Screening for visual impairment in children ages 1-5 years: Update for the USPSTF

Pediatrics

Volumn 127, Issue 2, 2011, Pages

  Chou, Roger ^a,b   Dana, Tracy ^a   Bougatsos, Christina ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amblyogenic risk factors; Amblyopia; Impaired visual acuity; MTI photoscreener; Patching; Preschool children; Random dot E stereoacuity test; Refractive errors; Systematic review; Vision screening; Vision tests

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; AMBLYOPIA; CHILD; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REFRACTION ERROR; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SPECTACLES; VISION TEST; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ADVISORY COMMITTEES; AGE FACTORS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; INFANT; MASS SCREENING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES; VISION DISORDERS; VISION SCREENING;

EID: 79551537934     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-0462     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Webber AL, Wood JM, Gole GA, Brown B. Effect of amblyopia on self-esteem in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(11):1074-1081
2. Donahue SP, Baker JD, Scott WE, et al. Lions Clubs International Foundation Core Four Photoscreening: results from 17 programs and 400,000 preschool children. J AAPOS. 2006;10(1):44-48
3. Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, et al. Prevalence of decreased visual acuity among preschool-aged children in an American urban population: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study, methods, and results. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(10):1786-1795
4. Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study Group. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(7):1229-1236
5. Webber A, Wood J. Amblyopia: prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment. Clin Exp Optom. 2005;88(6):365-375
6. Simons K, Preslan M. Natural history of amblyopia untreated owing to lack of compliance. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(5):582-587
7. Epelbaum M, Milleret C, Buisseret P, Dufier JL. The sensitive period for strabismic amblyopia in humans. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(3):323-327 (Pubitemid 23088529)
8. Flynn JT, Schiffman J, Feuer W, Corona A. The therapy of amblyopia: an analysis of the results of amblyopia therapy utilizing the pooled data of published studies. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1998;96:431-453
9. Ciner E, Schmidt P, Orel-Bixler D, et al. Vision screening of preschool children: evaluating the past, looking toward the future. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;75(8):571-584
10. Donahue SP, Arnold RW, Ruben JB; AAPOS Vision Screening Committee. Preschool vision screening: what should we be detecting and how should we report it? Uniform guidelines for reporting results of preschool vision screening studies. J AAPOS. 2003;7(5):314-316
11. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Ophthalmology; American Association of Certified Orthoptists; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology. Eye examination in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 pt 1):902-907
12. Prevent Blindness America. Preschool Vision Screening for Healthcare Professionals. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. Book News, Inc, and Gale Group; 2005
13. Holladay JT. Visual acuity measurements. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30(2):287-290
14. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for visual impairment in children younger than age 5 years: recommendation statement. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2(3):263-266
15. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al. Current methods of the third U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20(3S):21-35
16. Leeflang MMG, Deeks JJ, Gatsonis C, Bossuyt PMM; Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Working Group. Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(12):889-897
17. Begg CB, Greenes RA. Assessment of diagnostic tests when disease verification is subject to selection bias. Biometrics. 1983;39(1):207-215
18. Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL. Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;271(9):703-707
19. Williams C, Harrad RA, Harvey I, Sparrow JM; ALSPAC Study Team. Screening for amblyopia in preschool children: Results of a population-based, randomised controlled trial. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001;8(5):279-295
20. Williams C, Northstone K, Harrad RA, Sparrow JM, Harvey I; ALSPAC Study Team. Amblyopia treatment outcomes after screening before or at age 3 years: follow up from randomised trial. BMJ. 2002;324(7353):1549
21. Williams C, Northstone K, Harrad RA, Sparrow JM, Harvey I. Amblyopia treatment outcomes after preschool screening v school entry screening: observational data from a prospective cohort study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(8):988-993
22. Eibschitz-Tsimhoni M, Friedman T, Naor J, Eibschitz N, Friedman Z. Early screening for amblyogenic risk factors lowers the prevalence and severity of amblyopia. J AAPOS. 2000;4(4):194-199
23. Feldman W, Sackett B, Milner R, Gilbert S. Effects of preschool screening for vision and hearing on prevalence of vision and hearing problems 6-12 months later. Lancet. 1980;2(8202):1014-1016
24. Köhler L, Stigmar G. Visual disorders in 7-year-old children with and without previous vision screening. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1978;67(3):373-377
