Transfer and Acclimatization Effects on the Behavior of Two Species of African Great Ape (Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Moved to a Novel and Naturalistic Zoo Environment

International Journal of Primatology

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 99-117

  Ross, Stephen R ^a   Wagner, Katherine E ^a   Schapiro, Steven J ^b   Hau, Jann ^c   Lukas, Kristin E ^d  

^a LINCOLN PARK ZOO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^d CLEVELAND METROPARKS ZOO   (United States)

Author keywords

Captive welfare; Great apes; Post occupancy evaluation; Zoological exhibits

Indexed keywords

ACCLIMATION; AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; COGNITION; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; PRIMATE; ZOO;

ANIMALIA; GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA; HOMINIDAE; PAN; PAN TROGLODYTES; PRIMATES;

EID: 79251607325     PISSN: 01640291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9441-3     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Ahlstrom, S., Jarvis, S., & Lawrence, A. B. (2002). Savaging gilts are more restless and more responsive to piglets during the expulsive phase of parturition. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 76, 83-91.
2. Appleby, M. (1997). Life in a variable world: behavior, welfare and environmental design. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 54, 1-19.
3. Baker, K. C. (1997). Straw and forage material ameliorate abnormal behaviors in adult chimpanzees. Zoo Biology, 16, 225-236.
4. Baker, K. C., & Ross, S. K. (1998). Outdoor access: the behavioral benefits to chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 45, 166.
5. Bellingham, L. (1998). Behavioural adaptation of a group of Alaotran gentle lemurs Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis to a large naturalistic enclosure at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Dodo, 34, 67-68.
6. Bowen, R. A. (1980). The behaviour of three hand-reared lowland gorillas, Gorilla g. gorilla, with emphasis on the response to a change in accommodation. Dodo, 17, 63-79.
7. Brent, L. (1992). Woodchip bedding as enrichment for captive chimpanzees in an outdoor enclosure. Animal Welfare, 1, 161-170.
8. Casper, R. C. (2006). The 'drive for activity' and "restlessness" in anorexia nervosa: Potential pathways. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 99-107.
9. Chamove, A., & Rohrhuber, B. (1989). Moving callitrichid monkeys from cages to outside areas. Zoo Biology, 8, 151-163.
10. Chamove, A. S., Anderson, J. R., & Morgan-Jones, S. C. (1982). Deep woodchip litter: hygiene, feeding, and behavioral enhancement in eight primate species. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, 3, 308-318.
11. Chamove, A. S., Anderson, J. R., & Nash, V. J. (1984). Social and environmental influences on self-aggression in monkeys. Primates, 25, 319-325.
12. Chang, T. R., Forthman, D. L., & Maple, T. L. (1999). Comparison of confined mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) behavior in traditional and "ecologically representative" exhibits. Zoo Biology, 18, 163-176.
13. Clarke, A. S., Juno, C. J., & Maple, T. L. (1982). Behavioral effects of a change in the physical environment: a pilot study of captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biology, 1, 371-380.
14. Coe, J. C. (2001). Activity-based design and management: New opportunities for apes and people. The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, pp. 143-145.
15. Coe, J. C., & Maple, T. L. (1987). In search of Eden: A brief history of great ape exhibits. AZA Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 628-638.
16. Doane, C. J., Lee, D. R., & Sleeper, M. M. (2006). Electrocardiogram abnormalities in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Comparative Medicine, 56, 512-518.
17. Doran, D. (1997). Influence of seasonality on activity patterns, feeding behavior, ranging and grouping patterns in Tai chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 18, 183-206.
18. Finlay, T. W., James, L. R., & Maple, T. L. (1988). People's perceptions of animals: the influence of zoo environment. Environment and Behavior, 20(4), 508-528.
19. Goerke, B., Fleming, L., & Creel, M. (1987). Behavioral changes of a juvenile gorilla after a transfer to a more naturalistic environment. Zoo Biology, 6, 283-295.
20. Gygax, L., Neuffer, I., Kaufmann, C., Hauser, R., & Wechsler, B. (2008). Restlessness behaviour, heart rate and heart-rate variability of dairy cows milked in two types of automatic milking systems and auto-tandem milking parlours. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 109, 167-179.
21. Leavens, D. A., Aureli, F., & Hopkins, W. D. (2004). Behavioral evidence for the cutaneous expression of emotion in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Behaviour, 141, 979-997.
22. Little, K. A., & Sommer, V. (2002). Change of enclosure in langur monkeys; implications for the evaluation of environmental enrichment. Zoo Biology, 21, 549-559.
