A systematic review of the effectiveness of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults and an economic evaluation of their cost-effectiveness

Health Technology Assessment

Volumn 10, Issue 42, 2006, Pages

  Chen, Y F ^a   Jobanputra, P ^b   Barton, P ^a   Jowett, S ^a   Bryan, S ^a   Clark, W ^a   Fry Smith, A ^a   Burls, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b SELLY OAK HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; ANALGESIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; ETANERCEPT; GLUCOCORTICOID; GOLD; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; INFLIXIMAB; LEFLUNOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PENICILLAMINE; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR;

BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DATA ANALYSIS; DATA BASE; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ECONOMIC EVALUATION; GENERAL CONDITION IMPROVEMENT; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; JOINT DESTRUCTION; JOINT PROSTHESIS; JOINT RADIOGRAPHY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SIMULATION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 33845482745     PISSN: 13665278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3310/hta10420     Document Type: Review

References (268)

1. Jobanputra P, Barton P, Bryan S, Burls A. The effectiveness of infliximab and etanercept for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2002;6(21).
2. Barton P, Jobanputra P, Wilson J, Bryan S, Burls A. The use of modelling to evaluate new drugs for patients with a chronic condition: the case of antibodies against tumour necrosis factor in rheumatoid arthritis. Health Technol Assess 2004; 8(11).
3. Clark W, Jobanputra P, Barton P, Burls A. The clinical and cost-effectiveness of anakinra for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults: a systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess 2004;8(18).
4. Wiles NJ, Scott DGI, Barrett EM, Merry P, Arie E, Gaffney K, et al. Benchmarking: the five year outcome of rheumatoid arthritis assessed using a pain score, the Health Assessment Questionnaire and the Short Form-36 in a community and a clinic based sample. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60:956-61.
5. Jacoby R, Jayson M, Cosh J. Onset, early stages, and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical study of 100 patients with 11-year follow-up. BMJ 1973;ii:96-100.
6. Arnett FC, Edworthy S, Bloch D. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:315-24.
7. Wiles N, Symmons D, Harrison B, Barrett E, Barrett J, Scott D. Estimating the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. Trying to hit a moving target? Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1339-46.
8. Ashcroft J. Arthritis: understanding people's everyday needs. London: Arthritis Care; 1997.
9. Ostergaard M, Hansen M, Stoltenberg M, Jensen KE, Szkudlarek M, Pedersen-Zbinden B, et al. New radiographic bone erosions in tile wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging a median of two years later. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2128-31.
10. Goldbach-Mansky R, Woodburn J, Yao L, Lipsky PE. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis: a more precise image or just a more expensive one? Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:585-9.
11. Symmons D, Turner G, Webb R, Asten P, Barrett E, Lunt M, et al. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United Kingdom: new estimates for a new century. Rheumatology 2002;41:793-800.
12. National Statistics website. People and migration. URL: http://www.statistics.gov.uk. Accessed 16 March 2005.
13. MacGregor A, Snieder H, Rigby A, Koskenvuo M, Kapiro J, Aho K. Characterising the quantitative genetic contribution to rheumatoid arthritis using data from twins. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:30-7.
14. Jones MA, Silman AJ, Whiting S, Barrett EM, Symmons DP. Occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis is not increased in the first degree of relatives of a population based inception cohort of inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55:89-93.
15. Newton JL, Harvey SM, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA. A review of the MHC genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2004;5:151-7.
16. Edwards JCW, Cambridge G. Prospects for B-cell targeted therapy in autoimmune disease. Rheumatology 2005;44:151-6.
17. Moreland L. Inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1999;26(Suppl): 7-15.
18. Verhoeven A, Boers M, Tugwell P. Combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: updated systematic review. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:612-19.
19. Kollias G, Douni E, Kassiotis G, Kontoyiannis D. The function of tumour necrosis factor and receptors in models of multi-organ inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58(Suppl 1):32-9.
20. McDermott MF, Aksentijevich I, Galon J, McDermott EM, Ogunkolade BW, Centola M, et al. Germline mutations in the extracellular domains of tile 55 kDa TNF receptor, TNFR1, define a family of dominant inherited autoinflammatory disorders. Cell 1999;97:133-44.
21. Xanthoulea S, Pasparakis M, Kousteni S, Brakebusch C, Wallach D, Bauer J, et al. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor shedding controls thresholds of innate immune activation that balance opposing TNF functions in infectious and inflammatory diseases. URL: http://www.jem.org/cgi/doi/10.1084/jem.20040345. Accessed 20 March 2005.
22. Scott D, Shipley M, Dawson A, Edwards S, Symmons D, Woolf A. The clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: strategies for improving clinical effectiveness. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:546-54.
23. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of early rheumatoid arthritis. URL: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/48/ index.html. Accessed 17 May 2005.
24. Jones G, Halbert J, Crotty M, Shanahan EM, Batterham M, Ahern M. The effect of treatment on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Rheumatalogy 2003;42:6-13.
25. Jobanputra P, Wilson J, Douglas K, Burls A. A survey of British rheumatologists' DMARD preferences for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatalogy 2004;43:206-10.
26. Pincus T, Marcum SB, Callahan LF. Long-term drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in seven rheumatology private practices: II. Second line drugs and prednisone. J Rheumatol 1992; 19:1885-94.
27. Hickling P, Jacoby RK, Kirwan JR. Arthritis and Rheumatism Council Low Dose Glucocorticoid Study Group. Joint destruction after glucocorticoids are withdrawn in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 1998;37:930-6.
28. Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, van de Laar MAFJ, Westhovens R, van Denderen JC, et al. Randomised comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1997;350:309-18.
29. Choy EC, Kingsley GH, Khoshaba B, Pipitone N, Scott DL, Intramuscular Methyprednisolone Study Group. A two year randomised controlled trial of intramuscular depot steroids in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis who have shown a complete response to disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:1288-93.