25. Kirk VG, Clausen MM, Armitage MD, Arnold RW. Preverbal photoscreening for amblyogenic factors and outcomes in amblyopia treatment: early objective screening and visual acuities. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(4):489-492
26. Mulley L. The Airedale Vision Screening Program: a comparison of referral rates between two preschool age groups. Br Orthopt J. 2000;57:39-41
27. Arthur B, Riyaz R, Rodriquez S, Wong W. Field testing of the PlusOptix S04 photoscreener. J AAPOS. 2009;13(1):51-57
28. Barry JC, Konig HH. Non-cycloplegic screening for amblyopia via refractive findings with the Nikon Retinomax hand held autorefractor in 3 year old kindergarten children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(10):1179-1182
29. Barry JC, Konig HH. Test characteristics of orthoptic screening examination in 3 year old kindergarten children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(7):909-916
30. Berry BE, Simons BD, Siatkowski RM, Schiffman JC, Flynn JT, Duthie MJ. Preschool vision screening using the MTI-photoscreener. Pediatr Nurs. 2001;27(1):27-34
31. Bertuzzi F, Orsoni JG, Porta MR, Paliaga GP, Miglior S. Sensitivity and specificity of a visual acuity screening protocol performed with the Lea Symbols 15-line folding distance chart in preschool children. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84(6):807-811
32. Chang CH, Tsai RK, Sheu MM. Screening amblyopia of preschool children with uncorrected vision and stereopsis tests in eastern Taiwan. Eye. 2007;21(12):1482-1488
33. Chui L, Fraser T, Hoar K, LaRoche GR. Negative predictive value of a vision screening program aimed at children aged 3 to 4 years old. J AAPOS. 2004;8(6):566-570
34. Cogen M, Ottemiller D. Photorefractor for detection of treatable eye disorders in preverbal children. Ala Med. 1992;62(3):16-20
35. Cooper CD, Gole GA, Hall JE, Colville DJ, Carden SM, Bowling FG. Evaluating photoscreeners II: MTI and fortune videorefractor. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1999;27(6):387-398
36. Dahlmann-Noor AH, Comyn O, Kostakis V, et al. PlusOptix vision screener: the accuracy and repeatability of refractive measurements using a new autorefractor. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(3):346-349
37. Dahlmann-Noor AH, Vrotsou K, Kostakis V, et al. Vision screening in children by PlusOptix vision screener compared with goldstandard orthoptic assessment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(3):342-345
38. Ehrt O, Weber A, Boergen KP. Screening for refractive errors in preschool children with the vision screener. Strabismus. 2007;15(1):13-19
39. Guo X, Jia X, Guo L, et al. Comparison of computer-photoscreening with noncycloplegic retinoscopy for amblyopiogenic risk factors in children. Chin Med J. 2000;113(11):1007-1010
40. Hope C, Maslin K. Random dot stereogram E in vision screening of children. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1990;18(3):319-324
41. Kemper AR, Keating LM, Jackson JL, Levin EM. Comparison of monocular autorefraction to comprehensive eye examinations in preschool-aged and younger children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(5):435-439
42. Kennedy RA, Sheps SB. A comparison of photoscreening techniques for amblyopic factors in children. Can J Ophthalmol. 1989;24(6):259-264
43. Kennedy R, Sheps S, Bagaric D. Field trial of the Otago photoscreener. Can J Ophthalmol. 1995;30(4):193-197
44. Kennedy R, Thomas D. Evaluation of the iScreen digital screening system for amblyogenic factors. Can J Ophthalmol. 2000;35(5):258-262
45. Matta N, Singman L, Silbert DI. Performance of the PlusOptix vision screener for the detection of amblyopia risk factors in children. J AAPOS. 2008;12(5):490-492
46. Miller JM, Harvey EM, Dobson V. Visual acuity screening versus noncycloplegic autorefraction screening for astigmatism in Native American preschool children. J AAPOS. 1999;3(3):160-165
47. Miller JM, Dobson V, Harvey EM, Sherrill DL. Comparison of preschool vision screening methods in a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(5):917-924
48. Molteno A, Hoare-Nairne J, Sanderson G, Peart D, Hodgkinson I. Reliability of the Otago photoscreener: a study of a thousand cases. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1993;21(4):257-265
49. Morgan KS, Johnson WD. Clinical evaluation of a commercial photorefractor. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105(11):1528-1531
50. Newman DK, East MM. Preschool vision screening: negative predictive value for amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(6):676-679
51. Ottar WL, Scott WE, Holgado S. Photoscreening for amblyogenic factors. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995;32(5):289-295
52. Rogers DL, Neely DE, Chapman JB, et al. Comparison of the MTI photoscreener and the Welch-Allyn SureSight autorefractor in a tertiary care center. J AAPOS. 2008;12(1):77-82
53. Shallo-Hoffmann J, Coulter R, Oliver P, Hardigan P, Blavo C. A study of pre-school vision screening tests' testability, validity and duration: do group differences matter? Strabismus. 2004;12(2):65-73
54. Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. Preschool vision screening tests administered by nurse screeners compared with lay screeners in the Vision in Preschoolers Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(8):2639-2648
55. Schmidt P, Maguire M, Dobson V, et al; Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. Comparison of preschool vision screening tests as administered by licensed eye care professionals in the Vision in Preschoolers Study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(4):637-650
56. Tong PY, Bassin RE, Enke-Miyazaki E, et al. Screening for amblyopia in preverbal children with photoscreening photographs: II. Sensitivity and specificity of the MTI photoscreener. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(9):1623-1629
