Maladaptive schemas and depression: Tests of stress generation and diathesis-stress models

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 75-104

  Eberhart, Nicole K ^a   Auerbach, Randy P ^b   Bigda Peyton, Joseph ^b   Abela, John R Z ^c  

^a RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951602395     PISSN: 07367236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2011.30.1.75     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Abela, J. R. Z., Aydin, C., & Auerbach, R. P. (2006). Operationalizing the "vulnerability" and "stress" components of the hopelessness theory of depression: A multi-wave longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1565-1583. (Pubitemid 44472553)
2. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Panzarella, C., & Rose, D. T. (2006). Prospective incidence of first onsets and recurrences of depression in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 145-145.
3. Auerbach, R. P., Eberhart, N. K., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2010). Cognitive vulnerability to depression in Canadian and Chinese adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 57-68.
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Bauer, D. J., Preacher, K. J., & Gil, K. M. (2006). Conceptualizing and testing random indirect effects and moderated mediation in multilevel models: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 11, 142-163. (Pubitemid 44001274)
6. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.
7. Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In P. J. Clayton & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches. New York: Raven Press.
8. Blankstein, K. R., & Flett, G. L. (1993). Development of the general hassles scale for students. Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto at Mississauga.
9. Bottonari, K. A., Roberts, J. E., Kelly, M. A. R., Kashdan, T. B., & Ciesla, J. A. (2007). A prospective investigation of the impact of attachment style on stress generation among clinically depressed individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 179-188. (Pubitemid 44647992)
10. Brown, G.W., & Harris, T.O. (1989). Depression. In G. W. Brown & T. O. Harris (Eds.), Life events and illness (pp. 49-93). New York: Guilford.
11. Chun, C., Cronkite, R. C., & Moos, R. H. (2004). Stress generation in depressed patients and community controls. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 390-412. (Pubitemid 39047275)
12. Cooper, M. J., Rose, K. S., & Turner, H. (2005). Core beliefs and the presence or absence of eating disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38, 60-64. (Pubitemid 40944253)
13. Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., & Willemse, G. (2005). Predicting the onset of major depression in subjects with subthreshold depression in primary care: A prospective study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111, 133-138. (Pubitemid 40293180)
14. Cukor, D., & McGinn, L. K. (2006). History of child abuse and severity of adult depression: The mediating role of cognitive schema. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15, 19-34. (Pubitemid 44200085)
15. Daley, S. E., Hammen, C., Burge, D., Davila, J., Paley, B., Lindberg, N., & Herzberg, D. S. (1997). Predictors of the generation of episodic stress: A longitudinal study of late adolescent women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 251-259. (Pubitemid 27184746)
16. D'Angelo, B., & Wierzbicki, M. (2003). Relations of daily hassles with both anxious and depressed mood in students. Psychological Reports, 92, 416-418. (Pubitemid 39110034)
17. Dykman, B. M., & Johll, M. (1998). Dysfunctional attitudes and vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A 14-week longitudinal study. Cognitive Therapy and Research. Special Issue: Cognitive Processes and Vulnerability to Affective Problems, 22, 337-352. (Pubitemid 28425758)
18. Eberhart, N. K., & Hammen, C. L. (2009). Interpersonal predictors of stress generation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 544-556.
19. Eberhart, N. K., & Hammen, C. L. (2010). Interpersonal style, stress, and depression: An examination of transactional and diathesis-stress models. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 23-38.
20. Enders, C.K. (2001). A primer on maximum likelihood algorithms available for use with missing data. Structural Equation Modeling, 8, 128-141.
21. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
22. Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Mosher, S. W. (1995). Perfectionism, life events, and depressive symptoms: A test of a diathesis-stress model. Current Psychology, 14, 112-112.
