Shaping the military wound: Issues surrounding the reconstruction of injured servicemen at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 366, Issue 1562, 2011, Pages 219-230

  Evriviades, Demetrius ^a   Jeffery, Steven ^a   Cubison, Tania ^b   Lawton, Graham ^b   Gill, Martin ^a   Mortiboy, Deborah ^a  

^a QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b East Grinstead Hospital   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amputation; Reconstruction; Wounds

Indexed keywords

INJURY; MILITARY INTERVENTION; PHYSIOLOGY; WOUNDING;

EID: 79251497034     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0237     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (75)

1. Davenport, R. A. et al. 2010 A major trauma centre is a specialty hospital not a hospital of specialties. Br. J. Surg. 97i, 109-117. (doi:10.1002/bjs.6806)
2. O'Reilly, D., König, T. & Tai, N. 2008 Field trauma care in the 21st century. J. R. Army Med. Corps 154, 260-264
3. Ramasamy, A., Hill, A. M. & Clasper, J. C. 2009 Improvised explosive devices: Pathophysiology, injury profiles and current medical management. J. R. Army Med. Corps 155, 265-272
4. Kindsfater, K. & Jonassen, E. A. 1995 Osteomyelitis in grade II and III open tibia fractures with late debridement. J. Orthop. Trauma 9, 121-127. (doi:10.1097/ 00005131-199504000-00006)
5. Khatod, M., Botte, M. J., Hoyt, D. B., Meyer, R. S., Smith, J. M. & Akeson, W. H. 2003 Outcomes in open tibia fractures: Relationship between delay in treatment and infection. J. Trauma 55, 949-954. (doi:10.1097/01. TA.0000092685.80435.63)
6. Granick, M. S. & Chehade, M. 2007 The evolution of surgical wound management: Toward a common language. In Surgical wound management (eds M. S. Granick & R. L. Gamelli), pp. 17-28. New York, NY: Informa
7. Jackson, D. M. 1983 The William Gissane lecture 1982 the burn wound: Its character, closure and complications. Burns 10, 1-8
8. Boyd, J. I. & Wongworawat, M. D. 2004 High-pressure pulsatile lavage causes soft tissue damage. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 427, 13-17. (doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000144859. 73074.45)
9. Hassinger, S. M., Harding, G. & Wongworawat, M. D. 2005 High-Pressure pulsatile lavage propagates bacteria into soft tissue. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 439, 27-31. (doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000182246.37454.b2)
10. Fries, C. A., Jeffery, S. L. & Kay, A. R. 2010 Topical negative pressure and military wounds-a review of the evidence. Injury 41, 708-712. (doi:10.1016/j.injury. 2010.02.027)
11. Muñoz, P., Hortal, J., Giannella, M., Barrio, J. M., Rodríguez-Créixems, M., Pérez, M. J., Rincón, C. & Bouza, E. 2008 Nasal carriage of S. aureus increases the risk of surgical site infection after major heart surgery. J. Hosp. Infect. 68, 25-31. (doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2007.08.010)
12. Taylor, R. W., Manganaro, L., O'Brien, J., Trottier, S. J., Parkar, N. & Veremakis, C. 2002 Impact of allogenic packed red blood cell transfusion on nosocomial infection rates in the critically ill patient. Crit. Care Med. 30, 2249-2254. (doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000030457.48434.17)
13. Skiada, A. & Petrikkos, G. 2009 Cutaneous zygomycosis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15(Suppl. 5), 41-45. (doi:10. 1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02979.x)
14. Riska, E. B., von Bonsdorff, H., Hakkinen, S., Jaroma, H., Kiviluoto, O. & Paavilainen, T. 1977 Primary operative fixation of long bone fractures in patients with multiple injuries. J. Trauma 17, 111-121. (doi:10.1097/ 00005373-197702000-00005)
15. Bone, L. B., Johnson, K. D., Weigelt, J. & Scheinberg, R. 1989 Early versus delayed stabilization of femoral fractures. A prospective randomized study. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 71, 336-340
16. Keel,M. & Trentz,O. 2005 Pathophysiology of polytrauma. Injury 36, 691-709. (doi:10.1016/j.injury.2004.12.037)
17. Pape, H. C., Giannoudis, P. V., Krettek, C. & Trentz, O. 2005 Timing of fixation of major fractures in blunt polytrauma: Role of conventional indicators in clinical decision making. J. Orthop. Trauma 19, 551-562. (doi:10.1097/01.bot.0000161712.87129.80)
18. Francel, T. J., Vander Kolk, C. A., Hoopes, J. E., Manson, P. N. & Yaremchuk, M. J. 1992 Microvascular soft-tissue transplantation for reconstruction of acute open tibial fractures: Timing of coverage and long-term functional results. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 89, 478-487. (discussion 488-489)
19. Small, J. O. & Mollan, R. A. 1992 Management of the soft tissues in open tibial fractures. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 45, 571-577. (doi:10.1016/0007- 1226(92)90022-P)
20. Sinclair, J. S., McNally, M. A., Small, J. O. & Yeates, H. A. 1997 Primary free-flap cover of open tibial fractures. Injury 28, 581-587. (doi:10.1016/S0020- 1383(97)00093-4)
21. Nanchahal, J., Nayagam, D., Khan, U., Moran, C., Barrett, S., Sanderson, F. & Pallister, I. 2009 Standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb. See http://www.bapras.org.uk/guide.asp?id=355
22. Lutz, B. S., Klauke, T. & Dietrich, F. E. 1997 Late results after microvascular reconstruction of severe crush and avulsion injuries of the upper extremity. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 13, 423-429. (doi:10.1055/s-2007-1006423)
23. Pezzin, L. E., Dillingham, T. R. & MacKenzie, E. J. 2000 Rehabilitation and the long-term outcomes of persons with trauma-related amputations. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81, 292-300. (doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(00) 90074-1)
24. Kumar, A. R., Grewal, N. S., Chung, T. L. & Bradley, J. P. 2009 Lessons from the modern battlefield: Successful upper extremity injury reconstruction in the subacute period. J. Trauma 67, 752-757. (doi:10.1097/TA. 0b013e3181808115)
25. Küntscher, M. V., Erdmann, D., Homann, H. H., Steinau, H. U., Levin, S. L. & Germann, G. 2001 The concept of fillet flaps: Classification, indications, and analysis of their clinical value. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 108, 885-896
26. Glassey, N., Perks, G. B. & McCulley, S. J. 2008 A prospective assessment of shoulder morbidity and recovery time scales following latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 122, 1334-1340. (doi:10. 1097/PRS.0b013e3181881ffe)
27. Salmi, A., Tuominen, R., Tukiainen, E. & Asko-Seljavaara, S. 1995 Morbidity of donor and recipient sites after free flap surgery. A prospective study. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 29, 337-341. (doi:10.3109/ 02844319509008969)
28. Geishauser, M., Staudenmaier, R. W. & Biemer, E. 1998 Donor-site morbidity of the segmental rectus abdominis muscle flap. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 51, 603-607
29. Huang, C. T., Jackson, J. R., Moore, N. B., Fine, P. R., Kuhlemeier, K. V., Traugh, G. H. & Saunders, P. T. 1979 Amputation: Energy cost of ambulation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 60, 18-24
30. Song, Y. G., Chen, G. Z. & Song, Y. L. 1984 The free thigh flap: A new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 37, 149-159. (doi:10.1016/0007-1226(84)90002-X)
31. Owens, B. D., Kragh, J. F., Macaitis, J., Svoboda, S. J. & Wenke, J. C. 2007 Characterization of extremity wounds in operation Iraqi freedom and operation enduring freedom. J. Orthop. Trauma 21, 254-257. (doi:10.1097/ BOT.0b013e31802f78fb)
32. Visser, P. A., Hermreck, A. S., Pierce, G. E., Thomas, J. H. & Hardin, C. A. 1980 Prognosis of nerve injuries incurred during acute trauma to peripheral arteries. Am. J. Surg. 140, 596-599
33. Gutmann, E. 1948 Effect of delay of innervation on recovery of muscle after nerve lesions. J. Neurophysiol. 11, 279-294
34. Sunderland, S. 1950 Capacity of reinnervated muscles to function efficiently after prolonged denervation. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 64, 755-771
35. Novak, C. B., Kelly, L. & Mackinnon, S. E. 1992 Sensory recovery after median nerve grafting. J. Hand Surg. Am. 17, 59-68. (doi:10.1016/0363- 5023(92)90114-5)
36. Seddon, H. J. 1950 Peripheral nerve injuries in Great Britain during World War II: A review. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 63, 171-173
37. Sunderland, S. 1978 Nerves and nerve injuries, 2nd ed. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone
38. Dvali, L. & Mackinnon, S. 2003 Nerve repair, grafting, and nerve transfers. Clin. Plast. Surg. 30, 203-221. (doi:10.1016/S0094-1298(02)00096-2)
39. Roganović, Z. 1998 Factors influencing the outcome of nerve repair. Vojnosanit Pregl. 55, 119-131
40. Roganovic, Z. 2004 Missile-caused ulnar nerve injuries: Outcomes of 128 repairs. Neurosurgery 55, 1120-1129. (doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000142353.92119.FE)
41. Stewart, M. P. & Birch, R. 2001 Penetrating missile injuries of the brachial plexus. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. 83, 517-524. (doi:10.1302/0301-620X.83B4. 11583)
42. Ecklund, J. M. & Ling, G. S. 2009 From the battlefront: Peripheral nerve surgery in modern day warfare. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 20, 107-110. (doi:10.1016/j. nec.2008.07.022)
43. Isaacs, J. 2010 Treatment of acute peripheral nerve injuries: Current concepts. J. Hand Surg. Am. 35, 491-497 (quiz 498). (doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.12. 009)
44. Kline, D. G., Hackett, E. R., Davis, G. D. & Myers, M. B. 1972 Effect of mobilization on the blood supply and regeneration of injured nerves. J. Surg. Res. 12, 254-266. (doi:10.1016/0022-4804(72)90020-0)
45. Maki, Y., Firrell, J. C. & Breidenbach, W. C. 1997 Blood flow in mobilized nerves: Results in a rabbit sciatic nerve model. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 100, 627-633. (discussion 634-635)
46. Miyamoto, Y. 1979 Experimental study of results of nerve suture under tension vs. nerve grafting. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 64, 540-549
47. Clark, W. L., Trumble, T. E., Swiontkowski, M. F. & Tencer, A. F. 1992 Nerve tension and blood flow in a rat model of immediate and delayed repairs. J. Hand Surg. Am. 17, 677-687. (doi:10.1016/0363- 5023(92)90316-H)
48. Young, L., Wray, R. C. & Weeks, P. M. 1981 A randomized prospective comparison of fascicular and epineural digital nerve repairs. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 68, 89-93
49. Roganovic, Z. & Petkovic, S. 2004 Missile severances of the radial nerve. Results of 131 repairs. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 146, 1185-1192. (doi:10.1007/ s00701-004-0361-x)
50. Roganovic, Z. 2005 Missile-caused median nerve injuries: Results of 81 repairs. Surg. Neurol. 63, 410-418 (discussion 418-419). (doi:10.1016/j.surneu. 2004.08.007)
51. Roganovic, Z. 2005 Missile-caused complete lesions of the peroneal nerve and peroneal division of the sciatic nerve: Results of 157 repairs. Neurosurgery 57, 1201-1212. (discussion 1201-1212)
52. Millesi, H. 2000 Techniques for nerve grafting. Hand Clin. 16, 73-91
53. Best, T. J. & Mackinnon, S. E. 1994 Peripheral nerve revascularization: A current literature review. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 10, 193-204. (doi:10.1055/s-2007-1006587)
54. Hill, H. L., Vasconez, L. O. & Jurkiewicz, M. J. 1978 Method for obtaining a sural nerve graft. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 61, 177-179
55. Colen, K. L., Choi, M. & Chiu, D. T. 2009 Nerve grafts and conduits. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 124(Suppl. 6), e386-e394. (doi:10.1097/PRS. 0b013e3181bf8430)
56. Sunderland, S. & Ray, L. J. 1947 The selection and use of autografts for bridging gaps in injured nerves. Brain 70, 75-92. (doi:10.1093/brain/70.1. 75)
57. Ornelas, L. et al. 2006 Fibrin glue: An alternative technique for nerve coaptation-part II. Nerve regeneration and histomorphometric assessment. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 22, 123-128. (doi:10.1055/s-2006-932507)
58. Chiu, D. T. & Strauch, B. 1990 A prospective clinical evaluation of autogenous vein grafts used as a nerve conduit for distal sensory nerve defects of 3 cm or less. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 86, 928-934
