Encyclopedia of Title IX and Sports

Encyclopedia of Title IX and Sports

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-206

  Mitchell, Nicole ^a   Ennis, Lisa A ^a  

^a University of Alabama   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951943900     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (408)

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213. Brake, Deborah, and Elizabeth Catlin. “The Path of Most Resistance: The Long Road Toward Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Athletics.” Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy 51 (Spring 1996): 71-72.
214. Bunker, Linda K. Check It Out: Is the Playing Field Level for Women and Girls at Your School?: An Athletics Equity Checklist for Students, Athletes, Coaches, Parents, Administrators, and Advocates. Washington, DC: National Women’s Law Center, 2000.
215. Byers, Walter. Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exploiting College Athletes. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 1995.
216. Cahn, Susan K. Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-century Women’s Sport. New York: Free Press, 1994.
217. Carpenter, Linda Jean, and R. Vivian Acosta. “Playing by the Rules: Equity in Sports.” CUPA Journal 44.2 (Summer 1993): 55-60.
218. Carpenter, Linda Jean, and R. Vivian Acosta. Title IX. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005.
219. Chronicle of Higher Education. Chronicle Facts and Figures 2000. Available from http://chronicle.com.
220. Chu, Donald. The Character of American Higher Education and Intercollegiate Sport. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
221. Clark, Patricia. Sports Firsts. New York: Facts on File, 1981.
222. Cohen, Greta, ed. Women in Sport: Issues and Controversies. Newberry Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1993.
223. Cohen, Leah Hager. Without Apology: Girls, Women, and the Desire to Fight. New York:Random House, 2005.
224. Colton, Larry. Counting Coup: A True Story of Basketball and Honor on the Little Big Horn. New York: Warner Books, 2000.
225. Condon, Robert J. Great Women Athletes of the 20th Century. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1991.
226. Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. Title IX and Sex Discrimination in Education: Overview of Title IX. CRS Report for Congress RS20710 (available at http://www.house.gov/htbin/crsprodget?/rs/RS20710).
227. Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. Title IX, Sex Discrimination and Intercollegiate Athletics: A Legal Overview. CRS Report for Congress RL31709 (available at http://wwwc.house.gov/case/crs_reports/TitleIX.pdf).
228. Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. Title IX and Gender Bias in Sports: Frequently Asked Questions. CRS Report for Congress RS20460 (available at http://holt.house.gov/pdf/CRSonTitleIXMar2003.pdf).
229. Corbett, Sara. Venus to the Hoop: A Gold Medal Year in Women’s Basketball. New York:Doubleday, 1997.
230. Creedon, Pamela J. Women, Media and Sport: Challenging Gender Values. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994.
231. Delano, Linda C. “Understanding Barriers that Women Face in Pursuing High School Athletic Administrative Positions: A Feminist Perspective.” PhD diss., University of Iowa, 1988.
232. Duffy, Tony, and Paul Wade. Winning Women: Changing Image of Women in Sports. New York: Times Books, 1983.
233. Dunkle, Margaret. Competitive Athletics: In Search of Equal Opportunity. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1977.
234. Dunkle, Margaret, and Bernice Sandler. Sex Discrimination Against Students: Implication of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Washington, DC: Project on the Status and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges, 1975.
235. Edelson, Paula. A to Z of American Women in Sports. New York: Facts on File, 2002.
236. Festle, Mary Jo. Playing Nice: Politics and Apologies in Women’s Sports. New York:Columbia University Press, 1996.
237. Fidler, Merrie A. The Origins and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2006.
238. Fields, Sarah. Female Gladiators: Gender, Law, and Contact Sport in America. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 2004.
239. Flansburg, Sundra, and Katherine Hanson. Legislation for Change: A Case Study of Title IX and the Women’s Educational Equity Act Program. Newton, MA: Center for Equity and Cultural Diversity, 1993.
240. Ford, Linda. Lady Hoopsters: A History of Women’s Basketball in America. Northampton, MA: Half Moon Books, 1999.
241. Francis, Leslie P. “Title IX: Equality for Women’s Sports?" in Ethics in Sport, eds. William John Morgan, Klaus V. Meier, and Angela Jo-Anne Schneider, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 2001, pp. 247-266.