30. Choi H, Hernan M, Seeger J, Wolfe F, Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2002;359:1173-7.
31. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Association. Special Report: Evidence on sequencing of conventional and biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. URL: http://www.bcbs.com/tec/vol118/18_11.html. Accessed 18 May 2005.
32. Landewe RBM. The benefits of early treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:1-5.
33. Visser H, Le Cessie S, Vos K, Breedveld FC, Hazes JMW. How to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis early. A prediction model for persistent (erosive) arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:357-65.
34. Edwards CJ, Arden NK, van Staa TP, Reading I, Saperia JC, Fisher D, et al. The changing use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in individuals with RA from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Rheumatology 2005; 44(Suppl 1):i2.
35. Jobanputra P, Homer D, Maggs F, Beavan J. Serious adverse events to disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for inflammatory arthritis: a West Midlands experience. Drug Saf 2002;25:1099-105.
36. Felson D, Anderson J, Meenan R. Use of short-term efficacy/toxicity tradeoffs to select second-line drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. A meta-analysis of published clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35:1117-25.
37. Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nissila M, Kautiainen H, Korpela M. Comparison of combination therapy with single-drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:1568-73.
38. Sokka T, Mottonen T, Hannonen P. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug use according to the 'sawtooth' treatment strategy improves the functional outcome in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a long-term follow-up study with review of the literature. Rheumatology 2000;39:34-42.
39. Viller F, Guillemin F, Briancon S, Moum T, Suurmeijer T, van den Heuvel W, Compliance with drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a longitudinal European study. Joint Bone Spine 2000;67:178-82.
40. Wolfe F, Zwillich SH. The long-term outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:1072-82.
41. van Gestel AM, Haagsma CJ, Van Riel PLCM. Validation of rheumatoid arthritis improvement criteria that include simplified joint counts. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1845-50.
42. Fransen J, Creemers MCW, Van Riel PLCM. Remission in rheumatoid arthritis: agreement of the disease activity score (DAS28) with the ARA preliminary remission criteria. Rheumatology 2004; 43:1252-5.
43. van Gestel AM, Prevoo MLL, van 'T Hof MA, van Rijswijk MH, Van De Putte LBA, Van Riel PLCM. Development and validation of the European League Against Rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with the Preliminary American College of Rheumatology and the World Health Organisation/International League Against Rheumatism criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:34-40.
44. Kirwan JR. Links between radiological change, disability and pathology in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2001;40:881-6.
45. Landewe R, Boers M, van der Heijde D. How to interpret radiological progression in randomised clinical trials? Rheumatology 2003;42:2-5.
46. Young A, Dixey J, Cox N, Davies P, Devlin J, Emery P. How does disability in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affect patients and their lives? Results of 5 years follow-up in 732 patients from the Early RA Study (ERAS). Rheumatology 2000; 39:603-11.
47. Uhlig T, Smedstad L, Vaglum P, Moum T, Gerard N, Kvien T. The course of rheumatoid arthritis and predictors of psychological, physical and radiographic outcome after 5 years of follow-up. Rheumatology 2000;39:732-41.
48. Barrett EM, Scott DGI, Wiles N, Symmons D. The impact of rheumatoid arthritis on employment status in the early years of disease: a UK community-based study. Rheumatology 2000; 39:1403-9.
49. Chorus AMJ, Miedem HS, Wevers CJ, van der Linden S. Labour force participation among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:549-54.
50. Goodson N, Wiles N, Lunt M, Barrett EM, Silman A, Symmons DPM. Mortality in early inflammatory polyarthritis. Cardiovascular disease is increased in seropositive patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2010-19.
51. Boers M, Dijkmans B, Gabriel S, Maradit-Kremers H, O'Dell J, Pincus J. Making an impact on mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Targeting cardiovascular disease. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:1734-9.
52. Navarro-Cano G, del Rincon I, Pogosian S, Roldan JF, Escalante A. Association of mortality with disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis, independent of comorbidity. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:2425-33.
53. Ward MM. Recent improvements in survival in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: better outcomes or different study designs? Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:1467-9.
54. Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Doran MF, Turesson C, O'Fallon WM, et al. Survival in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based analysis of trends over 40 vears. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:54-8.
55. Hallert E, Husberg M, Jonsson D, Skogh T. Rheumatoid arthritis is already expensive during the first year of the disease (the Swedish TIRA project). Rheumatology 2004;43:1374-82.
56. Brouwer WB, van Exel NJ, Van de Berg B, Dinant HJ, Koopmanschap MA. Burden of caregiving: evidence of objective burden, subjective burden, and quality of life impacts on informal caregivers of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:570-7.
57. Michaud K, Messer J, Choi HK, Wolfe F. Direct medical costs and their predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a three-year study of 7,257 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2750-62.
58. Puolakka K, Kautiainen H, Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Korpela M, Julkunen H, et al. Impact of initial aggressive drug treatment with a combination of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on the development of work disability in early rheumatoid arthritis: a five-year randomized follow-up trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:55-62.
59. Young A, Dixey J, Kulinskay E, Cox N, Davies P, Devlin J, et al. Which patients stop working because of rheumatoid arthritis? Results of five years' follow up in 732 patients from Early RA Study (ERAS). Ann Rheum Dis 2002;6:335-40.
60. Audit Commission. Managing the financial implications of NICE guidance ISBN 186240 513 1. London: Audit Commission; 2005.
61. Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Alliance. Standards of care for people with inflammatory arthritis. URL: http://www.arma.uk.net/pdfs/ia.pdf. Accessed 22 May 2005.
62. Griffiths I, Silman A, Symmons D, Scott DGI. BSR Biologics Registry. Rheumatology 2004;43:1463-4.
63. Knights SE, Averns H. The influence of resource limitation on the use of biologic agents in South West England. Rheumatology 2004; 43(Suppl 2): ii76.
64. British Society for Rheumatology and the Musculoskeletal Alliance. Access to anti-TNFα therapies for adults with inflammatory arthritis. URL: http://www.rheumatology.org.uk/media/pressreleases/ pressreleasebsrarmasurvey. Accessed 13 June 2005.
65. Somerville MF, Brooksby A, Gaffney K, Scott DGI. Anti-TNF: patients, politics and practicalities of access to treatment during the last four years. Rheumatology 2004;43(Suppl 2):ii39-40.
66. Abbott Laboratories. Press release. URL: http://abbott.com/news/ press_release.cfm?id=867. Accessed 14 June 2005.
67. European Medicines Agency. Committee for medicinal products for human use post-authorisation summary of option for Humira. URL: http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/human/opinion/20715105en.pdf. Accessed 18 August 2005.
68. Mahmood I, Green MD. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Application No. 125057/0. Clinical pharmacology and biopharmaceutics review(s). URL: http://www.fda.gov/cder/biologics/review/BLA125057_S000_HUMIRA_ BIOPHARMR.pdf. Accessed 14 June 2005.
69. Abbott Laboratories. Humira 40 mg solution for injection in pre-filled syringe. Summary of product characteristics. URL: http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/industry/ default.asp?page=displaydoc.asp&documentid=13111. Accessed 14 June 2005.
70. Watson K, Hyrich KL, Lunt M, Silman A, Symmons D, BSR Biologics Register. Infliximab and non-methotrexate DMARDs for rheumatoid arthritis: efficacy in clinical practice. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(Suppl):S190.
71. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Schering-Plough. Remicade 100 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion. Summary of product characteristics. URL: http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/industry/ default.asp?page=displaydoc.asp&documentid=3236. Accessed 14 June 2005.
72. Buch MH, Marzo-Ortega H, Bingham SJ, Emery P. Long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with tumour necrosis factor a blockade: outcome of ceasing and restarting biologicals [1]. Rheumatology 2004;43:243-4.
73. Buch MH, Linsay S, Bryer D, Fairclough A, Rees-Evans B, Emery P. Incidence of influsion-related reactions in patients receiving infliximab: recommendations for administration guidelines. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63(Suppl):285.
74. Durez P, Van den Bosch F, Corluy L, Veys EM, De Clerck L, Peretz A, et al. A dose adjustment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis not optimally responding to a standard dose of infliximab of 3 mg/kg every 8 weeks can be effective: a Belgian prospective study. Rheumatology 2005;44:465-8.
75. Ehlers S. Why does tumour necrosis factor targeted therapy reactivate tuberculosis? J Rheumatol 2005;32(Suppl 74):35-9.
76. Wallis RS, Broder M, Wong J, Beenhouwer D. Granulomatous infections due to tumour necrosis factor blockade: correction. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1254-5.
77. Ormerod LP. Tuberculosis and anti-TNF-α treatment. Thorax 2004; 59:921.
78. Gardam MA, Keystone EC, Menzies R, Manners S, Skamene E, Long R, et al. Anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and tuberculosis risk: mechanisms of action and clinical management. Lancet Infect Dis 2003;3:148-55.
79. Charles PJ, Smeenk RJT, De Jong J, Feldmann M, Maini R. Assessment of antibodies to double-stranded DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis patients following treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor α: findings in open-label and randomised placebo controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:2383-90.
80. Bennett SP, Sawyer S, Baker A, Arden NK, Edwards CJ. Patient preferences in choosing anti-TNF therapies. Rheumatology 2005;44(Suppl 1): i151.
81. Westhovens R, Houssiau F, Joly J, Everitt DE, Bouman-Thio E, Zhu Y, et al. A phase I study assessing the safety, clinical response, and pharmacokinetics of an experimental infliximab formulation for subcutaneous or intramuscular administration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2006;33:847-53.
82. Fraenkel L, Bogardus ST, Concato J, Felson DT, Wittink DR. Patient preferences for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:1372-8.
83. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. URL: http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/RA_A4≻mmary.pdf. Accessed 23 May 2005.
84. British Society for Rheumatology. Guidelines for prescribing TNF blockers in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. URL: www.rheumatology.org.uk. Accessed 14 June 2001.
85. British Society for Rheumatology. Anti-TNFa agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence for the 5-year review of anti-TNFα. Submission to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Evidence; 2005.
86. Ledingham J, Deighton C. Update on the British Society for Rheumatology guidelines for prescribing TNFα blockers in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (update of previous guidelines of April 2001). Rheumatology 2005; 44:157-63.
87. Watson K, Hyrich K, Symmons D, Silman A, BSR Biologics Register. British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR): the experience of rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving infliximab or etanercept to December 2003 [abstract LB1]. Rheumatology 2004; 43(Suppl 2):ii1.
88. Arnett F, Edworthy S, Bloch D. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheum 1988;31:315-24.
89. Harrison B, Symmons D, Barrett E, Silman A. The performance of the 1987 ARA classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis in a population based cohort of patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. J Rheumatol 1998;25:2324-30.
90. Gardiner PV, Bell AL, Taggart AJ, Wright G, Kee F, Smyth A, et al. A potential pitfall in the use of the Disease Activity Score (DAS28) as the main response criterion in treatment guidelines for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:506-7.
91. Cohen M. Accentuate the positive: we are better than guidelines. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:2-4.
92. Tannenbaum S. What physicians know. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1268-71.
93. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Pincus T, Furst D, Keystone E. The Disease Activity Score is not suitable as the sole criterion for initiation and evaluation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in the clinic. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3873-9.
94. Gomez-Puerta JA, Rodriguez-Cros JR, Graell E, Cañete JD, Albaladejo C, Sanmarti R. One-year efficacy of etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis patients who previously failed to infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(Suppl):S190.
95. Keystone EC, Perruquet JL, Lidman RW, Stein B, Peller JS, Xia HA, et al. Switching anti-TNF therapy: real-world outcome of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who failed either infliximab or etanercept treatment and switched to another TNF inhibitor. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(Suppl): S400-1.
96. Westhovens R, Wolfe F, Rahman MU, Han J, Yocum D. Infliximab dose escalation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Results from the START trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(Suppl):S185-6.
97. van Vollenhoven RF, Brannemark S, Klareskog L. Dose escalation of infliximab in clinical practice: improvements seen may be explained by a regression-like effect. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:426-30.
98. Stern R, Wolfe F. Infliximab dose and clinical status: results of 2 studies in 1642 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1538-45.
99. Schiff M, Mease P, Weinblatt M, Moreland L, Burge D. Randomized control trial of 25 mg vs. 50 mg Enbrel (etanercept) twice weekly in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [abstract 1947]. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(9 Suppl):S391.
100. Blumenauer B, Judd M, Wells G, Burls A, Cranney A, Hochberg M, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(3):CD003785.
101. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Analysing and presenting results. In Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews for interventions 4.2.4 [updated March 2005]; Section 8. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2005.
102. Breedveld FC, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, Perez JL, et al. Early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with adalimumab (HUMIRA®) plus methotrexate vs. adalimumab alone or methotrexate alone. The PREMIER study [abstract L5]. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:4096-7.
103. Codreanu C, Combe B, Fiocco U, Gaubitz M, Geusens PP, Kvien T, et al. Double-blind comparison of etanercept and sulfasalazine, alone and combined in active RA patients [abstract THU0120]. EULAR 2003; 2003.
104. Baumgartner SW, Paulus H, Burch F, Kivitz A, Dunn M, Kerr D, et al. A study to determine the safety of etanercept (Enbrel) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have concomitant comorbid conditions [abstract 1765]. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(9 Suppl):S660-1.
105. Yocum D, Rahman MU, Han C, Bala M, Han J, Westhovens R. Infliximab rapidly improves all components of physical function assessed by the HAQ in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the START trial [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(9 Suppl):S188-9.
106. Schattenkirchner M, Krüger K, Sander O, Rau R, Kroot EJ, van Riel PL, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of weekly subcutaneous injections of the fully human anti-TNF antibody D2E7 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis - results of a Phase I studv. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41(9 Suppl):S57.
107. van Riel P, Taggart A, Sany J, Gaubitz M, Garcia Lopez A, Korpela M, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of the combination of etanercept plus methotrexate and etanercept alone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: the ADORE study [EULAR 2005 abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64(Suppl III):437.
108. Goekoop-Ruiterman YPM, De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, Van Zeben D, Kerstens PJSM, Hazes JMW, et al. Clinical and radiological outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3381-90.
109. Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, et al. The PREMIER study. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:26-37.
110. van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Codreanu C, Bolosiu H, Melo-Gomes J, et al. Comparison of etanercept and methotrexate, alone and combined, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:1063-74.
111. Westhovens R, Yocum D, Han J, Berman A, Strusberg I, Geusens P, et al. The safety of infliximab, combined with background treatments, among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and various comorbidities: a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:1075-86.
112. Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Moreland LW, Weisman MH, Birbara CA, et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. [published erratum appears in Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:855]. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:35-45.
113. van de Putte LB, Atkins C, Malaise M, Sany J, Russell AS, van Riel PL, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab as monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis for whom previous disease modifying antirheumatic drug treatment has failed. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:508-16.
114. Keystone EC, Kavanaugh AF, Sharp JT, Tannenbaum H, Hua Y, Teoh LS, et al. Radiographic, clinical, and functional outcomes of treatment with adalimumab (a human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 52-week trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1400-11.
115. Furst DE, Schiff MH, Fleischmann RM, Strand V Birbara CA, Compagnone D, et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, and concomitant standard antirheumatic therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: results of STAR (Safety Trial of Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis). J Rheumatol 2003;30:2563-71.
116. den Broeder A, van de PL, Rau R, Schattenkirchner M, van Riel P, Sander O, et al. A single dose, placebo controlled study of the fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody adalimumab (D2E7) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2002;29:2288-98.
117. Rau R, Simianer S, van Riel PL, van de Putte LB, Kruger K, Schattenkirchner M, et al. Rapid alleviation of signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis with intravenous or subcutaneous administration of adalimumab in combination with methotrexate. Scand J Rheumatol 2004; 33:145-53.
118. Weisman MH, Moreland LW, Furst DE, Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Paulus HE, et al. Efficacy, pharmacokinetic, and safety assessment of adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, in adults with rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate: a pilot study. Clin Ther 2003; 25:1700-21.
119. van de Putte LB, Rau R, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Malaise MG, van Riel PL, et al. Efficacy and safety of the fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody adalimumab (D2E7) in DMARD refractory patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 12 week, phase II study. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:1168-77.
120. Moreland LW, Margolies G, Heck LW Jr, Saway A, Blosch C, Hanna R, et al. Recombinant soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (p80) fusion protein: toxicity and dose finding trial in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23:1849-55.
121. Moreland LW, Baumgartner SW, Schiff MH, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Weaver AL, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-FC fusion protein. N Engl J Med 1997;337:141-7.
122. Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Bulpitt KJ, et al. Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:478-86.
123. Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1586-93.
124. Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, et al. Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:1443-50.
125. Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, et al. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med 1999;340:253-9.
126. Wajdula J. A double-blind, placebo controlled study of the efficacy and safety of four different doses of etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59 (Suppl):163.
127. Klareskog L, van der HD, de Jager JP, Gough A, Kalden J, Malaise M, et al. Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363:675-81.
128. van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Klareskog L, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Settas L, Pedersen R, et al. Presentation and analysis of data on radiographic outcome in clinical trials: experience from the TEMPO study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:49-60.
129. Keystone EC, Schiff MH, Kremer JM, Kafka S, Lovy M, DeVries T, et al. Once-weekly administration of 50 mg etanercept in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:353-63.
130. Lan JL, Chou SJ, Chen DY, Chen YH, Hsieh TY, Young M Jr. A comparative study of etanercept plus methotrexate and methotrexate alone in Taiwanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized placebo-control led study. J Formos Med Assoc 2004; 103:618-23.
131. van Laar JM, Verburg RJ, Fibbe WE, Breedveld FC. Intensive immunosuppression and autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis: the Leiden experience. J Rheumatol 2001;64 (Suppl):25-7.
132. Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, Furst D, Kalden J, Weisman M, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor a monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. Lancet 1999; 359:1932-9.
133. Lipsky PE, van der Heijde DMFM, St Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, et al. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1594-602.
134. Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Furst D, Weisman MH, et al. Sustained improvement over two years in physical function, structural damage, and signs and symptoms among patients with rheumatoid
135. St Clair EW, van der Heijde DM, Smolen JS, Maini RN, Bathon JM, Emery P, et al. Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:3432-43.
136. Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Kalden JR, Antoni C, Smolen JS, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor α (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1994; 334:1105-10.
137. Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Davis D, Macfarlane JD, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of anti-tumour necrosis factor α monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1552-63.
138. Kavanaugh A, St Clair E, McCune W, Braakman T, Lipsky P. Chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor - a monoclonal antibody treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate therapy. J Rheumatol 2000;27:841-50.
139. Durez P, Nzeusseu TA, Lauwerys BR, Manicourt DH, Verschueren P, Westhovens R, et al. A randomised comparative study of the short term clinical and biological effects of intravenous pulse methylprednisolone and infliximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:1069-74.
140. Taylor PC, Steuer A, Gruber J, Cosgrove DO, Blomley MJ, Marsters PA, et al. Comparison of ultrasonographic assessment of synovitis and joint vascularity with radiographic evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of infliximab therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1107-16.
141. Quinn MA, Conaghan PG, O'Connor PJ, Karim Z, Greenstein A, Brown A, et al. Very early treatment with infliximab in addition to methotrexate in early, poor-prognosis rheumatoid arthritis reduces magnetic resonance imaging evidence of synovitis and damage, with sustained benefit after infliximab withdrawal: results from a twelve-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:27-35.
142. Durez P, Toukap AN, Lauwerys BR, Manicourt DH, Westhovens R, Houssiau EA. Distinct effects of infliximab and intravenous pulse methylprednisolone on CRP, interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 serum titers in rheumatoid arthritis patients with active disease despite methotrexate. A prospective randomised comparative study. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(9 Suppl):212.
143. Goekoop-Ruiterman YPM, De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Van Zeben D, Kerstens PJSM, Hazes JMW, Zwinderman AH, et al. Treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and radiological outcomes after 2 year follow-up of the BeSt study [abstract L4]. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50(12 Suppl):4096.
144. De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Goekoop-Ruiterman YPM, Breedveld FC, Han KH, Kerstens PJS, Ronday HK, et al. Clinical and radiological outcomes after one-year follow-up of the BeSt study, a randomized trial comparing four different treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(Suppl):3649.
145. Armstrong RD, English J, Gibson T Chakraborty J, Marks V. Serum methylprednisolone levels following intra-articular injection of methylprednisolone acetate. Ann Rheum Dis 1981; 40:571-4.
146. FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee. Update on the TNF-α blocking agents. FDA briefing document 4 March, 2003 meeting of Arthritis Advisory Committee. URL: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/briefing/ 3930B1_01_B-TNF. Briefing.pdf. Accessed 19 January 2005.
147. Symmons DPM, Silman AJ. Anti-tumor necrosis factor α. therapy and the risk of lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: no clear answer. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1703-6.
148. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1740-51.
149. Baecklund E, Ekbom A, Sparen P, Feltelius N, Klareskog L. Disease activity and risk of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: nested case-control study. BMJ 1998;317: 180-1.
150. Askling J, Fored CM, Baecklund E, Brandt L, Backlin C, Ekbom A, et al. Haematopoietic malignancies in rheumatoid arthritis: lymphoma risk and characteristics after exposure to tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:1414-20.
151. Geborek P, Bladstrom A, Thresson C, Gulfe A, Petersson IF, Saxne T, et al. Tumour necrosis factor blockers do not increase overall tumour risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but may be associated with an increased risk of lymphomas. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:699-703.
152. Askling J, Fored C M, Brandt L, Baecklund E, Bertilsson L, Feltelius N, et al. Risks of solid cancers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and after treatment with tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1421-6.
153. Lebwohl M, Blum R, Berkowitz E, Kim D, Zitnik R, Osteen C, et al. No evidence for increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving etanercept for up to 5 years. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:861-4.
154. Coletta AP, Clark AL, Banarjee P, Cleland JGF. Clinical trials update: RENEWAL (RENAISSANCE and RECOVER) and ATTACH. Eur J Heart Fail 2002;4:559-61.
155. Khanna D, McMahon M, Furst DE. Anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy and heart failure. What have we learned and where do we go from here? Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1040-50.
156. Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, Fasanmade AA, Willerson JT. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-α, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 2003;107:3133-40.
157. Genovese MC, Cohen S, Moreland L, Lium D, Robbins S, Newmark R, et al. Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1412-19.
158. Evers S, Goossens M, de Vet H, van Tulder M, Ament A. Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: consensus on health economic criteria. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2005;21:240-5.
159. Choi HK, Seeger JD, Kuntz KM. A cost effectiveness analysis of treatment options for methotrexate-naïve rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2002;29:1156-65.
160. Brennan A, Bansback N, Reynolds A, Conway P. Modelling the cost-effectiveness of etanercept in adults with rheumatoid arthritis in the UK. Rheumatology 2004;43:62-72.
161. Wong JB, Singh G, Kavanaugh A. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of 54 weeks of infliximab for rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 2002;113:400-8.
162. Kobelt G, Jonsson L, Young A, Eberhardt K. The cost-effectiveness of infliximab (Remicade) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Sweden and the United Kingdom based on the ATTRACT study. Rheumatology 2003;42:326-35.
163. Kobelt G, Eberhardt K, Geborek P. TNF inhibitors in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in clinical practice: costs and outcomes in a follow up study of patients with RA treated with etanercept or infliximab in southern Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:4-10.
164. Chiou C-F, Choi J, Reyes CM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of biological treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 2004;4:307-15.
165. Welsing PMJ, Severens JL, Hartman M, van Riel PLCM, Laan RFJM. Modeling the 5-year cost effectiveness of treatment strategies including tumor necrosis factor-blocking agents and leflunomide for treating rheumatoid arthritis in the Netherlands. Arthritis Rheum (Arthritis Care and Research) 2004;51:964-73.
166. Bansback N, Brennan A, Ghatneker O. Cost effectiveness of Adalimumab in the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis patients in Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:995-1002.
167. Kobelt G, Lindgren P, Singh A, Klareskog L. Cost-effectiveness of etanercept (Enbrel) in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis based on the TEMPO trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1174-9.
168. Brennan A, Bansback N. Re: Wolfe et al. Do rheumatology cost-effectiveness analyses make sense? Rheumatology 2004;43:677-8.
169. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Pincus T. Do rheumatology cost-effectiveness analyses make sense? Rheumatology 2004;43:4-6.
170. Chiou C, Choi J, Reyes CM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of biological treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Review in Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Research 2004;4:307-15.
171. Geborek P, Crnkic M, Petersson IF, Saxne T, South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group. Etanercept, infliximab, and leflunomide in established rheumatoid arthritis: clinical experience using a structured follow up programme in southern Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:793-8.
172. Wiles NJ, Lunt M, Barrett EM, Bukhari M, Silman AJ, Symmons DPM, et al. Reduced disability at five years with early treatment of inflammatory polyarthritis. Results from a large observational cohort, using propensity models to adjust for disease severity. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:1033-42.
173. Emery P, Breedveld FC, Lemmel EM, Kaltwasser JP, Dawes PT, Gömör B. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of leflunomide and methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2000;39:655-65.
174. Bresnihan B, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Cobby M, Doherty M, Domljan Z, Emery P. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:2196-204.
175. Zeidler HK, Kvien TK, Hannonen P, Wollheim FA, Forre O, Geidel H. Progression of joint damage in early active severe rheumatoid arthritis during 18 months of treatment: comparison of low-dose cyclosporin and parenteral gold. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:874-82.
176. Kvien TK, Zeidler HK, Hannonen P, Wollheim FA, Forre O, Hafstrom I, et al. Long term efficacy and safety of cyclosporin versus parental gold in early rheumatoid arthritis: a three year study of radiographic progression, renal function, and arterial hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:511-16.
177. HERA Study Group. A randomised trial of hydroxychloroquine in early rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1995;98:168.
178. Kalden JR, Scott DL, Smolen JS, Schattenkirchner M, Rozman B, Williams BD, et al. Improved functional ability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis - long-term treatment with leflunomide versus sulfasalazine. J Rheumatol 2001; 28:1983-91.
179. Smolen JS, Kalden JR, Scott DL, Rozman B, Kvien TK, Larsen A, et al. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with placebo and sulphasalazine in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 1999;353:259-66.
180. Gerards AH, Landewe RB, Prins AP, Bruyn GA, Goci The HS, Laan RF, et al. Cyclosporin A monotherapy versus cyclosporin A and methotrexate combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind randomised placebo controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:291-6.
181. Willkens RF, Sharp JT Stablein D, Marks C, Wortmann R. Comparison of azathioprine, methotrexate, and the combination of the two in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1799-806.
182. Yocum DE, Allard S, Cohen SB, Emery P, Flipo RM, Goobar J, et al. Microemulsion formulation of cyclosporin (Sandimmun Neoral) vs Sandimmun: comparative safety, tolerability, and efficacy in severe acute rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2000;39:156-64.
183. Marra CA, Esdaile JM, Guh D, Fisher JH, Chalmers A, Anis AH. The effectiveness and toxicity of cyclosporin A in rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal analysis of a population-based registry. Arthritis Care and Research 2001; 45:240-5.
184. Hamilton J, McInnes IB, Thomson EA, Porter D, Hunter JA, Madbok R, et al. Comparative study of intramuscular gold and methotrexate in a rheumatoid arthritis population from a socially deprived area. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:566-72.
185. Furst D, Lindsley H, Baethge B, Botstein GR, Caldwell J, Dietz F, et al. Dose-loading with hydroxychloroquine improves the rate of response in early, active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:357-65.
186. Van Roon EN, Jansen TLT, Mourad L, Houtman PM, Bruyn GAW, Griep EN, et al. Leflunomide in active rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study in daily practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;58:201-8.
187. Proudman SM, Conaghan PG, Richardson C, Griffiths B, Green MJ, McGonagle D, et al. Treatment of poor prognosis early rheumatoid arthritis. A randomised study of treatment with methotrexate, cyclosporin A, and intraarticular cortiocosteroids compared with sulphasalaszine alone. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1809-19.
188. Edwards CJ, Arden NK, Fisher D, Saperia JC, Reading I, van Staa TP, et al. The changing use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis from the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Rheumatology 2005;44:1394-8.
189. Tugwell P, Pincus T, Yocum D, Stein M, Gluck O, Kraag G, et al. Combination therapy with cyclosporine and methotrexate in severe rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:137-41.
190. Gerards A, Landewe R, Prins A, Bruijn G, Goei T, Dijkmans B. Combination therapy with cyclosporin A and methotrexate in patients with early aggressive rheumatoid arthritis, a randomiscd double blind placebo controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43 (Suppl):S382.
191. Scott DL, Strand V The effects of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs on the Health Assessment Questionnaire score. Lessons from the leflunomide clinical trials database. J Rheumatol 2002;41:899-909.
192. Lynch N, Robinson E. Cyclosporin use in inflammatory arthritis: a 2-year prospective national audit. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43 (Suppl):S344.
193. Maetzel A, Wong W, Strand V, Tugwell P, Wells G, Bombardier C. Meta-analysis of treatment termination rates among rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatology 2000;39:975-81.
194. Newchurch. National Pathology Alliance Benchmarking Report: Haematology and blood transfusion 2000/2001. London: Newchurch; 2002.
195. Newchurch. Radiology Benchmarking Report: 1999/2000. London: Newchurch; 2001.
196. Curtis L, Netten N. Unit costs of health and social care 2004. Canterbury: PSSRU, University of Kent; 2004.
197. British National Formulary. BNF 50; September 2005. URL: www.bnf.org.
198. Wolfe F, Mitchell DM, Sibley JT, Fries Jf, Bloch DA, Williams CA. The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:481-94.
199. Sokka T, Hakkinen A, Krishnan E, Hannonen P. Similar prediction of mortality by the health assessment questionnaire in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the general population. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:494-7.
200. Krishnan E, Sokka T Häkkinen A, Hubert H, Hannonen P. Normative values for the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:953-60.
201. Hurst NP, Kind P, Ruta D, Hunter M, Stubbings A. Measuring health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis: validity, responsiveness and reliability of EuroQol (EQ-5D). Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:551-9.
202. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2006; 295:2275-85.
203. Jobanputra P, Hunter M, Clark D, Lambert C, Hurst N. An audit of methotrexate and folic acid for rheumatoid arthritis. Experience from a teaching centre. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:971-5.
204. Fries JF, Spitz PW, Kraines RG, Holman HR. Measurement of patient outcomes in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1980;23:137-45.
205. Wolfe F. Which HAQ is best? A comparison of the HAQ, MHAQ and RA-HAQ, a difficult 8 item HAQ (DHAQ), and a rescored 20 item HAQ (HAQ20): analyses in 2491 rheumatoid arthritis patients following leflunomide initiation. J Rheumatol 2001;28:982-9.
206. Felson DT Anderson JJ, Boers M, Bombardier C, Furst D, Goldsmith C, et al. American College of Rheumatology preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:727-35.
207. Siegel JN, Zhen B-G. Use of the American College of Rheumatology N (ACR-N) index of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Argument in favor. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1637-41.
208. Boers M. Use of the American College of Rheumatology N (ACR-N) index of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Argument in opposition. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1642-5.
209. Scott DL. Radiographs in rheumatoid arthritis. International Journal of Advances in Rheumatology 2003;1:2-8.
210. Sharp JT, Young DY, Bluhm GB, Brook A, Brower AC, Corbett M, et al. How many joints in the hands and wrists should be included in a score of radiologic abnormalities used to assess rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28:1326-35.
211. van der Heijde D, van Leeuwen MA, Riel PLCM, Koster AM, van't Hof MA, van Rijswijk MH, et al. Biannual radiographic assessments of hands and feet in a three-year prospective followup of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:26-34.
212. Scott DL, Housseien DA, Laasonen L. Proposed modification to Larsen's scoring methods of hand and wrist radiographs. Br J Rheumatol 1995; 34:56.
213. Fleischmann RM, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Weaver AL, Moreland LW, Schiff MH, et al. Response to etanercept (Enbrel) in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective analysis of clinical trial results. J Rheumatol 2003;30:691-6.
214. Smeets TJ, Kraan MC, van Loon ME, Tak PP. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade reduces the synovial cell infiltrate early after initiation of treatment, but apparently not by induction of apoptosis in synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:2155-62.
215. St Clair EW, Wagner CL, Fasanmade AA, Wang B, Schaible T, Kavanaugh A, et al. The relationship of serum infliximab concentrations to clinical improvement in rheumatoid arthritis: results from ATTRACT, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1451-9.
216. Schotte H, Willeke P, Mickholz E, Schorat MA, Ortega SM, Schluter B, et al. [Long-term treatment with etanercept significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine mononuclear cells in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Z Rheumatol 2001;60:83.
217. Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, McMahon AD, Lock P, Vallance R, et al. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:263-9.
218. Lukina GV, Sigidin I, Skurkovich SV, Skurkovich BS. [Double-blind trial of the effectiveness of antibodies to interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis (preliminary results)] [in Russian]. Ter Arkh 2001; 73(5):12-15.
219. Sigidin YA, Loukina GV, Skurkovich B, Skurkovich S. Randomized, double-blind trial of anti-interferon-gamma antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;30:203-7.
220. Brocq O, Plubel Y, Breuil V, Grisot C, Flory P, Mousnier A, et al. Etanercept-infliximab switch in rheumatoid arthritis 14 out of 131 patients treated with anti TNF alpha. Presse Med 2002;31:1836-9.
221. Capria A, De Nardo D, De Sanctis G, Simonelli AR, Kroegler B, Silvestri F, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis is improved by anti-tumor necrosis factor-α treatment. European Journal of Inflammation 2004;2:113-18.
222. Cohen JD, Zaltni S, Kaiser MJ, Bozonnat MC, Jorgensen C, Daures JP, et al. Secondary addition of methotrexate to partial responders to etanercept alone is effective in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:209-10.
223. Ferraro-Peyret C, Coury F. Tebib JG, Bienvenu J, Fabien N. Infliximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis-induced specific antinuclear and antiphospholipid autoantibodies without autoinunune clinical manifestations: a two-year prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6:R535-43.
224. Genovese M, Martin R, Fleischmann R, Keystone E, Bathon J, Hinck B, et al. Etanercept (Enbrel®) in early erosive rheumatoid arthritis (ERA trial): observations at 3 years. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(9):151.
225. Genovese MC, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Keystone EC, Bathon JM, Spencer-Green G. Etanercept (Enbrel®) in early erosive rheumatoid arthritis (ERA trial): observations at 4 years. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46(9):S530.
226. Genovese MC, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM Keystone EC, Bathons J M, Tsuji WH. Etanercept (Enbrel®) in early erosive rheumatoid arthritis (ERA trial): clinical and radiographic data. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(9 Suppl):208.
227. Gomez-Puerta JA, Sanmarti R, Rodriguez-Cros JR, Canete JD. Etanercept is effective in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with no response to infliximab therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:896.
228. Korczowska I, Hrycaj P, Lacki JK. Does infliximab decrease bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis patients [3]. Joint Bone Spine 2003;70:398-400.
229. Kucharz EJ, Gozdzik J, Kopec M, Kotulska A, Lewicki M, Pieczyrak R, et al. A single infusion of infliximab increases the serum endostatin level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [8]. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21:273-4.
230. Osborn TG. Intraarticular etanercept versus saline in rheumatoid arthritis: a single injection double blind placebo controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46(9):S518.
231. Saadeh CK, Brown DM, Chumney-Malacara JM, Crow J. Infliximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) induced significant control of asthma in patients with both RA and asthma or asthma/COPD in addition to improving RA status. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:741.
232. Smith GR, Tymms KE, Falk M. Etanercept treatment of renal amyloidosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med J 2004;34:570-2.
233. Yazici Y, Erkan D, Kulman I, Schwartzman S, Harrison MJ. Etanercept (ETA) vs infliximab (INF): a comparison of efficacy in controlling rheumatoid arthritis (RA) flares during the first year of therapy and the year prior to their use. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:171.
234. Breedveld FC. Tumour necrosis factor blockade in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Med 2001;1:107-9.
235. Calin A. Infliximab: chimeric human-murine monoclonal antibody. Journal of Drug Evaluation 2003;1:77-108.
236. Muhlhauser U, Munzel F, Eschenhagen T Etanercept. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003;128:1775-8.
237. Pugsley MK. Etanercept Immunex. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001;2:1725-31.
238. Rashmi S, Ujala V. A novel therapeutic approach in rheumatoid arthritis. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2004;36:265-6.
239. Rau R. Adalimumab (a fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: the initial results of five trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61(Suppl 2):ii70-3.
240. Sautner J. Adalimumab (Humira) [in German]. Internistische Praxis 2005;45:159-62.
241. Vervaeren J. Rheumatoid arthritis: a new treatment [in French]. J Pharm Belg 2002; 57(4):82-8.
242. Winning A. Infliximab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Excellence 2001;3:211-14.
243. Yung RL. Etanercept Immunex. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001;2:216-21.
244. Anonymous. [Adalimumab slows the progression of rheumatoid arthritis] [in German]. Pharm. Unserer Zeit 2003;32:75-6.
245. Anonymous. Etanercept/anakinra RA combination therapy has increased risk compared to etanercept monotherapy. Formulary 2004;39(8):394, 397.
246. Bain B, Brazil M. Adalimumab. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003;2(9):693-4.
247. Becker C. Adalimumab is suitable for everyday use [in German]. Pharmazeutische Zeitung 2004; 149(26):28, 30.
248. Boers M, COBRA Study Group. Demonstration of response in rheumatoid arthritis patients who are nonresponders according to the American College of Rheumatology 20% criteria: the paradox of beneficial treatment effects in nonresponders in the ATTRACT trial. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2703-4.
249. Bruhn C. Adalimumab - the first pure human monoclonal antibody for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [in German]. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 2002;142(45):38-40.
250. Bruhn C. Rheumatoid arthritis: combination of etanercept and methotrexate is superior to monotherapy [in German]. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 2004;144(21):46-8.
251. Choy EH. Two is better than one? Combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2004;43:1205-7.
252. Cutoto M. Etanercept improves rheumatoid arthritis partially responsive to methotrexate. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001;19:626-7.
253. Czajka S. Long-term study on infliximab [in German]. Pharmazeutische Zeitung 2001;146(16):30, 32.
254. Haneveld JK. Combination treatment with etanercept and methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis [in Dutch]. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 2004; 139:870-1.
255. Hellwig B. Rheumatoid arthritis: adalimumab - new antibody against TNF alpha [in German]. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 2003;143(38):48-50.
256. Masche UP Adalimumab [in German]. Pharma-Kritik 2003;25(9):35-6.
257. Matucci-Cerinic M. The addition of adalimumab to methotrexate reduces rheumatoid arthritis activity in patients with longstanding disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004;22:34-5.
258. Moreland L. Infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004;6:334-5.
259. Moreland L. Adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004;6:333-4.
260. Rothschild BM. American College of Rheumatology - 65th Annual Meeting: TNF therapies: 11-15 November 2001, San Francisco, CA, USA. Idrugs 2002;5:35-7.
261. Braddock M. 2nd International Conference on Immune-Mediated Diseases & 8th International Anti-Inflammation Meeting. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004;13:555-64.
262. Croasdell G. JP Morgan Hambrecht & Quist - 21st Annual Healthcare Conference: 6-9 January 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA. Idrugs 2003;6:93-6.
263. Evans R. Inflammation 2003 - Sixth World Congress: 2-6 August 2003, Vancouver, Canada. Idrugs 2003;6:831-3.
264. Levy RA, Galarza C, Shoenfeld Y. I Latin American Congress of Autoimmunity Galapagos - September 15-18. Autoimmunity Reviews 2004; 3:76-87.
265. Oelke K. American College of Rheumatology - 65th Annual Meeting: 10-15 November 2001, San Francisco, CA, USA. Idrugs 2002;5:30-1.
266. Trepman E, Lutter LD, Thordarson DB, Greer RE, Lutter J. Highlights of the Nineteenth Annual Summer Meeting of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Hilton Head, South Carolina, June 27-29, 2003. Foot and Ankle Surgery 2003;9:245-54.
267. Yung RL. American College of Rheumatology - 65th Annual Meeting Degenerative Joint Diseases 11-15 November 2001, San Francisco, CA, USA. Idrugs 2002;5:32-4.
268. van de Putte L, Bergemann R, Rosery H, Pang F, Dietz B, Kupper H, et al. Variation in resource utilization and treatment costs for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) across 5 countries in an adalimumab (D2E7) clinical trial [abstract]. Value Health 2002; 5:475-6.