59. Roganovic, Z., Ilic, S. & Savic, M. 2007 Radial nerve repair using an autologous denatured muscle graft: Comparison with outcomes of nerve graft repair. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 149, 1033-1038. (discussion 1038- 1039). (doi:10.1007/s00701-007-1269-z)
60. Stanec, S. & Stanec, Z. 1998 Reconstruction of upperextremity peripheral-nerve injuries with ePTFE conduits. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 14, 227-232. (doi:10. 1055/s-2007-1000173)
61. Lundborg, G., Rosén, B., Dahlin, L., Danielsen, N. & Holmberg, J. 1997 Tubular versus conventional repair of median and ulnar nerves in the human forearm: Early results from a prospective, randomized, clinical study. J. Hand Surg. Am. 22, 99-106. (doi:10.1016/ S0363-5023(05)80188-1)
62. Mackinnon, S. E.,Hudson, A. R., Bain, J. R., Falk, R.E. & Hunter, D. A. 1987 The peripheral nerve allograft: An assessment of regeneration in the immunosuppressed host. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 79, 436-446
63. Narakas, A. O. 1984 Thoughts on neurotization or nerve transfers in irreparable nerve lesions. Clin. Plast. Surg. 11, 153-159
64. Teboul, F., Kakkar, R., Ameur, N., Beaulieu, J. Y. & Oberlin, C. 2004 Transfer of fascicles from the ulnar nerve to the nerve to the biceps in the treatment of upper brachial plexus palsy. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 86-A, 1485-1490
65. Henrot, P., Stines, J.,Walter, F.,Martinet, N., Paysant, J. & Blum, A. 2000 Imaging of the painful lower limb stump. Radiographics 20, S219-S235
66. Stein, D. A., Patel, R., Egol, K. A., Kaplan, F. T., Tejwani, N. C. & Koval, K. J. 2003 Prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow following trauma using radiation therapy. Bull. Hosp. Jt. Dis. 61, 151-154
67. Potter, B. K., Burns, T. C., Lacap, A. P., Granville, R. R. & Gajewski, D. A. 2007 Heterotopic ossification following traumatic and combat-related amputations. Prevalence, risk factors, and preliminary results of excision. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 89, 476-486. (doi:10. 2106/JBJS.F.00412)
68. Forsberg, J. A. et al. 2009 Heterotopic ossification in high-energy wartime extremity injuries: Prevalence and risk factors. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 91, 1084-1091. (doi:10.2106/JBJS.H.00792)
69. Pakos, E. E., Pitouli, E. J., Tsekeris, P. G., Papathanasopoulou, V., Stafilas, K. & Xenakis, T. H. 2006 Prevention of heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients with total hip arthroplasty: The experience of a combined therapeutic protocol. Int. Orthop. 30, 79-83. (doi:10.1007/s00264-005-0054-y)
70. Macfarlane, R. J., Ng, B. H., Gamie, Z., El Masry, M. A., Velonis, S., Schizas, C. & Tsiridis, E. 2008 Pharmacological treatment of heterotopic ossification following hip and acetabular surgery. Exp. Opin. Pharmacother. 9, 767-786. (doi:10.1517/14656566.9.5.767)
71. Baird, E. O. & Kang, Q. K. 2009 Prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification: An updated review. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 4, (doi:10.1186/1749- 799X-4-12)
72. O'Shaughnessy, K. D., Dumanian, G. A., Lipschutz, R. D., Miller, L. A., Stubblefield, K. & Kuiken, T. A. 2008 Targeted reinnervation to improve prosthesis control in transhumeral amputees. A report of three cases. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 90, 393-400. (doi:10. 2106/JBJS.G.00268)
73. Pendegrass, C. J., Goodship, A. E. & Blunn, G. W. 2006 Development of a soft tissue seal around boneanchored transcutaneous amputation prostheses. Biomaterials 27, 4183-4191. (doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials. 2006.03.041)
74. Pendegrass, C. J., Goodship, A. E., Price, J. S. & Blunn, G. W. 2006 Nature's answer to breaching the skin barrier: An innovative development for amputees. J. Anat. 209, 59-67. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00595.x)
75. Seddon, H. J. 1972 Surgical disorders of peripheral nerves. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.