242. Gaines, Ann Graham. Female Firsts in their Fields: Sports and Athletics. Philadelphia:Chelsea House Publishers, 1999.
243. Gavora, Jessica. Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex, and Title IX. San Francisco:Encounter Books, 2002.
244. George, B. Glenn. “Who Plays and Who Pays: Defining Equality in Intercollegiate Athletics.” Wisconsin Law Review 1081 (1995).
245. Gogol, Sara. Hard Fought Victories: Women Coaches Making a Difference. Terre Haute, IN: Wish Publishers, 2002.
246. Gogol, Sara. Playing in a New League: The Women of the American Basketball League’s First Season. Indianapolis, IN: Masters Press, 1998.
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255. Heckman, Diane. “Women & Athletics: A Twenty Year Retrospective on Title IX.” University of Miami Entertainment & Sport Law Review 9.1 (1992): 1-64.
256. Heckman, Diane. The Women’s Sports Foundation Report on Title IX, Athletics, and the Office for Civil Rights: An Executive Summary. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation, 1997.
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258. Heywood, Leslie, and Shari L. Dworkin. Built to Win: The Female Athlete as Cultural Icon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
259. Howell, Reet. Her Story in Sport: A Historical Anthology of Women in Sports. Westpoint, NY: Leisure Press, 1982.
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265. Kovach, John M. Women’s Baseball. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2005.
266. Kuersten, Ashlyn K. Women and the Law: Leaders, Cases, and Documents. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003.
267. Lamber, Julia. “Gender and Intercollegiate Athletics: Data and Myths.” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 34.1-2 (Fall 2001/Winter 2002): 151.
268. Layden, Joseph. Women in Sports: The Complete Book on the World’s Greatest Women Athletes. Los Angeles: General Publishing Group, 1997.
269. Lenskyj, Helen Jefferson. Out on the Field: Gender, Sport & Sexuality. Toronto: Women’s Press, 2003.
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273. Lopiano, Donna A. “Equity in Women’s Sports: A Health and Fairness Perspective.” Clinics in Sports Medicine 13.2 (April 1994): 281-296.
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276. Macy, Sue. Girls Got Game: Sports Stories and Poems. New York: Henry Holt, 2001.
277. Macy, Sue. Winning Ways: A Photohistory of American Women in Sports. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
278. Macy, Sue, and Jane Gottesman. Play Like a Girl: A Celebration of Women in Sports. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1999.
279. Markel, Robert, and Nancy Brooks. For the Record: Women in Sports. New York: World Almanac Publications, 1985.
280. Matthews, Bonnie, ed. More Hurdles to Clear: Women and Girls in Competitive Athletics. Washington, DC: United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1980.
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282. Nagasankara Rao, Dittakavi. Sex Discrimination and Law: A Selected Bibliography. Monticello, IL: Vance Bibliographies, 1985.
283. National Association for Girls & Women in Sport. NAGWS Title IX Toolbox. Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 1992.
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285. National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX: A Practical Guide to Achieving Sex Equity in Education. Washington, DC: National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education, 1988.
286. National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX at 30: Report Card on Gender Equity. Washington, DC: National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education, 2002.
287. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2003-2004 NCAA Gender-Equity Report. Available from http://www.ncaa.org/library/research/gender_equity_study/2003-04/2003-04_gender_equity_report.pdf.
288. National Women’s Law Center. The Battle for Gender Equity in Athletics: Title IX at Thirty. Washington, DC: National Women’s Law Center, 2002.
289. Nelson, Mariah Burton. Are We Winning Yet? How Women Are Changing Sports and Sports Are Changing Women. New York: Random House, 1991.
290. Oglesby, Carole A. Women and Sport: From Myth to Reality. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1978.
291. Oglesby, Carole A., and Doreen L. Greenberg, eds. Encyclopedia of Women and Sports in America. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998.
292. Olson, Wendy M. “Beyond Title IX: Toward an Agenda for Women and Sports in the 1990s.” Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 3.1 (Fall 1990): 105-151.
293. O’Reilly, Jean, and Susan K. Hahn. Women and Sport in the United States: A Documentary Reader. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2007.
294. Orleans, Jeffrey H. “An End to the Odyssey: Equal Athletic Opportunities for Women.” Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy 3.1 (Spring 1996):131-141.
295. Pemberton, Cynthia Lee A. More Than a Game: One Woman’s Fight for Gender Equity in Sport. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002.
296. Picket, Lynn Snowden. Looking for a Fight: A Memoir. New York: Dial Press, 2000.
297. Pieronek, Catherine. “Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics in the Federal Appellate Courts: Myth vs. Reality.” Journal of College & University Law 27.2 (Fall 2000):447-518.
298. Porter, Karra. Mad Seasons: The Story of the First Women’s Professional Basketball League, 1978-1981. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
299. Porto, Brian L. A New Season: Using Title IX to Reform College Sports. Westport, CT:Praeger, 2003.
300. President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Girls: Physical and Mental Health Dimensions from an Interdisciplinary Approach. Washington, DC: The Council, 1997.
301. Rapoport, Ron. A Kind of Grace: A Treasury of Sportswriting by Women. Berkley, CA:Zenobia Press, 1994.
302. Rappoport, Ken. Ladies First: Women Athletes Who Made a Difference. Atlanta:Peachtree, 2003.
303. Rappoport, Ken, and Barry Wilner. Girls Rule: The Glory and Spirit of Women in Sports. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Publishers, 2000.
304. Reith, Kathryn M. Playing Fair: A Guide to Title IX in High School and College Sports. New York: Women’s Sports Foundation, 1994.
305. Roberts, Kristi. My Thirteenth Season. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2005.
306. Sabo, Donald F. Women’s Sports Foundation Gender Equity Report Card: A Survey of Athletic Opportunity in Higher Education. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation, 1997.
307. Sadker, Myra. A Student Guide to Title IX. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1976.
308. Salter, David E. Crashing the Old Boys’ Network: The Tragedies and Triumphs of Girls and Women in Sports. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.
309. Sandler, Bernice R. "‘Too Strong for a Woman’: The Five Words That Created Title IX.” Equity & Excellence in Education 33.1 (April 2000): 9-13.
310. Sandoz, Joli, and Joby Winans, eds. Whatever It Takes: Women on Women’s Sport. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999.
311. Savage, Jeff. Julie Krone: Unstoppable Jockey. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications, 1996.
312. Simon, Rita. Sporting Equality: Title IX Thirty Years Later. New Brunswick, NJ:Transaction Publishers, 2005.
313. Skaine, Rosemarie. Women College Basketball Coaches. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2001.
314. Smith, Lissa. Nike Is a Goddess: The History of Women in Sports. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998.
315. Sparhawk, Ruth M. American Women in Sport, 1887-1987: A 100-Year Chronology. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1989.
316. Stanek, Carolyn. The Complete Guide to Women’s College Athletics. Chicago:Contemporary Books, 1981.
317. Steiner, Andy. Girl Power on the Playing Field. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications, 2000.
318. Suggs, Welch. A Place on the Team: The Triumph and Tragedy of Title IX. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 2005.
319. Suggs, Welch. “Will Female Kicker’s Legal Victory Reshape Gender Roles in Athletics?" Chronicle of Higher Education 47.8 (Oct. 20, 2000): A53-A54.
320. Thelin, John R. “Good Sports? Historical Perspective on the Political Economy of Intercollegiate Athletics in the Era of Title IX, 1972-1997.” The Journal of Higher Education 71.4 (July/Aug. 2000): 391-410.
321. Twin, Stephanie L. Out of the Bleachers: Writings on Women and Sport. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1979.
322. United States Department of Education. Office for Civil Rights. Title IX: 25 Years of Progress. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
323. United States Department of Education. Secretary of Education’s Commission on Opportunity in Athletics. Open to All: Title IX at Thirty. Jessup, MD: Education Publications Center, 2003.
324. United States General Accounting Office. Intercollegiate Athletics: Status of Efforts to Promote Gender Equity. Washington, DC: The Office, 1996.
325. Valentin, Iram. Title IX: A Brief History. Newton, MA: Women’s Educational Equity Act Resource Center, 1997.
326. Vargyas, Ellen J. Breaking Down Barriers: A Legal Guide to Title IX. Washington, DC:National Women’s Law Center, 1994.
327. Weatherspoon, Teresa, Tara Sullivan, and Kelly Whiteside. Teresa Weatherspoon’s Basketball for Girls. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
328. Wilner, Barry. Superstars of Women’s Golf. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1997.
329. Wilson Sporting Goods, Co. The Wilson Report: Moms, Dads, Daughters, and Sports. River Grove, IL: 1988.
330. Women’s Sports Foundation. Title IX at 30: Athletics Receive C+. East Meadow, NY:Women’s Sports Foundation, 2002.
331. Women’s Sports Foundation. Title IX: An Educational Resource Kit. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation, 1996.
332. Women’s Sports Foundation. Women’s Sports Foundation Education Guide: Special Issues for Coaches of Women’s Sports. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation, 2001.
333. Woolum, Janet. Outstanding Women Athletes: Who They Are and How They Influenced Sports in America. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1998.
334. Wu, Ying. “Early NCAA Attempts at the Governance of Women’s Intercollegiate Athletics, 1968-1973.” Journal of Sport History 26.3 (Fall 1999): 585-601.
335. Wushanley, Ying. Playing Nice and Losing: The Struggle for Control of Women’s Intercollegiate Athletics, 1960-2000. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2004.
336. Zirkel, Perry A., Sharon Nalbone Richardson, and Steven S. Goldberg. A Digest of Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Education. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 2001.
337. BAM! Body and Mind, www.bam.gov. BAM! was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a way for adolescents to obtain information on physical fitness, safety, nutrition, etc.
338. Center for Sports Parenting, www.sportsparenting.org. The Center for Sports Parenting, under revision, is designed as a companion resource to The Encyclopedia of Sports Parenting. The Web site will also include advice from experts.
339. Commission on Equal Opportunities in Athletics, www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/athletics/index.html. This Web site contains all the reports, transcripts, speeches, etc. from the Commission on Equal Opportunity in Athletics, which was charged with collecting information, analyzing issues, and obtaining public opinions concerning current application of federal standards for measuring participation for men and women under Title IX.
340. Equity in Athletics Data Analysis Cutting Tool, http://ope.ed.gov/athletics. The Equity in Athletics Data Analysis Cutting Tool Web site provides data that give customized reports dealing with equity in athletics. The data is submitted annually by all coeducational postsecondary schools that receive Title IX funding.
341. Game Face: What Does a Female Athlete Look Like?, www.gamefaceonline.org. The Game Face Web site is a companion resource to both the traveling exhibition and book that includes numerous pictures of women athletes. Its goal is to “convey that athletics is a catalyst for girls’ and women’s self creation, self knowledge, and self expression.”
342. Gender Equity in Sports, http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/. Maintained by Drs. Mary Curtis and Christine H. B. Grant, the Gender Equity Web site contains a host of information on Title IX, including a timeline and information on federal and state legislation.
343. Girls Inc., www.girlsinc.org. Girls, Inc. is a national nonprofit organization that develops programs that encourage girls to take athletic and intellectual challenges. Programs range from math and science to athletics to drug abuse prevention and pregnancy.
344. Girls Learn To Ride, www.girlslearntoride.com. Girls’ Lean to Ride (GLTR) is a series of clinics and camps for female-only action sports, including skateboarding, surfing, snowboarding, mountain biking, and motorcross. The Web site includes a magazine as well as personal success stories.
345. GoGirlGo!, www.gogirlgo.com. GoGirlGo is designed for girls to learn about more than 100 sports. The site also includes a teen area with a message board, surveys, and tips on getting involved.
346. Her Sports Magazine, www.hersports.com. Hersport.com is the companion resource for Her Sports magazine. The magazine and Web site are geared toward women interested in health and fitness.
347. Melpomene Institute for Women’s Health Research, www.melpomene.org. Melpomene’s mission is to help females learn about nutrition, fitness, and safety. Established in 1992, Melpomene is dedicated to answering questions that are not addressed through conventional means.
348. Mid-Atlantic Equity Consortium, www.maec.org. Dedicated to creating learning environments free of gender, race, class, ethnic, and other biases, the Mid-Atlantic Equity Consortium is a not-for-profit corporation that provides technical assistance to educators and parents.
349. New Moon Publishing, www.newmoon.org. New Moon Magazine is a magazine for girls from age eight to fourteen. Girl athletes contribute all sorts of materials for the magazine, including poetry, artwork, letters, and articles.
350. President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, www.fitness.gov. The official Web site of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.
351. Pretty Tough Sports, www.prettytough.com. A new brand for female athletes, Pretty Tough provides a forum for female athletes to share stories, including MySpace and blogs in addition to selling merchandise.
352. Save Title IX, www.savetitleix.com. Sponsored by titleix.info, this Web site advocates for the continued enforcement of Title IX.
353. She Got Game: A Celebration of Women’s Sports, www.shegotgame.com. Created by Tandaleya Wilder, She Got Game is a women’s sport radio show. The companion Web site features profiles, interviews, and stories highlighting all aspects of sport.
354. She Loves Sports, www.shelovessports.com. This Web site for girls and women provides information on products and services that help women achieve an active, athletic, and healthy life.
355. Title IX: I Exercise My Rights, www.titleix.info. This public service site seeks to educate everyone about Title IX.
356. Battle of the Sexes. VHS tape (60 min.). Atlanta, GA; Turner Mulimedia, 1994.
357. A Cinderella Season: The Lady Vols Fight Back. VHS tape (77 min.). New York:Downtown Community TV Center, 1998.
358. An Equal Chance through Title IX. 1 film reel (25 min.). Washington, DC: AAHPER, 1977.
359. Evening the Odds: Is Title IX Working? VHS tape (12 min.). Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1999.
360. For the Sport of It: Female Athletics & Title IX. VHS tape (30 min.). Indianapolis, IN:DL Images, produced by the Indiana Women’s History Association with the assistance of the NCAA, 2003.
361. Gender and the Law: Title IX. VHS tape (23 min.). New York: Ambrose Video, 1998.
362. Girl Wrestler: A Documentary. VHS tape (54 min.). New York: Women Make Movies, 2004.
363. A Hero for Daisy. VHS tape (40 min.). 50 Eggs Inc., 1999, www.aherofordaisy.com.
364. In the Game. VHS tape (55 min.). Coos Bay, OR: Smith Productions, 1994.
365. In the Spirit of Title IX. VHS tape (24 min.). New York: PTV Productions under contract with the Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, U.S. Office of Education, Women’s Educational Equity Act Program, 1981.
366. A Level Playing Field: The Athletic Administrator’s Guide to Title IX, Gender Equity in Sports, & Office of Civil Rights Investigations. VHS tape (60 min.), with teaching guide. Baldwin, KS: Sports Law Publishing, 1997.
367. NCAA Title IX/Gender Equity. Online videos, available at http://www.ncaa.org/gender_equity/video/.
368. Sports and Equal Opportunity: Title IX and Gender Equality. VHS tape (28 min.). St. Petersburg, FL: Philosophy Lab Corp., 1999.
369. Playing Unfair: The Media Image of the Female Athlete. VHS tape or DVD (30 min.), with a teaching guide. Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 2002.
370. This Is a Game Ladies. VHS tape (120 min.). Partisan Pictures, 2004, www.pbs.org/thisisagame.
371. Throw like a Girl: A Revolution in Women’s Sports. VHS tape (24 min.), with a teaching guide. Minneapolis: KARE-TV, Tucker Center for Research on Girls and Women in Sport, University of Minnesota, 1999.
372. Title IX and the Supreme Court. DVD (44 min.). West Lafayette, IN: C-SPAN Archives, 2004.
373. Title IX and Women in Sports: What’s Wrong with This Picture? VHS tape (60 min.). Whidbey Films and PBS Home Video, 1999.
374. Title IX: Don’t Let Our Daughters Grow Up Without It. VHS tape (140 min.). Washington, DC: National Women’s Law Center.
375. Title IX: On Equal Ground, On the Basis of Sex, ESPN Town Meeting. VHS tape (138 min.). East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation and ESPN, 2002.
376. True-Hearted Vixens. VHS tape (58 min.). Berkeley, CA: University of California, Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2000. Web site: www.pbs.org/pov/trueheartedvixens/.
377. The WNBA and the Changing Role of Women’s Sports. VHS tape (21 min.). New Hudson, MI: ABC News Productions, 1997.
378. Women and Sports. VHS tape (26 min.), with a teaching guide. Bethesda, MD:Discovery Communications, 2001.
379. Women in Sports. VHS tape (60 min.). Washington, DC: PBS Video, 1997.
380. Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women v. NCAA, 558 F. Supp. 487, 494-495 (DC 1983). The AIAW claimed that the NCAA was monopolizing women’s college sports and therefore violated the Sherman Antitrust Act.
381. Attorney General v. Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association, Inc., 393 N.E.2d 284 (Mass. 1979). Massachusetts Supreme Court determined that MIAA’s policy of prohibiting boys from high school girls’ sports was against the state’s Equal Rights Amendment.
382. Beasley v. Alabama State University, 3 F. Supp.2d 1325 (M.D. Ala. 1998). Beasley and other African American students claimed that ASU violated the Equal Rights Amendment because the university (a historically black institution) did not allow them to apply for diversity (white) scholarships.
383. Boulahanis v. Board of Regents, Illinois State University, 198 F.3d 633 (7th Cir. 1999), cert. denied 530 U.S. 1284 (2000). Boulahanis claimed that the university discriminated against them on the basis of gender by eliminating the men’s wrestling and soccer teams and adding a women’s soccer team as a way to comply with Title IX.
384. Bowers v. Baylor University, 11 F. Supp.2d 895 (S.D. Tex. 1998). Bowers, head women’s basketball coach, sued Baylor for back salary and benefits, claiming that she did not receive an equitable salary relative to the men’s head basketball coach. She also claimed that the university retaliated against her for reporting discriminatory actions.
385. Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, 531 U.S. 288, 305 (2001). Brentwood Academy sued the TSSAA after being suspended for recruiting athletes. The Supreme Court found that the TSSAA is a state actor since 84 percent of its members are public schools.
386. Brzonkala v. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 935 F. Supp. 772 (WD Va. 1996); 132 F.3d 949 (CA4 1997); 169 F.3d 820 (CA4 1999). Brzonkala sued the university for violating Title IX by creating a sexually hostile environment when her rapists were given only a nominal punishment.
387. California National Organization for Women v. The Board of Trustees of The California State University, Civil No. 949207 (Cal. Sup. Ct. Oct. 20, 1993). California NOW claimed that the university discriminated against female student athletes. The university system agreed to provide participation opportunities and financial aid in proportionate percentages.
388. Clark v. Arizona Interscholastic Association, 695 F.2d 1126 (1982). High school students sued the AIA, claming that the organization’s rule prohibiting male students from playing on female interscholastic volleyball teams violated Title IX.
389. Cureton v. NCAA, 198 F.3d 107 (3d Cir. 1999). Cureton and four other African American athletes sued the NCAA under Title IX and Title VI claiming that the NCAA discriminates against African Americans by utilizing the Proposition 16 component of its freshman eligibility test.
390. Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 526 U.S. 629 (1999); 120 F.3d 1390, reversed and remanded. Davis sued the Monroe County Board of Education, maintaining that her daughter had been sexually harassed by other students.
391. Deli v. University of Minnesota, 863 F. Supp. 958 (D. Minn. 1994). Deli, the women’s gymnastics coach, sued the university claiming that she had been discriminated against because she was paid a lower salary than male coaches.
392. Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District, 96-1866, U.S. Supreme Court, 524 U.S. 274 (1998). Gebser sued Lago Vista under Title IX after her high school teacher sexually harassed her. The courts ruled in favor of the school district, maintaining that the school district was not liable for the individual actions of an employee since Title IX was aimed at ending discriminatory policies.
393. Harper v. Board of Regents of Illinois State University, 35 F. Supp.2d 1118 (C.D. Ill. 1999). Harper and other students filed suit after the university eliminated the men’s soccer and wrestling programs.
394. Kiechel v. Auburn University, Civil No. 93-V-474-E (M.D. Ala. July 19, 1993). Female students sued the university in order to gain varsity status for the women’s soccer team.
395. Kleczek v. Rhode Island Interscholastic League, 612 A.2d 734, 1992; 768 F. Supp. 951 (D. R.I. 1991). Kleczek sued the RIIL for violations of Title IX because the organization did not allow boys to play field hockey.
396. Klinger v. Department of Corrections, 887 F. Supp. 1281, 1282 n.2 (D. Neb. 1995); 31 F.3d 727, 731 (8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied; 513 U.S. 1185 (1995). Klinger and other female prisoners at the Nebraska Center for Women sued the Nebraska Department of Corrections Services claiming that the latter violated Title IX by not providing female prisoners equal educational opportunities.
397. Kurth v. University of California Regents, Civil No. SC 029577 (Cal. Sup. Ct. May 17, 1994). Kurth and others sued after the University of California, Los Angeles eliminated the men’s swimming and gymnastics programs.
398. Lakoski v. James, 66 F.3d 751 (5th Cir. 1995). Lakoski brought a Title IX claim that she had not received tenure because of her gender. The court, however, ruled that Title VII was the proper avenue to pursue a workplace sex discrimination claim.
399. Miami University Wrestling Club v. Miami University, 302 F. 3d 608 (6th Cir. 2002); No. C-1-99-972 (S.D. Ohio, 1999). Miami University students brought a Title IX complaint against the university for eliminating men’s wrestling, tennis, and soccer teams in an effort to meet the proportionality prong of the Three-Part Test.
400. National Wrestling Coaches Association et al. v. U.S. Department of Education, Civ. No. 02-0072 (EGS) (2003). A number of wrestling clubs sued the Department of Education for creating the regulations that allowed men’s teams to be cut in attempts to meet the proportionality prong of the Three-Part Test.
401. Paddio v. Board of Trustees for State Colleges & Universities, 61 Fair Empl. Rac. Cas. (BNA) 86 (E.D. La.), aff’d; 12 F.3d 207 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 1838 (1994). Paddio filed a Title IX suit claiming that she was fired from her position as head volleyball and softball coach because of her race and gender.
402. Pitts v. Oklahoma State University, Civil No. 93-1341-A (W.D. Okla. Apr. 21, 1994). Pitts, the women’s golf coach, sued the university under Title IX because her salary was $20,000 less than the coach of the men’s golf team.
403. Sanders v. University of Texas at Austin, Civil No. A-92-CA-405 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 24, 1993). Sanders and other female students, who wanted the university to add four varsity women’s sports, claimed that the institution did not accommodate the interests of female students.
404. Schuck v. Cornell University, Civil No. A-93-CV-756 FJs-GJD (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 8, 1993). Schuck sued Cornell after the university eliminated the women’s gymnastics and fencing programs.
405. Smith v. NCAA, 139 F.3d 180 (3d Cir.), cert. granted, 119 S. Ct. 31 (1998) (argued Jan. 20, 1999). Smith, a female athlete, sued the NCAA after being denied a waiver of eligibility. Smith claimed that the NCAA violated Title IX by granting a disproportionate number of waivers of eligibility to males.
406. Stanley v. University of Southern California, 13 F.3d 1313 (9th Cir. 1994); 178 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 1999). Stanley, head women’s basketball coach, claimed that she was discriminated against because she did not receive the same salary as the men’s basketball coach.
407. Tyler v. Howard University, Civil No. 91-CA11239 (D.C. Sup. Ct. June 24, 1993). Tyler, women’s basketball coach at Howard, sued the university claiming that she was discriminated against because her salary was half the amount of the men’s basketball coach, she had less support staff, and the women’s basketball facilities were not equal to the men’s facilities.
408. Williams v. School District of Bethlehem, 998 F.2d 168 (3rd Cir. 1993); cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1043 (1994). Williams sued the school district for violating Title IX because boys were not allowed to try out for girls’ field hockey unless there was a history of discrimination against male athletes.