23. Forsell, Y. (2007). A three-year follow-up of major depression, dysthymia, minor depression and subsyndromal depression: Results from a population-based study. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 62-65. (Pubitemid 46278681)
24. Geisser, M. E., Roth, R. S., & Robinson, M. E. (1997). Assessing depression among persons with chronic pain using the center for epidemiological studies-depression scale and the beck depression inventory: A comparative analysis. Clinical Journal of Pain, 13, 163-170. (Pubitemid 27251111)
25. Georgiades, K., Lewinsohn, P., Monroe, S., & Seeley, J. (2006). Major depressive disorder in adolescence: The role of subthreshold symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 936-944. (Pubitemid 44126868)
26. Glaser, B. A., Campbell, L. F., Calhoun, G. B., Bates, J. M., & Petrocelli, J. V. (2002). The early maladaptive schema questionnaire-short form: A construct validity study. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35, 2-13.
27. Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychosocial functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 90-100.
28. Hammen, C. L. (1991). The generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555-561.
29. Hammen, C. (2003). Interpersonal stress and depression in women. Journal of Affective Disorders. Special Issue: Women and Depression, 74, 49-57. (Pubitemid 36324476)
30. Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293-319. (Pubitemid 43843953)
31. Hammen, C. (2006). Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1065-1082. (Pubitemid 44320289)
32. Hammen, C., Marks, T., Mayol, A., & deMayo, R. (1985). Depressive self-schemas, life stress, and vulnerability to depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 308-308.
33. Hankin, B. L. (2008). Cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression during adolescence: Investigating depressive symptom specificity in a multi-wave prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 999-1014.
34. Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 773-796. (Pubitemid 33646582)
35. Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Miller, N., & Haeffel, G. J. (2004). Cognitive vulnerability- stress theories of depression: Examining affective specificity in the prediction of depression versus anxiety in three prospective studies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 309-309.
36. Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Siler, M. (2001). A prospective test of the hopelessness theory of depression in adolescence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 607-632. (Pubitemid 39550070)
37. Hankin, B. L., Kassel, J. D., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: Prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 136-151. (Pubitemid 40030795)
38. Harkness, K. L., Monroe, S. M., Simons, A. D., & Thase, M. E., (1999). The generation of life events in recurrent and non-recurrent depression. Psychological Medicine, 29, 135-144. (Pubitemid 29034531)
39. Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 405-416. (Pubitemid 39550027)
40. Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., Brennan, P. L., & Schutte, K. K. (2005). Stress generation, avoidance coping, and depressive symptoms: A 10-year model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 658-666. (Pubitemid 41368394)
41. Hutchinson, J. G., & Williams, P. G. (2007). Neuroticism, daily hassles, and depressive symptoms: An examination of moderating and mediating effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1367-1378.
42. Iacoviello, B. M., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., & Hogan, M. E. (2006). The course of depression in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 61-61.
43. Ingram, R. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2005). Vulnerability-stress models. In B. L. Hankin & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.), Development of Psychopathology: A Vulnerability-Stress Perspective (pp. 32-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
44. Joiner, T. E., Jr., Wingate, L. R., & Otamendi, A. (2005). An interpersonal addendum to the hopelessness theory of depression: Hopelessness as a stress and depression generator. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 24, 649-664. (Pubitemid 41657535)
45. Judd, L., Akiskal, H., & Paulus, M. (1997). The role and clinical significance of subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD) in unipolar major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 45, 5-17.
46. Kessler, R. C., Zhao, S., Blazer, D. G., & Swartz, M. (1997). Prevalence, correlates, and course of minor depression and major depression in the national comorbidity survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 45, 19-30. (Pubitemid 27357460)
47. Lewinsohn, P. M., Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Rohde, P. (2001). Evaluation of cognitive diathesis- stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 203-215. (Pubitemid 32423025)
48. Lewinsohn, P., Solomon, A., Seeley, J., & Zeiss, A. (2000). Clinical implications of "subthreshold" depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 345-351. (Pubitemid 30616933)
49. Maybery, D.J., Neale, J., Arentz, A., & Jones-Ellis, J. (2007). The negative event scale: Measuring frequency and intensity of adult hassles. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 20, 163-176.
50. Mazure, C. M., Bruce, M. L., Maciejewski, P. K., & Jacobs, S. C. (2000). Adverse life events and cognitive-personality characteristics in the prediction of major depression and antidepressant response. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 896-903. (Pubitemid 30412339)
51. McIntyre, K. P., Korn, J. H., & Matsuo, H. (2008). Sweating the small stuff: How different types of hassles result in the experience of stress. Stress and Health, 24, 383-392.
