A setback for Chávez

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 122-136

  Corrales, Javier ^a  

^a AMHERST COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79551629705     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: 10863214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. rd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008);
2. and Manuel Hidalgo "Hugo Chávez's 'Petro-Socialism,'" Journal of Democracy 20 (April 2009): 78-92.
3. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010);
4. Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13 (January 2002): 5-21;
5. Larry Diamond, "Thinking About Hybrid Regimes," Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 21-35;
6. Andreas Schedler, ed., Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006).
7. Javier Corrales and Manuel Hildalgo, "Competencia política en Venezuela," paper delivered at the congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Toronto, October 2010.
8. Javier Corrales and Michael Penfold, "Venezuela: Crowding Out the Opposition," Journal of Democracy 18 (April 2007): 99-113.
9. For data comparing the PSUV's electoral performance between 2008 and 2010 by state population density and income levels, visit www.amherst.edu/users/C/ jcorrales.
10. Noam Lupu, "Who Votes for Chavismo? Class Voting in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela," Latin American Research Review 45 (January 2010): 7-32.
11. Javier Corrales, "The Repeating Revolution: Chávez's New Politics and Old Economics," in Kurt Weyland, Raúl Madrid, and W. Hunter, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 27-56.
12. "Conindustria: Suman 200 las empresas expropiadas en 2010," Caracas, 27 October 2010, available at www.conindustria.org; "Empresa arrasada," VenEconomía Opina, 21 September 2010.
13. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson, "Citizen-Politician Linkages: An Introduction," in Kitschelt and Wilkinson, eds., Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 40-43.
14. "Venezuela: Gobierno afirma que la nómina de PDVSA ha crecido 266.66%," ABNInfolatam (online newsletter), 19 July 2009.
15. According to the International Energy Agency, crude production in Venezuela has declined from 3.18 mbd in 1998 to 2.36 mbd in 2008. See Ramón Espinasa, "The Performance of the Venezuelan Oil Sector 1997-2008: Official vs. International and Estimated Figures," University of Miami Center for Hemispheric Policy.
16. On the problems caused by multiple exchange rates, see Strat for Global Intelligence, "Special Report: Venezuela's Unsustainable Economic Paradigm," 4 August 2010; available at www.porvenezuela.org/KeyIssues/ VENEZUELA-ECONOMIC-PARADIGM.pdf.
17. Jonathan Di John, From Windfall to Curse? Oil and Industrialization in Venezuela, 1920-2005 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009).
18. See Javier Corrales and Michael Penfold, Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chávez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011).
19. In 2010, Venezuela was projected to register a -3 percent change in GDP. See www.eclac.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/prensa/noticias/comunicados/2/40262/ P40262. xml&xsl=/prensa/tpl/p6f.xsl&base=/prensa/tpl/top-bottom.xs. Inflation, meanwhile, was 29.2 percent. See www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/ 2010/02/weodata/index.aspx.
20. For a discussion of how Chávez employs oil resources to favor followers and punish opponents, see Manuel Hidalgo, "Hugo Chávez's Petro-Socialism"; and Chang-Tai Hsieh et al., "The Price of Political Opposition: Evidence from Venezuela's Maisanta," NBER Working Paper no. 14923, April 2009.
21. CIVILIS, Amenazas y restricciones a los derechos humanos y la democracia en Venezuela: Informe comprehensivo de seguimiento, enero-septiembre 2010 (Caracas: CIVILIS, 2010), 30-31, available at www.alertavenezuela.com/ documentos/detallesubtemas.php?subid=52.
22. "Venezuela: Close Chávez's New Censorship Office," Human Rights Watch, 21 July 2010, available at www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/07/21/ venezuela-close-chavez-s-newcensorship-office.
23. CIVILIS, Amenazas y restricciones, 40
24. Christopher Walker, "Repressing the Media," Miami Herald, 30 April 2010, available at www.miamiherald.com/2010/04/30/1605374/repressing-the- media.html.
25. Francisco Monaldi, "Cuando 2+2 no son 4: ¿Por qué con menos votos el oficialismo obtuvo más diputados?" IESA, Caracas, 1 October 2010; available at www.opinionynoticias.com/opinionpolitica/5890-cuando- 2-2-no-son-4-ipor-que-con-menos-votos-eloficialismo-obtuvo-mas-diputados.
26. "Factbox: Incidents and Accidents Involving Venezuela's PDVSA," Reuters, 17 September 2010; available at http://af.reuters.com/article/ energyOilNews/idAFN1617077720100917?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel= 0&sp=true.
27. UNODC, World Drug Report 2010 (Vienna: UNODC, 2010), 84.
28. On declining international pressures, see Susanne Gratius, "Venezuela: Report on Assessing Democracy Assistance," FRIDE, Madrid, May 2010.
29. Peter H. Smith and Melissa Ziegler, "Liberal and Illiberal Democracy in Latin America," Latin American Politics and Society 50 (Spring 2008): 31-57.