Diurnal variations of precipitation, deep convection, and lightning over and east of the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Journal of Climate

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 448-465

  Xu, Weixin ^a   Zipser, Edward J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

Convection; Diurnal effects; Lightning; Mesoscale processes; Microwave observations; Precipitation; Satellite observations

Indexed keywords

CONVECTION; DIURNAL EFFECTS; MESOSCALE PROCESS; MICROWAVE OBSERVATIONS; PRECIPITATION; SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS;

ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; LIGHTNING; NATURAL CONVECTION; RAIN GAGES; STORMS;

RAIN;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; DIURNAL VARIATION; LIGHTNING; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; MICROWAVE IMAGERY; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RAINFALL; REMOTE SENSING;

CHINA; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

CITRUS MAXIMA;

EID: 79851492893     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3719.1     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Asai, T., S. Ke, and Y.-M. Kodama, 1998: Diurnal variability of cloudiness over East Asia and the western Pacific Ocean as revealed by GMS during the warm season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76, 675-684.
2. Awaka, J., T. Iguchi, H. Kumagai, and K. Okamoto, 1997: Rain type classification algorithm for TRMM precipitation radar. Proc. 1997 Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp., Singapore, IEEE, 1633-1635.
3. Berrisford, P., D. P. Dee, K. Fielding, M. Fuentes, P. Kallberg, S. Kobayashi, and S. M. Uppala, 2009: The ERA-Interim Archive. ERA Rep. Series, No. 1, ECMWF, 16 pp.
4. Carbone, R. E., and J. D. Tuttle, 2008: Rainfall occurrence in the United States in the warm season: The diurnal cycle. J. Climate, 21, 4132-4136.
5. Carbone, R. E., J. D. Tuttle, D. A. Ahijevych, and S. B. Trier, 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2033-2056.
6. Cecil, D. J., S. J. Goodman, and D. J. Boccippio, 2005: Three years of TRMM precipitation features. Part I: Radar, radiometric, and lightning characteristics. Mon.Wea. Rev., 133, 543-566.
7. Chen, C.-S., W.-C. Chen, Y.-L. Chen, P.-L. Lin, and H.-C. Lai, 2005: Investigation of orographic effects on two heavy rainfall events over southwestern Taiwan during the Mei-yu season. Atmos. Res., 73, 101-130.
8. Chen, G., W. Sha, and T. Iwasaki, 2009: Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: Spatial distribution and its seasonality. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13101, doi:10.1029/2008JD011103.
9. Chen,G. T.-J., 1983:Observational aspects of theMeiyu phenomena in subtropical China. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 61, 306-312.
10. Chen,G. T.-J., 1994: Large-scale circulations associated with the East Asian summer monsoon and the mei-yu over South China and Taiwan. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 959-983.
11. Chen,G. T.-J., 2004: Research on the phenomena ofMeiyu during the past quarter century: An overview. The East Asian Monsoon, C.-P. Chang, Ed., World Scientific, 357-403.
12. Chen, H., R. Yu, J. Li, W. Yuan, and T. Zhou, 2010: Why nocturnal long-duration rainfall presents an eastward-delayed diurnal phase of rainfall down the Yangtze River valley. J. Climate, 23, 905-917.
13. Chen, Y.-L., 1993: Some synoptic-sacle aspects of the surface fronts over southern China during TAMEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 50-64.
14. Dai, A., and K. E. Trenberth, 2004: The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the Community Climate System Model. J. Climate, 17, 930-951.
15. Dai, A., and K. E. Trenberth., F. Giorgi, and K. E. Trenberth, 1999: Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycle over the contiguous United States. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6377-6402.
16. Dee, D. P., and S. Uppala, 2009: Variational bias correction of satellite radiance data in the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1830-1841.
17. Ding, Y., 1992: Summer monsoon rainfalls in China. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 373-396.
18. Ding, Y., and J. C.-L. Chan, 2005: The East Asian summer monsoon: An overview. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 89, 117-142.
19. Domros, M., and G. Peng, 1988: The Climate of China. Springer-Verlag, 360 pp.
20. Fujinami, H., S. Nomura, and T. Yasunari, 2005: Characteristics of diurnal variations in convection and precipitation over the southern Tibetan Plateau during summer. SOLA, 1, 49-52.
21. He, H., and F. Zhang, 2010: Diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation over northern China. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1017-1025.
22. Hirose,M., and K. Nakamura, 2005: Spatial and diurnal variation of precipitation systems over Asia observed by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D05106, doi:10.1029/2004JD004815.
23. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.
24. Huang, H.-L., C. C. Wang, G. T.-J. Chen, and R. E. Carbone, 2010: The role of diurnal solenoidal circulation on propagating rainfall episodes near the eastern Tibetan plateau. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2975-2989.
25. Huffman, G. J., and Coauthors, 2007: The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J. Hydrometeor., 8, 38-55.
26. Iguchi, T., T. Kozu, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto, 2000: Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 2038-2052.
27. Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson, 1998: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 809-817.
28. Li, J., R. Yu, and T. Zhou, 2008: Seasonal variations of the diurnal cycle of rainfall in the southern contiguous China. J. Climate, 21, 6036-6043.
29. Lin, X., D. A. Randall, and L. D. Fowler, 2000: Diurnal variability of the hydrologic cycle and radiative fluxes: Comparisons between observations and a GCM. J. Climate, 13, 4159-4179.
30. Liu, C., and E. J. Zipser, 2008: Diurnal cycles of precipitation, clouds, and lightning in the tropics from 9 years of TRMM observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04819, doi:10.1029/2007GL032437.
31. Liu, C., E. J. Zipser, D. J. Cecil, S. W. Nesbitt, and S. Sherwood, 2008a: A cloud and precipitation feature database from nine years of TRMM observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 47, 2712-2728.
32. Liu, C., E. J. Zipser, G. G. Mace, and S. Benson, 2008b: Implications of the differences between daytime and nighttime CloudSat observations over the tropics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 113, D00A04, doi:10.1029/2008JD009783.
33. Murakami, T., 1958: The sudden change of upper westerlies near the Tibetan Plateau at the beginning of summer season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 36, 239-247.
34. Murakami, T, and Y. Ding, 1982: Wind and temperature changes over Eurasia during the early summer of 1979. J.Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 182-196.
35. Nesbitt, S. W., and E. J. Zipser, 2003: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. J. Climate, 16, 1456-1475.
36. Nesbitt, S. W., E. J. Zipser, and D. J. Cecil, 2000: A census of precipitation features in the Tropics using TRMM: Radar, ice scattering, and lightning observations. J. Climate, 13, 4087-4106.
37. Nesbitt, S. W., D. J. Gochis, and T. J. Lang, 2008: The diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation along the Sierra Madre Occidental observed during NAME-2004: Implications for warm season precipitation estimation in complex terrain. J. Hydrometeor., 9, 728-743.
38. Ohsawa, T., H. Ueda, T. Hayashi, A. Watanabe, and J. Matsumoto, 2001: Diurnal variations of convective activity and rainfall in tropical Asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 333-352.
39. Qie, X., R. Toumi, and T. Yuan, 2003: Lightning activities on the Tibetan Plateau as observed by the lightning imaging sensor. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4551, doi:10.1029/2002JD003304.
40. Shen, Y., A. Xiong, Y. Wang, and P. Xie, 2010: Performance of high-resolution satellite precipitation products over China. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D02114, doi:10.1029/2009JD012097.
41. Tao, S., and L. Chen, 1987: A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. Monsoon Meteorology, C.-P. Chang and T.N. Krishnamurti, Eds., Oxford University Press, 60-92.
42. Trenberth, K. E., A. Dai, R. M. Rasmussen, and D. B. Parsons, 2003: The changing character of precipitation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 1205-1217.
43. Uyeda,H., andCoauthors, 2001:Characteristics of convective clouds observed by aDoppler radar atNaqu onTibetan Plateau during the GAME-Tibet IOP. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 463-474.
44. Wallace, J. M., 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 406-419.
45. Wang, C. C., G. T. J. Chen, and R. E. Carbone, 2004:Aclimatology of warm-season cloud patterns over East Asia on GMS infrared brightness temperatures observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1606-1629.
46. Wang, C. C., G. T. J. Chen, and R. E. Carbone, 2005: Variability of warm season cloud episodes over East Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1478-1500.
47. Xu, W., E. J. Zipser, and C. Liu, 2009: Rainfall characteristics and convective properties of mei-yu precipitation systems over South China, Taiwan and the South China Sea. Part I: TRMM observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 4261-4275.
48. Xu, W., E. J. Zipser, C. Liu, and H. Jiang, 2010: On the relationship between lightning frequency and thundercloud parameters of regional precipitation systems. J. Geophys. Res., 115,D12203, doi:10.1029/2009JD013385.
49. Yu, R., Y. Xu, T. Zhou, and J. Li, 2007a: Relation between rainfall duration and diurnal variation in the warm season precipitation over central eastern China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13703, doi:10.1029/2007GL030315.
50. Yu, R., T. Zhou, A. Xiong, Y. Zhu, and J. Li, 2007b: Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01704, doi:10.1029/2006GL028129.
51. Yu, R., J. Li, and H. Chen, 2009: Diurnal variation of surface wind over central eastern China. Climate Dyn., 33, 1089-1097.
52. Zhao, Z., L. R. Leung, and Y. Qian, 2005: Characteristics of diurnal variations of precipitation in China for the recent years. CLIVAR Exchanges, No. 34, International CLIVAR Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 24-26.
53. Zhou, T., R. Yu, H. Chen, A. Dai, and Y. Pan, 2008: Summer precipitation frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle over China:A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations. J. Climate, 21, 3997-4010.
54. Zipser, E. J., D. J. Cecil, C. Liu, S. W. Nesbitt, and D. P. Yorty, 2006: Where are the most intense thunderstorms on Earth? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1057-1071.