57. Weinand F, Graf M, Demming K. Sensitivity of the MTI photoscreener for amblyogenic factors in infancy and early childhood. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1998;236(11):801-805
58. Williams C, Lumb R, Harvey I, Sparrow JM. Screening for refractive errors with the Topcon PR2000 pediatric refractometer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(5):1031-1037
59. Donahue SP, Johnson TM, Ottar W, Scott WE. Sensitivity of photoscreening to detect high-magnitude amblyogenic factors. J AAPOS. 2002;6(2):86-91
60. Ying GS, Kulp MT, Maguire M, Ciner E, Cyert L, Schmidt P; Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. Sensitivity of screening tests for detecting vision in preschoolers-targeted vision disorders when specificity is 94%. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82(5):432-438
61. Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. Does assessing eye alignment along with refractive error or visual acuity increase sensitivity for detection of strabismus in preschool vision screening? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(7):3115-3125
62. Hered RW, Murphy S, Clancy M. Comparison of the HOTV and Lea symbols charts for preschool vision screening. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997;34(1):24-28
63. Kvarnström G, Jakobsson P. Is vision screening in 3-year-old children feasible? Comparison between the Lea symbol chart and the HVOT (LM) chart. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2005;83(1):76-80
64. Salcido AA, Bradley J, Donahue SP. Predictive value of photoscreening and traditional screening of preschool children. J AAPOS. 2005;9(2):114-120
65. The Vision in Preschoolers Study Group; Schmidt P, Maguire M, Kulp M, Dobson V, Quinn G. Random dot E stereotest: testability and reliability in 3-to 5-year-old children. J AAPOS. 2006;10(6):507-514
66. Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. Preschool visual acuity screening with HOTV and Lea symbols: testability and between-test agreement. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81(9):678-683
67. Becker R, Hubsch S, Graf MH, Kaufmann H. Examination of young children with Lea symbols. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(5):513-516
68. Tarczy-Hornoch K, Lin J, Deneen J, et al. Stereoacuity testability in African-American and Hispanic pre-school children. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(3):158-163
69. Donahue SP, Johnson TM. Age-based refinement of referral criteria for photoscreening. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(12):2309-2314
70. Williams C, Horwood J, Northstone K, et al. The timing of patching treatment and a child's wellbeing. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(6):670-671
71. Donahue SP. How often are spectacles prescribed to "normal" preschool children? J AAPOS. 2004;8(3):224-229
72. Clarke MP, Wright CM, Hrisos S, Anderson JD, Henderson J, Richardson SR. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening. BMJ. 2003;327(7426):1251
73. Awan M, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I. A randomized controlled trial of unilateral strabismic and mixed amblyopia using occlusion dose monitors to record compliance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(4):1435-1439
74. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group; Wallace DK, Edwards AR, Cotter SA, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):904-912
75. Repka MX, Beck RW, Holmes JM, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(5):603-611
76. Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, Moseley MJ; ROTAS Cooperative. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. BMJ. 2007;335(7622):707
77. Repka MX, Cotter SA, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(11):2076-2085
78. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(3):268-278
79. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Pharmacological plus optical penalization treatment for amblyopia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(1):22-30
80. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A comparison of atropine and patching treatments for moderate amblyopia by patient age, cause of amblyopia, depth of amblyopia, and other factors. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(8):1632-1637
81. Repka MX, Wallace DK, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Twoyear follow-up of a 6-month randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(2):149-157
82. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group, Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(8):1039-1044
83. Hrisos S, Clarke MP, Wright CM. The emotional impact of amblyopia treatment in preschool children: randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(8):1550-1556
84. Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Impact of patching and atropine treatment on the child and family in the amblyopia treatment study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(11):1625-1632
85. Nelson H, Nygren P, Huffman L, et al. Screening for visual impairment in children younger than age 5 years. Available at: www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/ visionscr/vischup.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2010
86. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Ophthalmology; American Association of Certified Orthoptists; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology. Eye examination in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 pt 1):902-907
87. Rowatt AJ, Donahue SP, Crosby C, Hudson AC, Simons S, Emmons K. Field evaluation of the Welch Allyn SureSight Vision Screener: incorporating the VIP Study recommendations. J AAPOS. 2007;11:243-248