A proposal----the renal kallikrein-kinin system as a compensating system for salt accumulation after excess salt intake

Current Hypertension Reviews

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 238-250

  Katori, Makoto ^a   Majima, Masataka ^a  

^a KITASATO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Atp sensitive potassium channel blockers; Ebelactone b; Excess salt intake; Neutral endopeptidase; Poststatin; Potassium; The renal kallikrein kinin system

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BRADYKININ B2 RECEPTOR; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE C; EBELACTONE B; EXOPEPTIDASE; FUROSEMIDE; GLIBENCLAMIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; KALLIKREIN; KININ; KININASE; LISINOPRIL; N (1 ADAMANTYL) N' CYCLOHEXYL 4 MORPHOLINECARBOXAMIDINE; N' DICYCLOHEXYL 4 MORPHOLINECARBOSAMIDINE; NIFEDIPINE; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; PROTEINASE; U 18177; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACTIN POLYMERIZATION; ARTICLE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KALLIKREIN KININ SYSTEM; KIDNEY TUBULE ABSORPTION; NONHUMAN; POTASSIUM INTAKE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SECRETION; SALT INTAKE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; URINARY EXCRETION;

EID: 79751518718     PISSN: 15734021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157340210793611712     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Baldwin E. An Introduction to Comparative Biochemistry. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press 1949; pp. 1-45.
2. Evans D, Piermareini P, Choe K. The multifunctional fish gill: Dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogen waste. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 97-177.
3. Grahamm J. Ion transport, osmoregulation, and acid-base balance, in: Evans D, Claiborne J, Eds. The Physiology of Fishes. Boca, London, New York: Taylor & Francis 2006; pp. 179-318.
4. Majima M, Katori M. Approaches to the development of novel antihypertensive drugs: Crucial role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1995; 16: 239-46.
5. Katori M, Majima M. Pivotal role of renal kallikrein-kinin system in the development of hypertension and approaches to new drugs based on this relationship. Jpn J Pharmacol 1996; 70: 95-128.
6. Katori M, Majima M. The renal kallikrein-kinin system: Its role as a safety valve for excess sodium intake, and its attenuation as a possible etiologic factor in salt-sensitive hypertension. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40: 43-115.
7. Katori M, Majima M. A missing link between a high salt intake and blood pressure increase. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 100: 370-90.
8. Katori M, Majima M. Are all individuals equally sensitive in the blood pressure to high salt intake? Acta Physiol Hung 2008; 95: 247-65.
9. Katori M, Majima M. A novel category of anti-hypertensive drugs for treating salt-sensitive hypertension on the basis of a new concept of its development. Pharmaceuticals 2009; 2: 1-59.
10. Majima M, Katori M, Ogino M, et al. Failure of endogenous blood kinin levels elevated by captopril to induce hypotension in normotensive and hypertensive rats--An assay for kinin by a new ELISA. Biochem Res 1995; 17: 698-708.
11. Vio CP, Figueroa CD. Subcellular localization of renal kallikrein by ultrastructural immunochemistry. Kidney Int 1985; 28: 36-42.
12. Figueroa CD, Caorsi I, Vio CP. Visualization of renal kallikrein in luminal and basolateral membranes. J Histochem Cytochem 1984; 32: 1238-40.
13. Figueroa C, MacIver A, Mackenzie J, et al. Localization of immunoreactive kininogen and tissue kallikrein in the human nephron. Histochemistry 1988; 89: 437-42.
14. Fujita T, Kumagai Y, Ikeda Y, et al. Involvement of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in furosemide-induced natriuresis in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 2000; 84: 133-39.
15. Tomita K, Pisano J. Binding of [3H]-bradykinin in isolated nephron segments of the rabbit. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: F732-7.
16. Kauker M. Bradykinin action on the efflux of luminal 23Na in the rat nephron. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980; 214: 119-23.
17. Figueroa C, Gonzalez C, Grigoriev S, et al. Probing for the bradykinin B2 receptor in rat kidney by anti-peptide and anti-ligand antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 1995; 43(2): 137-48.
18. Song Q, Wang D, Harley R, Chao L, Chao J. Cellular localization of low-molecular-weight kininogen and bradykinin B2 receptor mRNA in human kidney. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: F919-26.
19. Kuribayashi Y, Majima M, Katori M. Major kininases in rat urine are neutral endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase Y-like exopeptidase. Biomed Res 1993; 14: 191-201.
20. Majima M, Ikeda Y, Kuribayashi Y, Mizogami S, Katori M, Aoyagi T. Ebelactone B, an inhibitor of urinary carboxypeptidase Y-like kininase, prevents the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 284: 1-11.
21. Majima M, Shima C, Saito M, Kuribayashi Y, Katori M, Aoyagi T. Poststatin, a novel inhibitor of bradykinin-degrading enzymes in rat urine. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 232: 181-90.
22. Saito M, Majima M, Katori M, et al. Degradation of bradykinin in Human urine by carboxypeptidase Y-like exopeptidase and neutral endopeptidase and their inhibition by ebelactone B and phosphoramidon. Int J Tiss Reac 1995; 17: 181-90.
23. Chao J, Chao L. Biochemistry, regulation and potential function of kallistatin. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1995; 376: 705-13.
24. Yang T, Terada Y, Nonoguchi H, Tsujino M, Tomita K, Marumo F. Distribution of kallikrein-binding protein mRNA in kidneys and difference between SHR and WKY. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: F325-30.
25. Scicli AG, Carretero OA. Renal kallikrein-kinin system. Kidney Int 1986; 29: 120-30.
26. Levinskey NG. The renal kallikrein-kinin system. Circ Res 1979; 44: 441-51.
27. Carretero OA, Scicli AG. The renal kallikrein-kinin system. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: F247-55.
28. Mayfield RK, Margolius HS. Renal kallikrein-kinin system. Relation to renal function and blood pressure. Am J Nephrol 1983; 3: 145-55.
29. Margolius HS. Tissue kallikreins and kinins: Regulation and roles in hypertensive and diabetic diseases. Ann Rev Pharmacol 1989; 29: 343-64.
30. Carretero OA, Scicli AG. Kinins as regulators of blood flow and blood pressure. In: Laragh J, Brenner B, Eds. Hypertension, Pathology, Diagnosis and Management. New York: Raven Press 1990; pp. 805-17.
31. Margolius HS. Kallikreins and kinins. Some unanswered questions about system characteristics and roles in human disease. Hypertension 1995; 26: 221-29.
32. Cavla C, Tordiras M, Iliescu R, et al. Mice deficient for both kinin receptors are normotensive and protected from endotoxin-induced hypotension. FASEB J 2007; 21: 1689-98.
33. Alfie ME, Yang XP, Hess F, Carretero OA. Salt-sensitive hypertension in bradykinin B2 receptor knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 224: 625-30.
34. Mila A, Gross V, Plehm R, De Silva JJ, Bader M, Luft F. Normal blood pressure and renal function in mice lacking the bradykinin B(2) receptor. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1473-79.
35. Meneton P, Bloch-Faure M, Ruetten H, et al. Cardiovascular abnormalities with normal blood pressure in tissue kallikreindeficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2634-39.
36. Picard N, Eladari D, El Moghrabi S, et al. Defective ENaC processing and function in tissue kallikrein-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 4602-11.
37. Slim R, Torremocha F, Marceau T, et al. Loss-of-function polymorphism of the human kallikrein gene with reduced urinary kallikrein activity. J Am Assoc Nephrol 2002; 13: 968-76.
38. Madeddu P, Varoni M, Pinna-Parpaglia P, Glorioso N, Anania V. Urinary kallikrein: a marker of blood pressure sensitivity to salt. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1422-27.
39. Madeddu P, Varioni M, Chao J, Soimson J, Glorioso N, Anania V. Kallikrein-kinin system and blood pressure sensitivity to salt. Hypertension 1997; 20: 471-77.
40. Madeddu P, Vio C, Straino S, Salis M, Milia A, Emanuelli C. Renal phenotype of low kallikrein rats. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 2233-42.
41. Damas J, Adams A. Congenital deficiency in plasma kallikrein and kininogen in the Brown Norway rat. Experientia 1980; 36: 586-87.
42. Oh-ishi S, Satou K, Hayashi I, Yamazaki K, Nakano T. Differences in prekallikrein and high molecular kininogen levels in two strains of Brown Norway rat (Kitasato strain and Katholiek strain). Thromb Res 1982; 28: 143-47.
43. Oh-ishi S, Hayashi I, Hayashi M, et al. Evidence for a role of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system in acute inflammation; Reduced exudation during carrageenin- and kaolin- pleurisies in kininogendeficient rats. Agents Actions 1986; 18: 450-54.
44. Majima M, Katori M, Hanazuka Z, et al. Suppression of rat deoxycoricosterone- salt hypertension by kallikrein-kinin system. Hypertension 1991; 17: 806-13.
45. Yamasu S, Oh-ishi S, Hayashi I, et al. Differentiation of kinin fractions in ureter urine and bladder urine of normal and kininogen deficient rats,. J Pharamacodynam 1989; 12: 287-92.
46. Hayashi I, Hoshiko S, Manabe O, Oh-ishi S. A point mutation of Alanine163 to threonine is responsible for the defective secretion of high molecular weight kininogen by the liver of Brown Norway Katholiek rats. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 17219-24.
47. Rhaleb N-E, Yang XP, Nanba M, Shesely EG, Carretero OA. Effect of chronic blockade of the kallikrein-kinin system on the development of hypertension in rats. Hypertension 2001; 37: 121-28.
48. Lattion A, Baussant T, Alhenc-Gelas F, Seidah N, Corvol P, Soubrier F. The high-molecular-mass kininogen deficient rat expresses all kininogen mRNA species, but does not export the highmolecular- mass kininogen synthesized. FEBS letter 1988; 239: 59-64.
49. Oh-ishi S, Hayashi I, Utsunomiya I, et al. Role of kallikrein-kinin system in acute inflammation: studies on high- and low-molecular weight kininogen-deficient rats (B/N-Katholiek strain). Agents Actions 1987; 21: 384-86.
50. Majima M, Yoshida O, Mihara H, et al. High sensitivity to salt in kininogen-deficient Brown Norway Katholiek rats. Hypertension 1993; 22: 705-14.
51. Kamata Y, Fujita T, Kato T, Hayashi I, Kurosaka M, Katori M, Fujita T, Majima M. An ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker suppresses sodium-induced hypertension through increased secretion of urinary kallikrein. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 220-26.
52. Majima M, Adachi K, Kuribayashi Y, Mizogami S, Katori M. Increase in vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II and epinephrine after four-day infusion of 0.3 M sodium chloride in conscious kininogen- deficient Brown Norway Katholiek rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1995; 69: 149-58.
53. Berk B, Vallega G, Muslin A, Gordon H, Canessa M, Alexander R. Spontaneously hypertensive rat vascular smooth muscle cells in culture exhibit increased growth and Na+/H+ exchange. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 822-29.
54. Majima M, Mizogami S, Kuribayashi Y, Katori M, Oh-ishi S. Hypertension induced by a nonpressor dose of angiotensin II in kininogen-deficient rats. Hypertension 1994; 24: 111-19.
55. Sasaki S, Takeda K, Okajima H, et al. Pressor responses to intracisternal injection of hypertonic NaCl in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1984; 6: 349-64.
56. B. Neurogenic mechanism of initiating essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1989; 2: 357S-62S.
57. Elliot AH, Nuzum FR. The urinary excretion of a depressor substance (kallikrein of Frey and Kraut) in arterial hypertension. Endocrinology 1934; 18: 462-74.
58. Margolius H, Horowitz D, Gellar R, et al. Urinary kallikrein excretion in normal man. Relationships to sodium intake and sodiumretaining steroids. Circ Res 1974; 35: 812-19.
59. Carretero OA, Scicli AG. The kallikrein-kinin system in human and in experimental hypertension. Klin Wochenschr 1978; 56 (Suppl. 1): 113-25.
60. Hunt S, Hasstedt S, Wu L, Williams R. A gene-environmental interaction between inferred kallikrein genotype and potassium. Hypertension 1993; 22: 161-68.
61. Barlow R, Connell M, Levendig B, Gear J, Milne F. A comparative study of urinary sodium and potassium excretion in normotensive urban black and white South African males. S Afr Med J 1982; 62: 939-41.
62. Barlow R, Connell M, Milne F. A study of 48-hour faecal and urinary electrolyte excretion in normotensive black and white South African males. J Hypertens 1986; 4: 197-200.
63. Luft F, Grim C, Fineberg N, Weinberger M. Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks and subjects of different ages. Circulation 1979; 59: 643-50.
64. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hoplins P, et al. Genetic basis of familial dyslipidemia and hypertension: 15-years results from Utah. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6: 319S-27S.
65. Keiser HR, Geller K, Margolius HS, Pisano JJ. Urinary kallikrein in hypertensive models. Fed Proc 1976; 35: 199-202.
66. Ader J-L, Pollock D, Butterfield M, Arendshorst W. Abnormalities in kallikrein excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: F396-F403.
67. Praddaude F, Tran-van T, Ader J-L. Renal kallikrein activity in rats developing spontaneous hypertension. Clin Sci 1989; 76: 311-15.
68. Ader J-L, Tran-Van T, Praddaude F. Reduced urinary kallikrein activity in rats developing spontaneous hypertension. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: F964-F9.
69. Carretero OA, Polomski C, Hampton A, Scicli AG. Urinary kallikrein, plasma renin and aldosterone in New Zealand genetically hypertensive (GH) rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1976; 3 (Suppl.): 55-59.
70. Gilboa N, Rudofsky U, Margo A. Urinary and renal kallikrein in hypertensive fawn-hooded (FH/Wjd) rats. Lab Invest 1984; 50: 72-8.
71. Bianchi G, Fox U, OImbasciati E. The development of a new strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci 1974; 14: 339-47.
72. Porcelli G, Bianchi G, Croxatto HR. Urinary kallikrein excretion in a spontaneously hypertensive strain of rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975; 149: 983-6.
73. Dahl L, Heine M, Tassinari L. Effects of chronic excess salt ingestion. Evidence that genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility to experimental hypertension. J Exp Med 1962; 115: 1173-90.
74. Arbeit L, Serra S. Decreased total and active urinary kallikrein in normotensive Dahl salt susceptible rats. Kidney Int 1985; 28: 440-46.
75. Rapp J, Tan S, Margolius HS. Plasma mineral corticoids, plasma renin, and urinary kallikrein in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Endocrinol Res Comm 1978; 5: 35-41.
76. Churchill P, Churchill M, Bidani A, Rabito S. Kallikrein excretion in Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats with native and transplanted kidney. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: F710-17.
77. Rapp J. Dahl salt-susceptible and salt-resistant rats. A review. Hypertension 1982; 4: 753-63.
78. Katori M, Majima M, Mohsin SSJ, Hanazuka M, Mizogami S, Ohishi S. Essential role of kallikrein-kinin system in suppression of blood pressure rise during developmental stage of hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt in rats. Agents Actions Suppl 1992; 38 (Pt.3): 235-42.
79. Adachi K, Majima M, Katori M, Nishijima M. Oxytocin-induced natriuresis mediated by the renal kallikrein-kinin system in anesthetized male rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1995; 67: 243-52.
80. Majima M, Adachi K, Ohno T, et al. Failure of the oxytocininduced increase in secretion of urinary kallikrein in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1996; 71: 11-19.
81. Elliott P, Mamot M, Dyer A, et al. The INTERSALT study: main results, conclusions and some implications. Clin Exp Hypertens A 1989; 11: 1025-34.
82. Kawasaki T, Delea C, Bartter F, Smith H. The effect of highsodium and low-sodium intake on blood pressure and other related variables in human subjects with idopathic hypertension. Am J Med 1978; 64: 193-98.
83. Weinberger M, Miller J, Luft F, Grim C, Fineberg N. Definitions and characteristics of sodium sensitivity and resistance of blood pressure. Hypertension 1986; 8 (6 Pt 2), Suppl II: 127-34.
84. Weinberger M. Salt sensitivity; does it play an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1996; 5: 205-08.
85. Weinberger M, Fineberg N. Sodium and volume sensitivity of blood pressure. Age and pressure change over time. Hypertension 1991; 18: 67-71.
86. Bönner G, Thieven B, Rütten H, Chrosch R, Krone W. Renal kallikrein is a determinant of salt sensitivity. J Hypertens 1993; 11 (Suppl. 5): S210-11.
87. Ferri C, Bellini C, Carlomagno A, Perrone A, Santucci A. Urinary kallikrein and salt sensitivity in essential hypertensive males. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 780-88.
88. Margolius H, Geller K, Pisano J, Sjoerdsma A. Altered urinary kallikrein excretion in human hypertension. Lancet 1971; ii: 1063-965.
89. A, Mills I. Relation between urinary kallikrein and renal function, hypertension, and excretion of sodium and water in man. Lancet 1972; ii: 203-07.
90. Lechi A, Covi G, Lechi C, Mantero F, Scuro I. Urinary kallikrein excretion in Bartter's Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 43: 1175-78.
91. Seino M, Abe K, Sakurai Y, et al. Effect of spironolactone on urinary kallikrein excretion in patients with essential hypertension and in primary aldosteronism. Tohoku J Exp Med 1977; 121: 111-19.
92. Seino J, Abe K, Otuska Y, Saito T, Irokawa N. Urinary kallikrein excretion and sodium metabolism in hypertensive patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 1975; 116: 359-67.
93. Suzuki T, Katori M, Fujita T, Kumagai Y, Majima M. Involvement of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in K+-induced diuresis and natriuresis in anesthetized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 399: 223-27.
94. Fujita T, Hayashi I, Kumagai Y, Imamura N, Majima M. Early increase in renal kallikrein excretion on administration of potassium or ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128: 1275-83.
95. Himathongkam T, Duly R, William G. Potassium aldosterone-renin interrelationships. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 41: 153-59.
96. Vio CP, Figueroa CD. Evidence for a stimulatory effect of high potassium diet on renal kallikrein. Kidney Int 1987; 31: 1327-34.
97. Jin L, Chao L, Chao J. Potassium supplement upregulates the expression of renal kallikrein and bradykinin B2 receptor in SHR. Am J Physiol-Renal Physiol 1999; 276: F476-F84.
98. Hayashi I. A secretary mechanism of renal kallikrein by a high potassium ion; a possible involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channel. Immunopharmacology 1999; 44: 49-55.
99. Yamanaka M, Hayashi I, Fujita T, et al. Potassium-induced increase in renal kallikrein secretion is attenuated in dissected renal connecting tubules of young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2: 1957-64.
100. Muto S. Potassium transport in the mammalian collecting duct. Physiol Rev 2001; 81: 85-116.
101. Schmid-Antomarchi H, de Weille J, Fosset M, Lazdunski M. The antidiabetic sulfonylurea glibenclamide is a potent blocker of the ATP-modulated K+ channel in insulin secreting cells. Biocem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 146: 21-25.
102. Proks P, Reimann F, Green N, Gribble F, Ashcroft F. Sulfonylurea stimulation of insulin secretion. Diabetes 2002; Suppl. 3: S368-S76.
103. Wang T, Wang W, Klein-Robbenhaar G, Giebisch G. Effects of glyburide on renal tubule transport and potassium-channel activity. Ren Physiol Biochem 1995; 18: 169-82.
104. Perricone S, Humphrey S, Skaletzky L, Graham B, Zandt R. Synthesis and diuretic activity of alkyl- and arylguanidine analogs of N,N'-dyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine in rats and dogs. J Med Chem 1994; 28: 3693-700.
105. Guillemare E, Honore E, De Weille J, Fosset M, Lazdunski M, Meisheri K. Functional receptors in Xenopus oocytes for U-37883A, a novel ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker: comparison with rat insulinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 1994; 46: 139-45.
106. Wang T, Wang W, Klein-Robbenhaar G, Giebisch G. Effects of a novel KATP channel blocker on renal tubule function and K channel activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 273: 1382-89.
107. Stanton B. Characterization of apical and basolateral membrane conductance of rat inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: F862-F68.
108. Whelton P. Potassium and blood pressure. In: Izzo JJ, Sica D, Black H, Eds. Hypertension Primer. American Heart Association: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincot Williams & Wilkins 2008; pp. 304-06.
109. Whelton P, He J, Cutler J, et al. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 277: 1624-32.
110. Morris R, Sebastian A, Forman A, Tanaka K, Schmidlin O. Normotensive salt sensitivity. Effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension 1999; 33: 18-23.
111. Ito H, Majima M, Nakajima S, Hayashi I, Katori M, Izumi T. Effect of prolonged administration of a urinary kininase inhibitor, ebelactone B on the development of deoxycorticosterone acetatesalt hypertension in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126: 613-20.