Hugo Chávez's "Petro-socialism"

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 78-92

  Hidalgo, Manuel ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID   (Spain)

^b Institute for Higher Administration Studies (IESA)   (Venezuela)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67651241274     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: How Much Affinity?" Third World Quarterly 24 (December 2003): 1098, 1110.
2. Fareed Zakaria, "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy," Foreign Affairs 76 (November-December 1997): 22-41;
3. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 10-13.
4. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism," Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 51-65.
5. Daniel H. Levine and José Enrique Molina, "La calidad de la democracia en América Latina: una visión comparada," América Latina Hoy 45 (April 2007): 17-46.
6. Economic figures are reported by the Central Bank of Venezuela at www.bcv.org.ve. Information about social indicators is available from the Ministry of Planning and Development at www.sisov.mpd.gob.ve/home/index. php.
7. See Yolanda D'Elia, ed., Las misiones sociales en Venezuela: Una aproximación a su comprensión y análisis (Caracas: ILDIS, 2006).
8. Michael Penfold-Becerra, "Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chávez's Misiones," Latin American Politics and Society 49 (Winter 2007): 63-84.
9. See Francisco Rodríguez, "An Empty Revolution: The Unfulfilled Promises of Hugo Chávez," Foreign Affairs 87 (March-April 2008): 49-62.
10. José Enrique Molina, "La reforma informal del sistema electoral venezolano: De la representación proporcional al sistema mayoritario sin alterar una coma," unpubl. ms., Maracaibo, 2008.
11. David Ludovic Jorge, "Los culpables de 26 derrotas," Tal Cual (Caracas), 9 December 2008, 5.
12. Javier Corrales, "Hugo Boss," Foreign Policy (January-February 2006): 32-40;
13. and Miriam Kornblith, "Las elecciones presidenciales en Venezuela: De una democracia representativa a un régimen autoritario electoral," Desafíos (Bogota) 14 (primer semestre 2006): 120-21.
14. Andreas Schedler, "The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism," in Schedler, ed., Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006), 3.
15. Jørgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "What Makes Elections Free and Fair?" Journal of Democracy 8 (July 1997): 32-46.
16. Human Rights Watch, A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2008), 10-35;
17. Ana Julia Jatar, Apartheid del Siglo XXI: La informática al servicio de la discriminación política en Venezuela (Caracas: Súmate, 2006).
18. For a common definition of "electoral democracy" and a corresponding methodology, see the discussion by Freedom House at www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=35&year=2005.
19. Miriam Kornblith, "The Referendum in Venezuela: Elections versus Democracy," Journal of Democracy 16 (January 2005): 124-37.
20. Reuters, "Chavez Mentions Tanks If Ally Loses Venezuela Vote," 9 November 2008. Available at http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/ idUKTRE4A83DT20081109.
21. This also may explain why Freedom House in its latest Freedom in the World report has attached a downward trend arrow to Venezuela for the second year running. Freedom House's 2008 country report on Venezuela is available at www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2008&country=7519.
22. Allan R. Brewer-Carías, La Constitución de 1999 (Caracas: Editorial Arte, 2000), 56.
23. Carlos Mascare~no, "Descentralización, re- centralización y sociedad civil," in Cendes, Venezuela Visión Plural: Una mirada desde el Cendes, vol. 1 (Caracas: Cendes, 2005), 146-65.
24. The latest available figures for actual expenditure are from 2007. Available figures for 2008-2009 reflect projected spending (26.4% and 24.6% respectively).
25. See, for instance, the document entitled "Intervenciones del Presidente de la República Hugo Chávez Frías: Taller de Alto Nivel, El nuevo mapa estratégico," 12-13 November 2004, Caracas, 12. Available at www.mct.gob.ve/Vistas/Frontend/documentos/ El%20nuevo%20mapa%20estrategico.pdf.
26. See his statements at http://marcosdiaz.psuv.org.ve/?p=77.
27. Hernán Lugo-Galicia, "Gobierno obliga a Consejos Comunales a trabajar por el Sí," El Nacional (Caracas), 8 January 2009, Nación, 3.
28. Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 69-185.