Age-Related Changes in Birds' Singing Styles: On Fresh Tunes and Fading Voices?

Advances in the Study of Behavior

Volumn 41, Issue C, 2010, Pages 77-118

  Kipper, Silke ^a   Kiefer, Sarah ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Age; Bird song; Cross sectional; Life course; Longitudinal; Song characteristics

Indexed keywords

EID: 79551515664     PISSN: 00653454     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3454(10)41003-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (184)

1. P. Absil R. Pinxten J. Balthazart M. Eens Effect of age and testosterone on autumnal neurogenesis in male European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) Behav. Brain Res. 143 2003 15 30
2. M. Adret-Hausberger H.R. Güttinger F.W. Merkel Individual life-history and song repertoire changes in a colony of starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) Ethology 84 1990 265 280
3. V. Amrhein L.E. Johannessen L. Kristiansen T. Slagsvold Reproductive strategy and singing activity: blue tit and great tit compared Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62 2008 1633 1641
4. B. Ballentine The ability to perform physically challenging songs predicts age and size in male swamp sparrows, Melospiza georgiana Anim. Behav. 77 2009 973 978
5. B. Ballentine J. Hyman S. Nowicki Vocal performance influences female response to male bird song: an experimental test Behav. Ecol. 15 2004 163 168
6. T.J.S. Balsby Song activity and variability in relation to male quality and female choice in Whitethroats Sylvia communis J. Avian Biol. 31 2000 56 62
7. Balsby, T.J.S., Hansen, P., in press. Element repertoire: change and development with age in Whitethroat ( Sylvia communis ) song. J. Ornithol. 151, 469–476
8. M.D. Beecher E.A. Brenowitz Functional aspects of song learning in songbirds Trends Ecol. Evol. 20 2005 143 149
9. M.D. Beecher S.E. Campbell The role of unshared songs in singing interactions between neighbouring song sparrows Anim. Behav. 70 2005 1297 1304
10. M.D. Beecher P.K. Stoddard S.E. Campbell C.L. Horning Repertoire matching between neighbouring song sparrows Anim. Behav. 51 1996 917 923
11. M.D. Beecher S.E. Campbell J.M. Burt C.E. Hill J.C. Nordby Song-type matching between neighbouring song sparrows Anim. Behav. 59 2000 21 27
12. M.D. Beecher S.E. Campbell J.C. Nordby Territory tenure in song sparrows is related to song sharing with neighbours, but not to repertoire size Anim. Behav. 59 2000 29 37
13. L.D. Beletsky G.H. Orians J.C. Wingfield Year-to-year patterns of circulating levels of testosterone and corticosterone in relation to breeding density, experience and reproductive success of the polygynous red-winged blackbird Horm. Behav. 26 1992 420 432
14. D.J. Bernard M. Eens G.F. Ball Age- and behavior-related variation in volumes of song control nuclei in male European starlings J. Neurobiol. 30 1996 329 339
15. L. Bijnens Blue tit Parus caeruleus song in relation to survival, reproduction and biometry Bird Study 35 1988 61 67
16. T.R. Birkhead K.L. Buchanan T.J. Devoogd E.J. Pellatt T. Szekely C.K. Catchpole Song, sperm quality and testes asymmetry in the sedge warbler Anim. Behav. 53 1997 965 971
17. M. Björklund Microgeographic variation in the song of the Scarlet rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus Ornis Scand. 20 1989 255 264
18. J. Böhner M.L. Chaiken G.F. Ball P. Marler Song acquisition in photosensitive and photorefractory male European starlings Horm. Behav. 24 1990 582 594
19. D.J. Borrer Song variation in the Maine song sparrow Wilson Bull. 77 1965 5 37
20. C.A. Botero A.E. Mudge A.M. Koltz W.M. Hochachka S.L. Vehrencamp How reliable are the methods for estimating repertoire size? Ethology 114 2008 1227 1238
21. C.A. Botero R.J. Rossman L.M. Caro L.M. Stenzler I.J. Lovette S.R. de Kort S.L. Vehrencamp Syllable type consistency is related to age, social status and reproductive success in the tropical mockingbird Anim. Behav. 77 2009 701 706
22. M.S. Brainard A.J. Doupe Postlearning consolidation of birdsong: stabilizing effects of age and anterior forebrain lesions J. Neurosci. 21 2001 2501 2517
23. E.A. Brenowitz M.D. Beecher Song learning in birds: diversity and plasticity, opportunities and challenges Trends Neurosi. 28 2005 127 132
24. E. Briefer T. Aubin K. Lehongre F. Rybak How to identify dear enemies: the group signature in the complex song of the skylark Alauda arvensis J. Exp. Biol. 211 2008 317 326
25. R. Brooks D.J. Kemp Can older males deliver the good genes? Trends Ecol. Evol. 16 2001 308 313
26. K.L. Buchanan C.K. Catchpole Female choice in the sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus : multiple cues from song and territory quality Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 264 1997 521 526
27. B.E. Byers D.E. Kroodsma Female mate choice and songbird song repertoires Anim. Behav. 77 2009 13 22
28. C.K. Catchpole Song repertoires and reproductive success in the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 19 1986 439 445
29. C.K. Catchpole P.J.B. Slater Bird Song—Biological Themes and Variations 2nd ed. 2008 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
30. M. Chaiken J. Böhner P. Marler Repertoire turnover and the timing of song acquisition in European starlings Behaviour 128 1994 25 39
31. A.S. Chaine B.E. Lyon Adaptive plasticity in female mate choice dampens sexual selection on male ornaments in the lark bunting Science 324 2008 1143
32. T.H. Clutton-Brock Reproductive Success. Studies of Individual Variation in Contrasting Breeding Systems 1988 University of Chicago Press Chicago
33. B.G. Cooper F. Goller Partial muting leads to age-dependent modification of motor patterns underlying crystallized zebra finch song J. Neurobiol. 61 2004 317 332
34. C. Corbitt P. Deviche Age-related difference in size of brain regions for song learning in adult male dark-eyed juncos ( Junco hyemalis ) Brain Behav. Evol. 65 2005 268 277
35. S.E. Cosens S.G. Sealy Age-related variation in song repertoire size and repertoire sharing of yellow warblers ( Dendroica petechia ) Can. J. Zool. 64 1986 1926 1929
36. M. Cucco G. Malacarne Is the song of black redstart males an honest signal of Status? Condor 101 1999 689 694
37. M. Cucco G. Malacarne Delayed maturation in passerine birds: an examination of plumage effects and some indications of a related effect in song Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 12 2000 291 308
38. A.H. Dalziell A. Cockburn Dawn song in superb fairy-wrens: a bird that seeks extrapair copulations during the dawn chorus Anim. Behav. 75 2008 489 500
39. L.B. Day L. Fusani E. Hernandez T.J. Billo K.S. Sheldon P.M. Wise B.A. Schlinger Testosterone and its effects on courtship in golden-collared manakins ( Manacus vitellinus ): seasonal, sex, and age differences Horm. Behav. 51 2007 69 76
40. S.R. de Kort E.R.B. Eldermire S. Valderrama C.A. Botero S.L. Vehrencamp Trill consistency is an age-related assessment signal in banded wrens Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 276 2009 2315 2321
41. J.F. de Laet A.A. Dhondt J.G. Deboever Circannual plasma androgen levels in free-living male great tits ( Parus major major L.) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 59 1985 277 286
42. J.P. de Magalhaes J. Costa A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits J. Evol. Biol. 22 2009 1770 1774
43. K.C. Derrickson Variation in repertoire presentation in northern mockingbirds Condor 90 1988 592 606
44. A. Desrochers Age and foraging success in European blackbirds—variations between and within individuals Anim. Behav. 43 1992 885 894
45. F. Dowsett-Lemaire Imitative range of the song of the marsh warbler Acrocephalus palustris , with special reference to imitations of African birds Ibis 121 1979 453 468
46. A.M. Dunn R.A. Zann Undirected song in wild zebra finch flocks: contexts and effects of mate removal Ethology 102 1996 529 539
47. L.A. Eales Song learning in zebra finches—some effects of song model availability on what is learnt and when Anim. Behav. 33 1985 1293 1300
48. M. Eens Understanding the complex song of the European starling: an integrated ethological approach Adv. Study Behav. 26 1997 355 434
49. M. Eens R. Pinxten R.F. Verheyen Male song as a cue for mate choice in the European starling Behaviour 116 1991 210 238
50. M. Eens R. Pinxten R.F. Verheyen No overlap in song repertoire size between yearling and older starlings Sturnus vulgaris Ibis 134 1992 72 76
51. M. Eens R. Pinxten R.F. Verheyen Song learning in captive European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris Anim. Behav. 44 1992 1131 1143
52. Y.O. Espmark H.M. Lampe Variations in the song of the pied flycatcher within and between breeding seasons Bioacoustics 5 1993 33 65
53. E. Ey D. Pfefferle J. Fischer Do age- and sex-related variations reliably reflect body size in non-human primate vocalizations? A review Primates 48 2007 253 267
54. T. Farkas Notes on biology and ethology of natal robin Cossypha natalensis Ibis 111 1969 281 292
55. P. Forslund T. Pärt Age and reproduction in birds—hypotheses and tests Trends Ecol. Evol. 10 1995 374 378
56. W. Forstmeier Comparing cross-sectional with longitudinal analyses Anim. Behav. 64 2002 F9 F11
57. W. Forstmeier B. Kempenaers A. Meyer B. Leisler A novel song parameter correlates with extra-pair paternity and reflects male longevity Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 269 2002 1479 1485
58. W. Forstmeier D. Hasselquist S. Bensch B. Leisler Does song reflect age and viability? A comparison between two populations of the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 59 2006 634 643
59. J. Freyschmidt M. Kopp H. Hultsch Individuelle Entwicklung und Differenzierung von gelernten Gesangsmustern bei Nachtigallen ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. 77 1984 244
60. K.-H. Frommolt R. Bardeli M. Clausen Computational bioacoustics for assessing biodiversity Proccedings of the International Expert Meeting on IT-Based Detection of Bioacoustical Patterns 2008 BfN-Skripten, vol. 234. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn
61. P. Galeotti N. Saino R. Sacchi A.P. Møller Song correlates with social context, testosterone and body condition in male barn swallows Anim. Behav. 53 1997 687 700
62. P. Galeotti N. Saino E. Perani R. Sacchi A.P. Møller Age-related song variation in male barn swallows Ital. J. Zool. 68 2001 305 310
63. L.Z. Garamszegi D. Heylen A.P. Moller M. Eens F. de Lope Age-dependent health status and song characteristics in the barn swallow Behav. Ecol. 16 2005 580 591
64. L.Z. Garamszegi J. Torok G. Hegyi E. Szollosi B. Rosivall M. Eens Age-dependent expression of song in the collared flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis Ethology 113 2007 246 256
65. N. Geberzahn H. Hultsch Long-time storage of song types in birds: evidence from interactive playbacks Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 270 2003 1085 1090
66. N. Geberzahn H. Hultsch D. Todt Latent song type memories are accessible through auditory stimulation in a hand-reared songbird Anim. Behav. 64 2002 783 790
67. D. Gil M. Gahr The honesty of bird song: multiple constraints for multiple traits Trends Ecol. Evol. 17 2002 133 141
68. D. Gil P.J.B. Slater Song and age or the latitude of longitudinal studies Anim. Behav. 64 2002 F13 F14
69. D. Gil J.L.S. Cobb P.J.B. Slater Song characteristics are age dependent in the willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus Anim. Behav. 62 2001 689 694
70. D.J. Goodfellow P.J.B. Slater Can chaffinches change songs from year to year? Bioacoustics 34 1990 1579 1580
71. L. Gustafsson T. Pärt Acceleration of senescence in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis by reproductive costs Nature 347 1990 279 281
72. H.R. Güttinger Variable and constant structures in greenfinch song ( Chloris chloris ) in different locations Behaviour 60 1977 294 318
73. H.R. Güttinger Integration of learnt and genetically programmed behaviour—a study of hierarchical organization in songs of canaries, greenfinches and their hybrids Z. Tierpsychol. 49 1979 285 303
74. M.L. Hall L.E. Molles A.E. Illes S.L. Vehrencamp Singing in the face of death: male banded wrens Thryophilus pleurostictus sing more to playback in their last breeding season J. Avian Biol. 40 2009 217 224
75. C.M. Hampton J.T. Sakata M.S. Brainard An avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit contributes differentially to syllable versus sequence variability of adult Bengalese finch song J. Neurophys. 101 2009 3235 3245
76. D. Hasselquist Polygyny in great reed warblers: a long-term study of factors contributing to male fitness Ecology 79 1998 2376 2390
77. D. Hasselquist S. Bensch T. von Schantz Correlation between male song repertoire, extra-pair paternity and offspring survival in the great reed warbler Nature 381 1996 229 232
78. M.H. Hausberger E. Bigot P.C. Clergeau Dialect use in large assemblies: a study in European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) J. Avian Biol. 39 2008 672 683
79. S.M. Hiebert P.K. Stoddard P. Arcese Repertoire size, territory acquisition and reproductive success in the song sparrow Anim. Behav. 37 1989 266 273
80. E. Hofstad Y. Espmark A. Moksnes T. Haugan M. Ingebrigtsen The relationship between song performance and male quality in snow buntings ( Plectrophenax nivalis ) Can. J. Zool. 80 2002 524 531
81. A. Hoikkala M. Saarikettu J.S. Kotiaho J.O. Liimatainen Age-related decrease in male reproductive success and song quality in Drosophila montana Behav. Ecol. 19 2008 94 99
82. C.J. Hoskin S. James G.C. Grigg Ecology and taxonomy-driven deviations in the frog call-body size relationship across the diverse Australian frog fauna J. Zool. 278 2009 36 41
83. H. Hultsch Tracing the memory mechanisms in the song acquisition of nightingales Neth. J. Zool. 43 1993 155 171
84. H. Hultsch D. Todt Repertoire sharing and song-post distance in nightingales ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8 1981 183 188
85. H. Hultsch D. Todt Context memorization in the song-learning of birds Naturwissenschaften 76 1989 584 586
86. K. Immelmann Song development in the zebra finch and other estrildid finches R.A. Hinde Bird Vocalisation 1969 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 61 74
87. A. Jacot H. Scheuber M.W.G. Brinkhof The effect of age on a sexually selected acoustic display Ethology 113 2007 615 620
88. V.M. Janik P.J.B. Slater The different roles of social learning in vocal communication Anim. Behav. 60 2000 1 11
89. T. Järvi The evolution of song versatility in the willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus —a case of evolution by intersexual selection explained by the females choice of the best mate Ornis Scand. 14 1983 123 128
90. P.F. Jenkins Cultural transmission of song patterns and dialect development in a free-living bird population Anim. Behav. 25 1977 50 78
91. A.E. Jones C. ten Cate P.J.B. Slater Early experience and plasticity of song in adult male zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) J. Comp. Psychol. 110 1996 354 369
92. J. Karubian T.S. Sillett M.S. Webster The effects of delayed plumage maturation on aggression and survival in male red-backed fairy-wrens Behav. Ecol. 19 2008 508 516
93. S. Kiefer Age-related changes in the song of common nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos —a model to investigate vocal plasticity 2009 PhD thesis, Free University of Berlin
94. S. Kiefer A. Spiess S. Kipper R. Mundry C. Sommer H. Hultsch D. Todt First-year common nightingales ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) have smaller song-type repertoire sizes than older males Ethology 112 2006 1217 1224
95. S. Kiefer C. Sommer C. Scharff S. Kipper R. Mundry Tuning towards tomorrow? Common nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos change and increase their song repertoires from the first to the second breeding season J. Avian Biol. 40 2009 231 236
96. S. Kiefer C. Sommer C. Scharff S. Kipper Singing the popular songs? Nightingales share more song types with their breeding population in their second season than in their first Ethology 2010
97. S. Kipper R. Mundry H. Hultsch D. Todt Long-term persistence of song performance rules in nightingales ( Luscinia megarhynchos ): a longitudinal field study on repertoire size and composition Behaviour 141 2004 371 390
98. S. Kipper R. Mundry C. Sommer H. Hultsch D. Todt Song repertoire size is correlated with body measures and arrival date in common nightingales, Luscinia megarhynchos Anim. Behav. 71 2006 211 217
99. H. Kokko Good genes, old age and life-history trade-offs Evol. Ecol. 12 1998 739 750
100. J. Komdeur M. Oorebeek T. van Overveld I.C. Cuthill Mutual ornamentation, age, and reproductive performance in the European starling Behav. Ecol. 16 2005 805 817
101. P.E. Komers D.A. Boag The reproductive performance of black-billed magpies—is it related to mate choice Can. J. Zool. 66 1988 1679 1684
102. D.E. Kroodsma Song repertoires: problems in their definition and use D.E. Kroodsma E.H. Miller Acoustic Communication in Birds Vol. 2 1982 Academic Press New York 1 23
103. D.E. Kroodsma R. Pickert Environmentally dependent sensitive periods for avian vocal learning Nature 288 1980 477 479
104. M. Lambrechts A.A. Dhondt Male quality, reproduction, and survival in the great tit ( Parus major ) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 19 1986 57 63
105. H.M. Lampe Y.O. Espmark Song structures reflect male quality in pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca Anim. Behav. 47 1994 869 876
106. N.E. Langmore N.B. Davies B.J. Hatchwell I.R. Hartley Female song attracts males in the alpine accentor Prunella collaris Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 263 1996 141 146
107. A.R. Lasky A mockingbird acquires his song repertoire Auk 61 1944 211 219
108. S. Leitner C.K. Catchpole Syllable repertoire and the size of the song control system in captive canaries ( Serinus canaria ) J. Neurobiol. 60 2004 21 27
109. R.E. Lemon Geographic variation in song of cardinals Can. J. Zool. 44 1966 559 569
110. R.E. Lemon R. Cotter R.C. MacNally S. Monette Song repertoires and song sharing by American redstarts Condor 87 1985 457 470
111. R.E. Lemon S. Perreault D.M. Weary Dual strategies of song development in American redstarts, Setophaga ruticilla Anim. Behav. 47 1994 317 329
112. C.A. Loffredo G. Borgia Male courtship vocalizations as cues for mate choice in the satin bowerbird ( Ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) Auk 103 1986 189 195
113. A.J. Lombardino F. Nottebohm Age at deafening affects the stability of learned song in adult male zebra finches J. Neurosci. 20 2000 5054 5064
114. B.E. Lyon R.D. Montgomerie Delayed plumage maturation in passerine birds—reliable signaling by subordinate males Evolution 40 1986 605 615
115. S.A. MacDougall-Shackleton G.F. Ball E. Edmonds R. Sul T.P. Hahn Age- and sex-related variation in song-control regions in Cassin's finches, Carpodacus cassinii Brain Behav. Evol. 65 2005 262 267
116. J.N. Mager III C. Walcott W.H. Piper Male common loons, Gavia immer , communicate body mass and condition through dominant frequencies of territorial yodels Anim. Behav. 73 2007 683 690
117. J.T. Manning Choosy females and correlates of male age J. Theor. Biol. 116 1985 349 354
118. P. Marler Three models of song learning: evidence from behavior J. Neurobiol. 33 1997 501 516
119. P. Marler R. Pickert Species-universal microstructure in the learned song of the swamp sparrow (Melospiza Georgiana) Anim. Behav. 32 1984 673 689
120. P. Marler M. Tamura Song “dialects” in three populations of white-crowned sparrows Condor 64 1962 368 377
121. P. Marler M. Kreith M. Tamura Song development in hand-rasied Oregon Juncos Auk 79 1962 12 30
122. P. Marler M. Tamura Culturally transmitted pattersn of vocal behaviour in sparrows Science 146 1964 1483 1486
123. P. Marler P. Mundinge M.S. Waser A. Lutjen Effects of acoustical stimulation and deprivation on song development in red-winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) Anim. Behav. 20 1972 586 606
124. K. Martin Patterns and mechanisms for age-dependent reproduction and survival in birds Am. Zool. 35 1995 340 348
125. P.K. McGregor J.R. Krebs Song learning in adult great tits ( Parus major ): effects of neighbours Behaviour 108 1989 139 159
126. P.K. McGregor J.R. Krebs C.M. Perrins Song repertoires and lifetime reproductive success in the great tit ( Parus major ) Am. Nat. 118 1981 149 159
127. A.P. Møller T.A. Mousseau G. Rudolfsen J. Balbontin A. Marzal I. Hermosell F. De Lope Senescent sperm performance in old male birds J. Evol. Biol. 22 2009 334 344
128. D.J. Mountjoy R.E. Lemon Extended song learning in wild European starlings Anim. Behav. 49 1995 357 366
