Static and dynamic mechanical causes of hip pain

Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 235-251

  Bedi, Asheesh ^a,b   Dolan, Mark ^b   Leunig, Michael ^c,d   Kelly, Bryan T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^d SCHULTHESS CLINIC   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETABULUM; ARTICLE; ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; BONE DYSPLASIA; CARTILAGE INJURY; FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT; FEMUR HEAD; HEMODYNAMIC STRESS; HIP DISLOCATION; HIP PAIN; HUMAN; JOINT; MUSCLE INJURY; ORTHOSTATIC STRESS; OSTEITIS; PROFUNDAL ZONE; RANGE OF MOTION; SPORT INJURY; STANDING; VALGUS DEFORMITY;

EID: 79151470293     PISSN: 07498063     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2010.07.022     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. D.E. Wenger, K.R. Kendell, M.R. Miner, and R.T. Trousdale Acetabular labral tears rarely occur in the absence of bony abnormalities Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004 145 150
2. M.J. Philippon, D.R. Weiss, D.A. Kuppersmith, K.K. Briggs, and C.J. Hay Arthroscopic labral repair and treatment of femoroacetabular impingement in professional hockey players Am J Sports Med 38 2010 99 104
3. C. Kang, D.S. Hwang, and S.M. Cha Acetabular labral tears in patients with sports injury Clin Orthop Surg 1 2009 230 235
4. C.L. Peters, K. Schabel, L. Anderson, and J. Erickson Open treatment of femoroacetabular impingement is associated with clinical improvement and low complication rate at short-term followup Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 2010 504 510
5. J.C. Clohisy, L.C. St John, and A.L. Schutz Surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement: A systematic review of the literature Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 2010 555 564
6. C.M. Larson, and C.A. Wulf Intraoperative fluoroscopy for evaluation of bony resection during arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement in the supine position Arthroscopy 25 2009 1183 1192
7. D.K. Matsuda Fluoroscopic templating technique for precision arthroscopic rim trimming Arthroscopy 25 2009 1175 1182
8. M. Horisberger, A. Brunner, and R.F. Herzog Arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement of the hip: A new technique to access the joint Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 2010 182 190
9. J.J. Nepple, L.P. Zebala, and J.C. Clohisy Labral disease associated with femoroacetabular impingement: Do we need to correct the structural deformity? J Arthroplasty 24 suppl 2009 114 119
10. D. Allen, P.E. Beaul, O. Ramadan, and S. Doucette Prevalence of associated deformities and hip pain in patients with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement J Bone Joint Surg Br 91 2009 589 594
11. C.M. Larson, C.A. Guanche, B.T. Kelly, J.C. Clohisy, and A.S. Ranawat Advanced techniques in hip arthroscopy Instr Course Lect 58 2009 423 436
12. J.W. Byrd, and K.S. Jones Arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement Instr Course Lect 58 2009 231 239
13. M. Leunig, T.W. Huff, and R. Ganz Femoroacetabular impingement: Treatment of the acetabular side Instr Course Lect 58 2009 223 229
14. P.E. Beaul, D.J. Allen, J.C. Clohisy, P.L. Schoenecker, and M. Leunig The young adult with hip impingement: Deciding on the optimal intervention Instr Course Lect 58 2009 213 222
15. M. Tannast, and K.A. Siebenrock Conventional radiographs to assess femoroacetabular impingement Instr Course Lect 58 2009 203 212
16. M. Lincoln, K. Johnston, M. Muldoon, and R. Santore Combined arthroscopic and modified open approach for cam femoroacetabular impingement: A preliminary experience Arthroscopy 25 2009 392 399
17. C.M. Larson, and M.R. Giveans Arthroscopic debridement versus refixation of the acetabular labrum associated with femoroacetabular impingement Arthroscopy 25 2009 369 376
18. M.J. Kennedy, M. Lamontagne, and P.E. Beaul Femoroacetabular impingement alters hip and pelvic biomechanics during gait walking biomechanics of FAI Gait Posture 30 2009 41 44