52. McGinn, L. K., Cukor, D., & Sanderson, W. C. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 219-242.
53. Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E. (1992). Vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: A prospective test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 667-667.
54. Monroe, S. M. (2008). Modern approaches to conceptualizing and measuring human life stress. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 33-52. (Pubitemid 351668610)
55. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424-443. (Pubitemid 24976754)
56. Paykel, E. S. (2003). Life events and affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 61-66.
57. Petrocelli, J. V., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B., & Campbell, L. F. (2001). Cognitive schemas as mediating variables of the relationship between the self-defeating personality and depression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 183-183.
58. Potthoff, J. G., Holahan, C. J., & Joiner, T. E. (1995). Reassurance seeking, stress generation, and depressive symptoms: An integrative model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 664-670.
59. Priel, B., & Shahar, G. (2000). Dependency, self-criticism, social context and distress: Comparing moderating and mediating models. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 515-525.
60. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
61. Safford, S. M., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., & Crossfield, A. G. (2007). Negative cognitive style as a predictor of negative life events in depression-prone individuals: A test of the stress generation hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 99, 147-154. (Pubitemid 46275029)
62. Schafer, J.L., & Graham, J.W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177.
63. Scher, C. D., Ingram, R. E., & Segal, Z. V. (2005). Cognitive reactivity and vulnerability: Empirical evaluation of construct activation and cognitive diatheses in unipolar depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 487-510. (Pubitemid 40725816)
64. Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-295.
65. Shah, R., & Waller, G. (2000). Parental style and vulnerability to depression: The role of core beliefs. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 19-25. (Pubitemid 30043963)
66. Shahar, G., Joiner, T. E. J., Zuroff, D. C., & Blatt, S. J. (2004). Personality, interpersonal behavior, and depression: Co-existence of stress-specific moderating and mediating effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1583-1596. (Pubitemid 38457800)
67. Sherry, S., Hewitt, P., Flett, G., & Harvey, M. (2003). Perfectionism dimensions, perfectionistic attitudes, dependent attitudes, and depression in psychiatric patients and university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 373-386. (Pubitemid 37025267)
68. Shih, J. H. (2006). Sex differences in stress generation: An examination of sociotropy/ autonomy, stress, and depressive symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 434-446.
69. Shih, J. H., Abela, J. R. Z., & Starrs, C. (2009). Cognitive and interpersonal predictors of stress generation in children of affectively ill parents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 195-208.
70. Shih, J.H., Eberhart, N. K., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2006). Differential exposure and reactivity to interpersonal stress predict sex differences in adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 103-115. (Pubitemid 43221339)
71. Simmons, J., Cooper, M. J., Drinkwater, J., & Stewart, A. (2006). Cognitive schemata in depressed adolescent girls and their mothers. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 219-232.
72. Simons, A. D., Angell, K. L., Monroe, S. M., & Thase, M. E. (1993). Cognition and life stress in depression: Cognitive factors and the definition, rating, and generation of negative life events. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 584-591. (Pubitemid 23333500)
73. Spangler, D. L., Simons, A. D., Monroe, S. M., & Thase, M. E. (1997). Comparison of cognitive models of depression: Relationships between cognitive constructs and cognitive diathesis-stress match. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 395-395.
74. Strunk, D. R., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2001). Cognitive therapy for depression: A review of its efficacy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. Special Issue: Review of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 15, 289-297. (Pubitemid 34072790)
75. Wagner, C., Abela, J. R. Z., & Brozina, K. (2006). A comparison of stress measures in children and adolescents: A self-report checklist versus an objectively rated interview. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28, 251-261. (Pubitemid 44707230)
76. Welburn, K., Coristine, M., Dagg, P., Pontefract, A., & Jordan, S. (2002). The schema questionnaire-short form: Factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 519-519.
77. Wright, M. O., Crawford, E., & Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 59-68.
78. Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange, Inc.
79. Young, J. E. (1994). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.
80. Young, J. E. (1998). Young schema questionnaire-short form. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York.
81. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford.