Urinary proteomics and drug discovery in chronic kidney disease:A new perspective

Journal of Proteome Research

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 126-132

  Prunotto, Marco ^a   Ghiggeri, Gian Marco ^b   Candiano, Giovanni ^b   Lescuyer, Pierre ^c   Hochstrasser, Denis ^c   Moll, Solange ^c  

^a Hoffmann La Roche Ltd   (United States)

^b G GASLINI INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^c GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Biomarker; CKD; Drug discovery; Proteomics; Urine

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FIBROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; VALIDATION PROCESS;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DRUG DISCOVERY; FIBROSIS; HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; PROTEINURIA; PROTEOMICS;

EID: 79951536568     PISSN: 15353893     EISSN: 15353907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/pr100464q     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Coresh, J.; Astor, B. C.; Greene, T.; Eknoyan, G.; Levey, A. S. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2003, 41 (1), 1-12. (Pubitemid 36043346)
2. Lameire, N.; Jager, K.; Van Biesen, W.; de Bacquer, D.; Vanholder, R. Chronic kidney disease: a European perspective. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2005, (99), S30-8.
3. Levey, A. S.; Atkins, R.; Coresh, J.; Cohen, E. P.; Collins, A. J.; Eckardt, K. U.; Nahas, M. E.; Jaber, B. L.; Jadoul, M.; Levin, A.; Powe, N. R.; Rossert, J.; Wheeler, D. C.; Lameire, N.; Eknoyan, G. Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives - a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int. 2007, 72 (3), 247-59. (Pubitemid 47172384)
4. Katz, R. Biomarkers and surrogate markers: an FDA perspective. NeuroRx 2004, 1 (2), 189-95. (Pubitemid 46604746)
5. Temple, R. Are surrogate markers adequate to assess cardiovascular disease drugs. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1999, 282 (8), 790-5. (Pubitemid 29404390)
6. Hargraves, M. M.; Richmond, H.; Morton, R. Presentation of two bone marrow elements; the tart cell and the L.E. cell. Mayo Clin.Proc. 1948, 23 (2), 25-8.
7. Robbins, W. C.; Holman, H. R.; Deicher, H.; Kunkel, H. G.; Monestier, M.; Kotzin, B. L. Antibodies to histones in systemic lupus erythematosus and drug-induced lupus syndromes. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 1992, 18 (2), 415-36.
8. Davies, D. J.; Moran, J. E.; Niall, J. F.; Ryan, G. B. Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1982, 285(6342), 606. (Pubitemid 12042688)
9. Borza, D. B. Autoepitopes and alloepitopes of type IV collagen: role in the molecular pathogenesis of anti-GBM antibody glomerulonephritis. Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 2007, 106 (2), e37-43.
10. Adachi, J.; Kumar, C.; Zhang, Y.; Olsen, J. V.; Mann, M. The human urinary proteome contains more than 1500 proteins, including a large proportion of membrane proteins. Genome Biol. 2006, 7 (9),R80.
11. Anderson, N. G.; Anderson, N. L.; Tollaksen, S. L. Proteins of human urine. I. Concentration and analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Clin. Chem. 1979, 25 (7), 1199-210. (Pubitemid 9253225)
12. Thongboonkerd, V.; McLeish, K. R.; Arthur, J. M.; Klein, J. B.Proteomic analysis of normal human urinary proteins isolated by acetone precipitation or ultracentrifugation. Kidney Int. 2002, 62(4), 1461-9.
13. Candiano, G.; Santucci, L.; Petretto, A.; Bruschi, M.; Dimuccio, V.; Urbani, A.; Bagnasco, S.; Ghiggeri, G. M. 2D-electrophoresis and the urine proteome map: where do we stand? J. Proteomics , 73(5), 829-44.
14. Thongboonkerd, V. Current status of renal and urinary proteomics:ready for routine clinical application? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.XXXX, 25 (1), 11-6.
15. Thongboonkerd, V. Practical points in urinary proteomics. J.Proteome Res. 2007, 6 (10), 3881-90. (Pubitemid 350032551)
16. Caubet, C.; Lacroix, C.; Decramer, S.; Drube, J.; Ehrich, J. H.; Mischak, H.; Bascands, J. L.; Schanstra, J. P. Advances in urinary proteome analysis and biomarker discovery in pediatric renal disease. Pediatr. Nephrol. , 25 (1), 27-35.
17. Weissinger, E. M.; Wittke, S.; Kaiser, T.; Haller, H.; Bartel, S.; Krebs, R.; Golovko, I.; Rupprecht, H. D.; Haubitz, M.; Hecker, H.; Mischak, H.; Fliser, D. Proteomic patterns established with capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for diagnostic purposes. Kidney Int. 2004, 65(6), 2426-34. (Pubitemid 38670029)
18. Check, E. Proteomics and cancer: running before we can walk. Nature 2004, 429 (6991), 496-7. (Pubitemid 38737636)
19. Kiehntopf, M.; Siegmund, R.; Deufel, T. Use of SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry for identification of new biomarkers: potential and limitations. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2007, 45 (11), 1435-49. (Pubitemid 350036581)
20. Poon, T. C. Opportunities and limitations of SELDI-TOF-MS in biomedical research: practical advices. Expert Rev. Proteomics 2007, 4 (1), 51-65. (Pubitemid 46239472)
21. Tonelli, M.; Sacks, F.; Pfeffer, M.; Jhangri, G. S.; Curhan, G. Biomarkers of inflammation and progression of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2005, 68 (1), 237-45. (Pubitemid 43181381)
22. Thongboonkerd, V. Proteomic analysis of renal diseases: Unraveling the pathophysiology and biomarker discovery. Expert Rev. Proteomics 2005, 2 (3), 349-66. (Pubitemid 40839746)
23. Roberts, M. A.; Hare, D. L.; Ratnaike, S.; Ierino, F. L.; Cardiovascular biomarkers in, C. K. D. pathophysiology and implications for clinical management of cardiac disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006,48 (3), 341-60. (Pubitemid 44262433)
24. Eddy, A. A. Progression in chronic kidney disease. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 2005, 12 (4), 353-65. (Pubitemid 41376493)
25. Powell, D. W.; Mifflin, R. C.; Valentich, J. D.; Crowe, S. E.; Saada, J. I.; West, A. B. Myofibroblasts. I. Paracrine cells important in health and disease. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 277 (1 Pt 1), C1-9.
26. Essawy, M.; Soylemezoglu, O.; Muchaneta-Kubara, E. C.; Shortland, J.; Brown, C. B.; el Nahas, A. M. Myofibroblasts and the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1997, 12 (1),43-50. (Pubitemid 27046200)
27. Badid, C.; Vincent, M.; Fouque, D.; Laville, M.; Desmouliere, A. Myofibroblast: a prognostic marker and target cell in progressive renal disease. Renal Fail. 2001, 23 (3-4), 543-9. (Pubitemid 32692288)
28. Heidland, A.; Gerabek, W.; Sebekova, K. Franz Volhard and Theodor Fahr: achievements and controversies in their research in renal disease and hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2001, 15 (1), 5-16. (Pubitemid 32106763)
29. de Zeeuw, D.; Remuzzi, G.; Parving, H. H.; Keane, W. F.; Zhang, Z.; Shahinfar, S.; Snapinn, S.; Cooper, M. E.; Mitch, W. E.; Brenner, B. M. Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int. 2004, 65 (6), 2309-20. (Pubitemid 38670018)
30. Abbate, M.; Zoja, C.; Rottoli, D.; Corna, D.; Tomasoni, S.; Remuzzi, G. Proximal tubular cells promote fibrogenesis by TGF-beta1- mediated induction of peritubular myofibroblasts. Kidney Int. 2002, 61 (6), 2066-77. (Pubitemid 34539324)
31. Baines, R. J.; Brunskill, N. J. The molecular interactions between filtered proteins and proximal tubular cells in proteinuria. Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 2008, 110 (2), e67-71.
32. Eddy, A. A.; Giachelli, C. M. Renal expression of genes that promote interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in rats with protein-overload proteinuria. Kidney Int. 1995, 47 (6), 1546-57.
33. Cybulsky, A. V. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in proteinuric kidney disease. Kidney Int. , 77 (3), 187-93.
34. Markan, S.; Kohli, H. S.; Joshi, K.; Minz, R. W.; Sud, K.; Ahuja, M.; Anand, S.; Khullar, M. Up regulation of the GRP-78 and GADD- 153 and down regulation of Bcl-2 proteins in primary glomerular diseases: a possible involvement of the ER stress pathway in glomerulonephritis. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2009, 324 (1-2), 131-8.
35. Ohse, T.; Inagi, R.; Tanaka, T.; Ota, T.; Miyata, T.; Kojima, I.; Ingelfinger, J. R.; Ogawa, S.; Fujita, T.; Nangaku, M. Albumin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int. 2006, 70 (8), 1447-55. (Pubitemid 44527314)
36. Wu, X.; He, Y.; Jing, Y.; Li, K.; Zhang, J. Albumin overload induces apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells through a CHOPdependent pathway. Omics , 14 (1), 61-73.
37. Lindenmeyer, M. T.; Rastaldi, M. P.; Ikehata, M.; Neusser, M. A.; Kretzler, M.; Cohen, C. D.; Schlondorff, D. Proteinuria and hyperglycemia induce endoplasmic reticulum stress. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008, 19 (11), 2225-36.
38. Kimura, K.; Iwano, M.; Higgins, D. F.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Nakatani, K.; Harada, K.; Kubo, A.; Akai, Y.; Rankin, E. B.; Neilson, E. G.; Haase, V. H.; Saito, Y. Stable expression of HIF-1alpha in tubular epithelial cells promotes interstitial fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2008, 295 (4), F1023-9.
39. Humphreys, B. D.; Lin, S. L.; Kobayashi, A.; Hudson, T. E.; Nowlin, B. T.; Bonventre, J. V.; Valerius, M. T.; McMahon, A. P.; Duffield, J. S. Fate tracing reveals the pericyte and not epithelial origin of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol. , 176 (1), 85-97.
40. Kalluri, R. EMT: when epithelial cells decide to become mesenchymal- like cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2009, 119 (6), 1417-9.
41. Zeisberg, E. M.; Tarnavski, O.; Zeisberg, M.; Dorfman, A. L.; McMullen, J. R.; Gustafsson, E.; Chandraker, A.; Yuan, X.; Pu, W. T.; Roberts, A. B.; Neilson, E. G.; Sayegh, M. H.; Izumo, S.; Kalluri, R. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis. Nat. Med. 2007, 13 (8), 952-61. (Pubitemid 47222040)
42. Yang, L.; Besschetnova, T. Y.; Brooks, C. R.; Shah, J. V.; Bonventre, J. V. Epithelial cell cycle arrest in G2/M mediates kidney fibrosis after injury. Nat. Med. , 16 (5), 535-43; 1p following 143.
43. Fliser, D.; Wittke, S.; Mischak, H. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for clinical diagnostic purposes. Electrophoresis 2005, 26 (14), 2708-16. (Pubitemid 41078981)
44. Good D. M.; Zurbig, P.; Argiles, A.; Bauer, H. W.; Behrens, G.; Coon, J. J.; Dakna, M.; Decramer, S.; Delles, C.; Dominiczak, A. F.; Ehrich, J. H.; Eitner, F.; Fliser, D.; Frommberger, M.; Ganser, A.; Girolami, M. A.; Golovko, I.; Gwinner, W.; Haubitz, M.; Herget-Rosenthal, S.; Jankowski, J.; Jahn, H.; Jerums, G.; Julian, B. A.; Kellmann, M.; Kliem, V.; Kolch, W.; Krolewski, A. S.; Luppi, M.; Massy, Z.; Melter, M.; Neususs, C.; Novak, J.; Peter, K.; Rossing, K.; Rupprecht, H.; Schanstra, J. P.; Schiffer, E.; Stolzenburg, J. U.; Tarnow, L.; Theodorescu, D.; Thongboonkerd, V.; Vanholder, R.; Weissinger, E. M.; Mischak, H.; Schmitt-Kopplin, P. Naturally occurring human urinary peptides for use in diagnosis of chronic kidney disease. Mol. Cell. Proteomics .
45. Rampoldi, L.; Caridi, G.; Santon, D.; Boaretto, F.; Bernascone, I.; Lamorte, G.; Tardanico, R.; Dagnino, M.; Colussi, G.; Scolari, F.; Ghiggeri, G. M.; Amoroso, A.; Casari, G. Allelism of MCKD FJHN and GCKD caused by impairment of uromodulin export dynamics. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2003, 12 (24), 3369-84. (Pubitemid 37541082)
46. Scolari, F.; Caridi, G.; Rampoldi, L.; Tardanico, R.; Izzi, C.; Pirulli, D.; Amoroso, A.; Casari, G.; Ghiggeri, G. M. Uromodulin storage diseases: clinical aspects and mechanisms. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2004, 44 (6), 987-99. (Pubitemid 39556478)
47. Dahan, K.; Devuyst, O.; Smaers, M.; Vertommen, D.; Loute, G.; Poux, J. M.; Viron, B.; Jacquot, C.; Gagnadoux, M. F.; Chauveau, D.; Buchler, M.; Cochat, P.; Cosyns, J. P.; Mougenot, B.; Rider, M. H.; Antignac, C.; Verellen-Dumoulin, C.; Pirson, Y. A cluster of mutations in the UMOD gene causes familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy with abnormal expression of uromodulin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003, 14 (11), 2883-93. (Pubitemid 37305651)
48. Ulianich, L.; Garbi, C.; Treglia, A. S.; Punzi, D.; Miele, C.; Raciti, G. A.; Beguinot, F.; Consiglio, E.; Di Jeso, B. ER stress is associated with dedifferentiation and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition- like phenotype in PC Cl3 thyroid cells. J. Cell Sci. 2008, 121 (Pt 4), 477-86. (Pubitemid 351405056)
49. Seki, K.; Fujimori, T.; Savagner, P.; Hata, A.; Aikawa, T.; Ogata, N.; Nabeshima, Y.; Kaechoong, L. Mouse Snail family transcription repressors regulate chondrocyte, extracellular matrix, type II collagen, and aggrecan. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278 (43), 41862-70. (Pubitemid 37310447)
50. Prunotto, M.; Compagnone, A.; Bruschi, M.; Candiano, G.; Colombatto, S.; Bandino, A.; Petretto, A.; Moll, S.; Bochaton-Piallat, M. L.; Gabbiani, G.; Dimuccio, V.; Parola, M.; Citti, L.; Ghiggeri, G. Endocellular polyamine availability modulates epithelial-tomesenchymal transition and unfolded protein response in MDCK cells. Lab. Invest. 2010.
51. Pallet, N.; Bouvier, N.; Bendjallabah, A.; Rabant, M.; Flinois, J. P.; Hertig, A.; Legendre, C.; Beaune, P.; Thervet, E.; Anglicheau, D. Cyclosporine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers tubular phenotypic changes and death. Am. J. Transplant. 2008, 8 (11), 2283-96.
52. Pascual, M.; Theruvath, T.; Kawai, T.; Tolkoff-Rubin, N.; Cosimi, A. B. Strategies to improve long-term outcomes after renal transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346 (8), 580-90. (Pubitemid 34438820)
53. Li, C.; Yang, C. W. The pathogenesis and treatment of chronic allograft nephropathy. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2009, 5 (9), 513-9.
54. Solez, K.; Colvin, R. B.; Racusen, L. C.; Haas, M.; Sis, B.; Mengel, M.; Halloran, P. F.; Baldwin, W.; Banfi, G.; Collins, A. B.; Cosio, F.; David, D. S.; Drachenberg, C.; Einecke, G.; Fogo, A. B.; Gibson, I. W.; Glotz, D.; Iskandar, S. S.; Kraus, E.; Lerut, E.; Mannon, R. B.; Mihatsch, M.; Nankivell, B. J.; Nickeleit, V.; Papadimitriou, J. C.; Randhawa, P.; Regele, H.; Renaudin, K.; Roberts, I.; Seron, D.; Smith, R. N.; Valente, M. Banff 07 classification of renal allograft pathology: updates and future directions. Am. J. Transplant. 2008, 8 (4), 753-60. (Pubitemid 351347767)
55. Jevnikar, A. M.; Mannon, R. B. Late kidney allograft loss: what we know about it, and what we can do about it. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008, 3 (Suppl 2), S56-67.
56. Nankivell, B. J.; Borrows, R. J.; Fung, C. L.; O'Connell, P. J.; Allen, R. D.; Chapman, J. R. The natural history of chronic allograft nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349 (24), 2326-33. (Pubitemid 37509740)
57. Bohmig, G. A.; Regele, H.; Horl, W. H. Protocol biopsies after kidney transplantation. Transplant. Int. 2005, 18 (2), 131-9. (Pubitemid 41743302)
58. Morath, C.; Ritz, E.; Zeier, M. Protocol biopsy: what is the rationale and what is the evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18 (4), 644-7.
59. Seron, D.; Moreso, F.; Bover, J.; Condom, E.; Gil-Vernet, S.; Canas, C.; Fulladosa, X.; Torras, J.; Carrera, M.; Grinyo, J. M.; Alsina, J. Early protocol renal allograft biopsies and graft outcome. Kidney Int. 1997, 51 (1), 310-6. (Pubitemid 27064552)
60. Anette Lykke Petri, C. H.; Christensen, J.; Simonsen, A. H.; T'Jampens, D.; Hellmann, M.-L.; Krüger Kjaer, S.; Fung, E. T.; Høgdall, E. Sample handling for mass spectrometric proteomic investigations of human urine. Proteomics: Clin. Appl. 2008, 2 (9), 10.
61. Thongboonkerd, V.; Chutipongtanate, S.; Kanlaya, R. Systematic evaluation of sample preparation methods for gel-based human urinary proteomics: quantity, quality, and variability. J. Proteome Res. 2006, 5 (1), 183-91. (Pubitemid 43100811)
62. Decramer, S.; Gonzalez de Peredo, A.; Breuil, B.; Mischak, H.; Monsarrat, B.; Bascands, J. L.; Schanstra, J. P. Urine in clinical proteomics. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2008, 7 (10), 1850-62.
63. Wilkey, D. W.; Merchant, M. L. Proteomic methods for biomarker discovery in urine. Semin. Nephrol. 2007, 27 (6), 584-96. (Pubitemid 350180167)
64. Eurokup Development of a "standard" urine specimen; http:// eurokup.org/node/139, last accessed April, 13th 2010.
65. Gonzalez-Buitrago, J. M.; Ferreira, L.; Lorenzo, I. Urinary proteomics. Clin. Chim. Acta 2007, 375 (1-2), 49-56. (Pubitemid 44584242)
66. Havanapan, P. O.; Thongboonkerd, V. Are protease inhibitors required for gel-based proteomics of kidney and urine. J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8 (6), 3109-17.
67. Thongboonkerd, V.; Semangoen, T.; Chutipongtanate, S. Enrichment of the basic/cationic urinary proteome using ion exchange chromatography and batch adsorption. J. Proteome Res. 2007, 6 (3), 1209-14. (Pubitemid 46480486)
68. Boschetti, E.; Righetti, P. G. The art of observing rare protein species in proteomes with peptide ligand libraries. Proteomics 2009, 9 (6), 1492-510.
69. Boschetti, E.; Giorgio Righetti, P. Hexapeptide combinatorial ligand libraries: the march for the detection of the low-abundance proteome continues. Biotechniques 2008, 44 (5), 663-5. (Pubitemid 351656286)
70. Apweiler, R.; Aslanidis, C.; Deufel, T.; Gerstner, A.; Hansen, J.; Hochstrasser, D.; Kellner, R.; Kubicek, M.; Lottspeich, F.; Maser, E.; Mewes, H. W.; Meyer, H. E.; Mullner, S.; Mutter, W.; Neumaier, M.; Nollau, P.; Nothwang, H. G.; Ponten, F.; Radbruch, A.; Reinert, K.; Rothe, G.; Stockinger, H.; Tarnok, A.; Taussig, M. J.; Thiel, A.; Thiery, J.; Ueffing, M.; Valet, G.; Vandekerckhove, J.; Verhuven, W.; Wagener, C.; Wagner, O.; Schmitz, G. Approaching clinical proteomics: current state and future fields of application in fluid proteomics. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2009, 47 (6), 724-44.
71. Loftheim, H.; Nguyen, T. D.; Malerod, H.; Lundanes, E.; Asberg, A.; Reubsaet, L. 2-D hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography- RP separation in urinary proteomics - Minimizing variability through improved downstream workflow compatibility. J. Sep. Sci. 2009, 33 (6-7), 864-72.
72. Goligorsky, M. S.; Addabbo, F.; O'Riordan, E. Diagnostic potential of urine proteome: a broken mirror of renal diseases. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 18 (8), 2233-9. (Pubitemid 47203837)
73. Castagna, A.; Cecconi, D.; Sennels, L.; Rappsilber, J.; Guerrier, L.; Fortis, F.; Boschetti, E.; Lomas, L.; Righetti, P. G. Exploring the hidden human urinary proteome via ligand library beads. J. Proteome Res. 2005, 4 (6), 1917-30. (Pubitemid 41814257)
74. Mouton-Barbosa, E.; Roux-Dalvai, F.; Bouyssie, D.; Berger, F.; Schmidt, E.; Righetti, P. G.; Guerrier, L.; Boschetti, E.; Burlet-Schiltz, O.; Monsarrat, B.; de Peredo, A. G. In-depth exploration of cerebrospinal fluid by combining peptide ligand library treatment and label-free protein quantification. Mol. Cell. Proteomics , 9 (5), 1006-21.
75. Mathivanan, S.; Lim, J. W.; Tauro, B. J.; Ji, H.; Moritz, R. L.; Simpson, R. J. Proteomics analysis of A33 immunoaffinity-purified exosomes released from the human colon tumor cell line LIM1215 reveals a tissue-specific protein signature. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2010, 9 (2), 197-208.
76. Zhou, H.; Pisitkun, T.; Aponte, A.; Yuen, P. S.; Hoffert, J. D.; Yasuda, H.; Hu, X.; Chawla, L.; Shen, R. F.; Knepper, M. A.; Star, R. A. Exosomal Fetuin-A identified by proteomics: a novel urinary biomarker for detecting acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2006, 70 (10), 1847-57. (Pubitemid 44684818)
77. Simpson, R. J.; Jensen, S. S.; Lim, J. W. Proteomic profiling of exosomes: current perspectives. Proteomics 2008, 8 (19), 4083-99.
78. van Niel, G.; Porto-Carreiro, I.; Simoes, S.; Raposo, G. Exosomes: a common pathway for a specialized function. J. Biochem. 2006, 140 (1), 13-21. (Pubitemid 44433541)
79. Han, W. K.; Bailly, V.; Abichandani, R.; Thadhani, R.; Bonventre, J. V. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int. 2002, 62 (1), 237-44. (Pubitemid 34754067)
80. Nijboer, W. N.; Schuurs, T. A.; Damman, J.; van Goor, H.; Vaidya, V. S.; van der Heide, J. J.; Leuvenink, H. G.; Bonventre, J. V.; Ploeg, R. J. Kidney injury molecule-1 is an early noninvasive indicator for donor brain death-induced injury prior to kidney transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 2009, 9 (8), 1752-9.
81. Mishra, J.; Ma, Q.; Prada, A.; Mitsnefes, M.; Zahedi, K.; Yang, J.; Barasch, J.; Devarajan, P. Identification of neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003, 14 (10), 2534-43. (Pubitemid 37169339)
82. Parikh, C. R.; Jani, A.; Melnikov, V. Y.; Faubel, S.; Edelstein, C. L. Urinary interleukin-18 is a marker of human acute tubular necrosis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2004, 43 (3), 405-14. (Pubitemid 38298199)