23. Ludes, E., & Anderson, J. R. (1996). Comparison of the behaviour of captive white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in the presence of four kinds of deep litter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 49, 293-303.
24. Lukas, K. E. (1999). A review of nutritional and motivational factors contributing to the performance of regurgitation and reingestion in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 63, 237-249.
25. Lukas, K. E., & Ross, S. R. (2005). Zoo visitor knowledge and attitudes toward chimpanzees and gorillas. Journal of Environmental Education, 36, 33.
26. Maestripieri, D., Schino, G., Aureli, F., & Troisi, A. (1992). A modest proposal: displacement activities as an indicator of emotions in primates. Animal Behaviour, 44, 967-979.
27. Maple, T. L., & Finlay, T. W. (1986). Evaluating the environments of captive nonhuman primates. In K. Benirschke (Ed.), Primates: The road to self-sustaining populations (pp. 479-487). New York: Springer-Verlag.
28. Maple, T. L., & Finlay, T. W. (1987). Post-occupancy evaluation in the zoo. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 18, 5-18.
29. Maple, T. L., & Stine, W. W. (1982). Environmental variables and great ape husbandry. American Journal of Primatology, (Supplement 1), 67-76.
30. Nieuwenhuijsen, K., & de Waal, F. B. M. (1982). Effects of spatial crowding in a chimpanzee colony. Zoo Biology, 1, 5-28.
31. Novak, M. A., O'Neill, P., Beckley, S. A., & Suomi, S. J. (1994). Naturalistic environments for captive primates. In E. F. Gibbons, E. J. Wyers, E. Waters, & E. W. Menzel (Eds.), Naturalistic environments in captivity for animal behavior research (pp. 236-258). New York: SUNY Press.
32. Ogden, J. J., Finlay, T. W., & Maple, T. L. (1990). Gorilla adaptations to naturalistic environments. Zoo Biology, 9, 107-121.
33. O'Neill, P. L., Novak, M. A., & Suomi, S. J. (1991). Normalizing laboratory-reared rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) behavior with exposure to complex outdoor enclosures. Zoo Biology, 10, 237-245.
34. Paquette, D., & Prescott, J. (1988). Use of novel objects to enhance environments of captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biology, 7, 15-23.
35. Pines, M. K., Kaplan, G., & Rogers, L. J. (2007). A note on indoor and outdoor housing preferences of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 108, 348-353.
36. Price, E. C. (1992). Adaptation of captive-bred cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) to a natural environment. Zoo Biology, 11, 107-120.
37. Redshaw, M. E., & Mallinson, J. J. C. (1991). Stimulation of natural patterns of behavior: Studies with golden lion tamarins and gorillas. In H. O. Box (Ed.), Primate responses to environmental change (pp. 224-230). London: Chapman and Hall.
38. Rhoads, D. L., & Goldsworthy, R. J. (1979). The effects of zoo environments on public attitudes toward endangered wildlife. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 13, 283-287.
39. Ross, S. R., & Lukas, K. E. (2005). Zoo visitor behavior at an African ape exhibit. Visitor Studies Today, 8(1), 4-12.
40. Ross, S. R., & Lukas, K. E. (2006). Use of space in a non-naturalistic environment by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96, 143-152.
41. Ross, S. R., Calcutt, S., Schapiro, S. J., & Hau, J. (in press). Space use selectivity by great apes in an indoor-outdoor enclosure. American Journal of Primatology.
42. Ross, S. R., Schapiro, S. J., Hau, J., & Lukas, K. E. (2009). Space use as an indicator of enclosure appropriateness: a novel measure of captive animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 121, 42-50.
43. Ross, S. R., Wagner, K. E., Schapiro, S. J., & Hau, J. (2010). Ape behavior in two alternating environments: comparing exhibit and short-term holding areas. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 951-959.
44. Sokal, R. R., & Rohlf, F. J. (1994). Biometry. W. H. Freeman, New York.
45. Stevenson, M. F. (1983). The captive environment: Its effect on exploratory and related behavioural responses in wild animals. In J. Archer & L. Birke (Eds.), Exploration in animals and humans. Berkshire: van Nostrand Reinhold.
46. Visser, E. K., Ellis, A. D., & van Reenen, C. G. (2008). The effect of two different housing conditions on the welfare of young horses stabled for the first time. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 114, 521-533.
47. Weng, R. C., Edwards, S. A., & English, P. R. (1998). Behaviour, social interactions and lesion scores of group-housed sows in relation to floor space allowances. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 59, 307-316.
48. Wolf, R. L., & Tymitz, B. L. (1980). Studying visitor perceptions of zoo environments: a naturalistic view. International Zoo Yearbook, 21, 49-53.
49. Wolfensohn, S. E. (1997). Brief review of scientific studies of the welfare implications of transporting primates. Lab Animal, 31, 303-305.
50. Zeisel, J. (1977). Low-rise housing for older people: Behavioral criteria for design (p. 141). Washington: U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research.
51. Zimring, C. M., & Reizenstein, J. E. (1980). Post-occupancy evaluation: an overview. Environment and Behavior, 12(4), 429-450.