19. A. Brunner, M. Horisberger, and R.F. Herzog Sports and recreation activity of patients with femoroacetabular impingement before and after arthroscopic osteoplasty Am J Sports Med 37 2009 917 922
20. N.V. Bardakos, and R.N. Villar Predictors of progression of osteoarthritis in femoroacetabular impingement: A radiological study with a minimum of ten years follow-up J Bone Joint Surg Br 91 2009 162 169
21. L.A. Anderson, C.L. Peters, B.B. Park, G.J. Stoddard, J.A. Erickson, and J.R. Crim Acetabular cartilage delamination in femoroacetabular impingement Risk factors and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis J Bone Joint Surg Am 91 2009 305 313
22. R. Mardones, J. Lara, and A. Donndorff Surgical correction of "cam-type" femoroacetabular impingement: A cadaveric comparison of open versus arthroscopic debridement Arthroscopy 25 2009 175 182
23. M.J. Philippon, D.A. Kuppersmith, A.B. Wolff, and K.K. Briggs Arthroscopic findings following traumatic hip dislocation in 14 professional athletes Arthroscopy 25 2009 169 174
24. M. Zumstein, F. Hahn, A. Sukthankar, P.S. Sussmann, and C. Dora How accurately can the acetabular rim be trimmed in hip arthroscopy for pincer-type femoral acetabular impingement: A cadaveric investigation Arthroscopy 25 2009 164 168
25. R.A. Brand Femoroacetabular impingement: Current status of diagnosis and treatment: Marius Nygaard Smith-Petersen, 1886-1953 Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 605 607
26. J.C. Clohisy, E.R. Knaus, D.M. Hunt, J.M. Lesher, M. Harris-Hayes, and H. Prather Clinical presentation of patients with symptomatic anterior hip impingement Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 638 644
27. W. Khnlein, R. Ganz, F.M. Impellizzeri, and M. Leunig Acetabular morphology: Implications for joint-preserving surgery Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 682 691
28. J.W. Byrd, and K.S. Jones Arthroscopic femoroplasty in the management of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 739 746
29. M.J. Philippon, K.K. Briggs, Y.M. Yen, and D.A. Kuppersmith Outcomes following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement with associated chondrolabral dysfunction: Minimum two-year follow-up J Bone Joint Surg Br 91 2009 16 23
30. M. Leunig, P.E. Beaul, and R. Ganz The concept of femoroacetabular impingement: Current status and future perspectives Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 616 622
31. R.J. Sierra, R.T. Trousdale, R. Ganz, and M. Leunig Hip disease in the young, active patient: Evaluation and nonarthroplasty surgical options J Am Acad Orthop Surg 16 2008 689 703
32. J.C. Clohisy, J.C. Carlisle, and R. Trousdale Radiographic evaluation of the hip has limited reliability Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 666 675
33. T.L. Johnston, M.L. Schenker, K.K. Briggs, and M.J. Philippon Relationship between offset angle alpha and hip chondral injury in femoroacetabular impingement Arthroscopy 24 2008 669 675
34. F. Kalberer, R.J. Sierra, S.S. Madan, R. Ganz, and M. Leunig Ischial spine projection into the pelvis: A new sign for acetabular retroversion Clin Orthop Relat Res 466 2008 677 683
35. M. Tannast, D. Goricki, M. Beck, S.B. Murphy, and K.A. Siebenrock Hip damage occurs at the zone of femoroacetabular impingement Clin Orthop Relat Res 466 2008 273 280
36. R. Ganz, M. Leunig, K. Leunig-Ganz, and W.H. Harris The etiology of osteoarthritis of the hip: An integrated mechanical concept Clin Orthop Relat Res 466 2008 264 272
37. P.S. Sussmann, A.S. Ranawat, J. Lipman, D.G. Lorich, D.E. Padgett, and B.T. Kelly Arthroscopic versus open osteoplasty of the head-neck junction: A cadaveric investigation Arthroscopy 23 2007 1257 1264
38. J. Parvizi, M. Leunig, and R. Ganz Femoroacetabular impingement J Am Acad Orthop Surg 15 2007 561 570
39. M.J. Philippon, A.J. Stubbs, M.L. Schenker, R.B. Maxwell, R. Ganz, and M. Leunig Arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement: Osteoplasty technique and literature review Am J Sports Med 35 2007 1571 1580 (Pubitemid 47301077)
40. P.E. Beaul, M.J. Le Duff, and E. Zaragoza Quality of life following femoral head-neck osteochondroplasty for femoroacetabular impingement J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 2007 773 779