129. R. Mundry C. Sommer Ein neues Gefiedermerkmal zur Altersbestimmung bei Nachtigallen ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) (a new pattern of feather colouration for age determination in common nightingales) Limicola 21 2007 131 139
130. D.A. Nelson Song overproduction and selective attrition lead to song sharing in the field sparrow ( Spizella pusilla ) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 30 1992 415 424
131. D.A. Nelson A. Poesel Does learning produce song conformity or novelty in white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys ? Anim. Behav. 78 2009 433 440
132. M.M. Nice Studies in the Life History of the Song Sparrow. II. The Behaviour of the Song Sparrow and Other Passerines 1943 Dover New York
133. J.S. Nicholson K.L. Buchanan R.C. Marshall C.K. Catchpole Song sharing and repertoire size in the sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus : changes within and between years Anim. Behav. 74 2007 1585 1592
134. J.C. Nordby S.E. Campbell M.D. Beecher Ecological correlates of song learning in song sparrows Behav. Ecol. 10 1999 287 297
135. J.C. Nordby S.E. Campbell M.D. Beecher Adult song sparrows do not alter their song repertoires Ethology 108 2002 39 50
136. F. Nottebohm Auditory experience and song development in the chaffinch Fringilla coeleps Ibis 110 1968 549 568
137. F. Nottebohm M.E. Nottebohm Relationship between song repertoire and age in canary, Serinus canaries Z. Tierpsychol. 46 1978 298 305
138. F. Nottebohm M.E. Nottebohm L.A. Crane J.C. Wingfield Seasonal changes in gonadal hormone levels of adult male canaries and their relation to song Behav. Neural Biol. 47 1987 197 211
139. A.L. O'Loghlen S.I. Rothstein An extreme example of delayed vocal development—song learning in a population of wild brown-headed cowbirds Anim. Behav. 46 1993 293 304
140. A.L. O'Loghlen S.I. Rothstein Culturally correct song dialects are correlated with male age and female song preferences in wild populations of brown-headed cowbirds Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 36 1995 251 259
141. A.L. O'Loghlen S.I. Rothstein Female preference for the songs of older males and the maintenance of dialects in brown-headed cowbirds ( Molothrus ater ) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 53 2003 102 109
142. A.L. O'Loghlen Delayed access to local songs prolongs vocal development in dialect populations of brown-headed cowbirds Condor 97 1995 402 414
143. T.S. Osiejuk K. Losak S. Dale Cautious response of inexperienced birds to conventional signal of stronger threat J. Avian Biol. 38 2007 644 649
144. T.H. Parker I.R. Barr S.C. Griffith The blue tit's song is an inconsistent signal of male condition Behav. Ecol. 17 2006 1029 1040
145. D. Pavlova R. Pinxten M. Eens Female song in European starlings: sex differences, complexity, and composition Condor 107 2005 559 569
146. D.Z. Pavlova R. Pinxten M. Eens Seasonal singing patterns and individual consistency in song activity in female European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) Behaviour 144 2007 663 680
147. D.Z. Pavlova R. Pinxten M. Eens Age-related changes of song traits in female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) Anim. Biol. 60 2010 43 59
148. R.B. Payne Ecological consequences of song matching: breeding success and intraspecific song mimicry in indigo buntings Ecology 63 1982 401 411
149. R.B. Payne L.L. Payne Song copying and cultural transmission in indigo buntings Anim. Behav. 46 1993 1045 1065
150. R.B. Payne L.L. Payne S.M. Doehlert Biological and cultural success of song memes in indigo buntings Ecology 69 1988 104 117
151. L. Petrinovich Factors influencing song development in the white-crowned sparrow ( Zonotrichia leucophrys ) J. Comp. Psychol. 99 1985 15 29
152. J. Podos D.C. Lahti D.L. Moseley Vocal performance and sensorimotor learning in songbirds Adv. Study Behav. 40 2009 159 195
153. A. Poesel H.P. Kunc K. Foerster A. Johnsen B. Kempenaers Early birds are sexy: male age, dawn song and extrapair paternity in blue tits, Cyanistes (formerly Parus ) caeruleus Anim. Behav. 72 2006 531 538
154. C.L. Pytte M. Gerson J. Miller J.R. Kirn Increasing stereotypy in adult zebra finch song correlates with a declining rate of adult neurogenesis Dev. Neurobiol. 67 2007 1699 1720
155. D. Reby K. McComb Anatomical constraints generate honesty: acoustic cues to age and weight in the roars of red deer stags Anim. Behav. 65 2003 519 530
156. J.O. Rice W.L. Thompson Song development in indigo bunting Anim. Behav. 16 1968 462 469
157. K. Riebel The “mute” sex revisited: vocal production and perception learning in female songbirds Adv. Study Behav. 33 2003 49 86
158. K. Riebel Song and female mate choice in zebra finches: a review Adv. Study Behav. 40 2009 197 238
159. T. Riede T. Fitch Vocal tract length and acoustics of vocalization in the domestic dog ( Canis familiaris ) J. Exp. Biol. 202 1999 2859 2867
160. S. Rohwer S.D. Fretwell D.M. Niles Delayed maturation in passerine plumages and the deceptive acquisition of resources Am. Nat. 115 1980 400 437
161. F.B. Samson Vocalizations of Cassin's finch in Northern Utah Condor 80 1978 203 210
162. W.A. Searcy Song repertoire and mate choice in birds Am. Zool. 32 1992 71 80
163. W.A. Searcy P.D. McArthur K. Yasukawa Song repertoire size and male quality in song sparrows Condor 87 1985 222 228
164. P.J.B. Slater S.A. Ince Cultural evolution in chaffinch song Behaviour 71 1979 146 166
165. K.W. Sockman K.G. Salvante D.M. Racke C.R. Campbell B.A. Whitman Song competition changes the brain and behavior of a male songbird J. Exp. Biol. 212 2009 2411 2418
166. J. Sorjonen Temporal and spatial differences in traditions and repertoires in the song of the thrush nightingale ( Luscinia luscinia ) Behaviour 102 1987 196 211
167. L. Svensson Identification Guide to European Passerines 1992 British Trust for Ornithology Thetford
168. G. Thielcke M. Krome Experiments on sensitive phase and song variation in the chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs ) J. Ornithol. 130 1989 435 453
169. W.H. Thorpe Further studies on the process of song learning in the chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs gengleri ) Nature 182 1958 554 557
170. D. Todt Equivalent and convalent vocal reactions of a nightingale ( Luscinia megarhynchos L. ) with an extremely consistent song pattern Z. Vergl. Tierpsychol. 71 1971 262 285
171. D. Todt N. Geberzahn Age-dependent effects of song exposure: song crystallization sets a boundary between fast and delayed vocal imitation Anim. Behav. 65 2003 971 979
172. D. Todt M. Naguib Vocal interactions in birds: the use of song as a model in communication Adv. Study Behav. 29 2000 247 296
173. P. Torre J.A. Barlow Age-related changes in acoustic characteristics of adult speech J. Comm. Disord. 42 2009 324 333
174. E.C. Tumer M.S. Brainard Performance variability enables adaptive plasticity of ‘crystallized’ adult birdsong Nature 450 2007 1240 1244
175. S.L. Vehrencamp Is song-type matching a conventional signal of aggressive intentions? Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 268 2001 1637 1642
176. S.L. Vehrencamp M.L. Hall E.R. Bohman C.D. Depeine A.H. Dalziell Song matching, overlapping, and switching in the banded wren: the sender's perspective Behav. Ecol. 18 2007 849 859
177. C. Voigt S. Leitner Seasonality in song behaviour revisited: seasonal and annual variants and invariants in the song of the domesticated canary ( Serinus canaria ) Horm. Behav. 54 2008 373 378
178. M.J. West A.P. King Female visual displays affect the development of male song in the cowbird Nature 334 1988 244 246
179. N.T. Wheelwright C.B. Schultz Age and reproduction in Savannah sparrows and tree swallows J. Anim. Ecol. 63 1994 686 702
180. L. Williams M.H. MacRoberts Individual variation in songs of dark-eyed juncos Condor 79 1977 106 112
181. K. Yasukawa J.L. Blank C.B. Patterson Song repertoires and sexual selection in the red-winged blackbird Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 7 1980 233 238
182. R.A. Zann The Zebra Finch—A Synthesis of Field and Laboratory Studies. (Oxford Ornithology Series) 1996 Oxford University Press Oxford
183. R.A. Zann E. Dunstan Mimetic song in superb lyrebirds: species mimicked and mimetic accuracy in different populations and age classes Anim. Behav. 76 2008 1043 1054
184. H.P. Zeigler P. Marler Neuroscience of Birdsong 2008 Cambridge University Press Cambridge