1694 (Pubitemid 40682599)
79. L. Keck, and K. Wittmaack Laboratory studies on the retention of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and ammonia on aerosol filters Atmos Environ 39 2005 2157 2162