41. M. Kubiak-Langer, M. Tannast, S.B. Murphy, K.A. Siebenrock, and F. Langlotz Range of motion in anterior femoroacetabular impingement Clin Orthop Relat Res 458 2007 117 124
42. R.M. Mardones, C. Gonzalez, Q. Chen, M. Zobitz, K.R. Kaufman, and R.T. Trousdale Surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement: Evaluation of the effect of the size of the resection. Surgical technique J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 Suppl 1, Pt 1 2006 84 91
43. C.A. Guanche, and A.A. Bare Arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement Arthroscopy 22 2006 95 106
44. B.T. Kelly, D.E. Weiland, M.L. Schenker, and M.J. Philippon Arthroscopic labral repair in the hip: Surgical technique and review of the literature Arthroscopy 21 2005 1496 1504
45. M. Leunig, M. Beck, M. Kalhor, Y.J. Kim, S. Werlen, and R. Ganz Fibrocystic changes at anterosuperior femoral neck: Prevalence in hips with femoroacetabular impingement Radiology 236 2005 237 246
46. M. Beck, M. Kalhor, M. Leunig, and R. Ganz Hip morphology influences the pattern of damage to the acetabular cartilage: Femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of early osteoarthritis of the hip J Bone Joint Surg Br 87 2005 1012 1018
47. J. Parvizi, O. Bican, and B. Bender Arthroscopy for labral tears in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip: A cautionary note J Arthroplasty 24 Suppl 2009 110 113
48. Y. Benali, and B.D. Katthagen Hip subluxation as a complication of arthroscopic debridement Arthroscopy 25 2009 405 407
49. A. Bedi, N. Chen, W. Robertson, and B.T. Kelly The management of labral tears and femoroacetabular impingement of the hip in the young, active patient Arthroscopy 24 2008 1135 1145
50. W.J. Robertson, W.R. Kadrmas, and B.T. Kelly Arthroscopic management of labral tears in the hip: A systematic review of the literature Clin Orthop Relat Res 455 2007 88 92
51. T. Matheney, Y.J. Kim, D. Zurakowski, C. Matero, and M. Millis Intermediate to long-term results following the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy and predictors of clinical outcome J Bone Joint Surg Am 91 2009 2113 2123
52. P.H. Hsieh, K.C. Huang, P.C. Lee, and Y.H. Chang Comparison of periacetabular osteotomy and total hip replacement in the same patient: A two- to ten-year follow-up study J Bone Joint Surg Br 91 2009 883 888
53. J.C. Clohisy, A.L. Schutz, L. St John, P.L. Schoenecker, and R.W. Wright Periacetabular osteotomy: A systematic literature review Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 2041 2052
54. J.C. Clohisy, L.C. St John, R.M. Nunley, A.L. Schutz, and P.L. Schoenecker Combined periacetabular and femoral osteotomies for severe hip deformities Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 2221 2227
55. J.C. Clohisy, R.M. Nunley, J.C. Carlisle, and P.L. Schoenecker Incidence and characteristics of femoral deformities in the dysplastic hip Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 128 134
56. J.C. Clohisy, R.M. Nunley, M.C. Curry, and P.L. Schoenecker Periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia associated with major aspherical femoral head deformities J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 2007 1417 1423
57. R.F. Santore, T.R. Turgeon, W.F. Phillips III, and S.R. Kantor Pelvic and femoral osteotomy in the treatment of hip disease in the young adult Instr Course Lect 55 2006 131 144
58. J.C. Clohisy, S.E. Barrett, J.E. Gordon, E.D. Delgado, and P.L. Schoenecker Periacetabular osteotomy in the treatment of severe acetabular dysplasia Surgical technique J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 Suppl 1, Pt 1 2006 65 83
59. J.C. Clohisy, S.E. Barrett, J.E. Gordon, E.D. Delgado, and P.L. Schoenecker Periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of severe acetabular dysplasia J Bone Joint Surg Am 87 2005 254 259
60. T. Teratani, M. Naito, T. Kiyama, and A. Maeyama Periacetabular osteotomy in patients fifty years of age or older J Bone Joint Surg Am 92 2010 31 41
61. A. Nehme, R. Trousdale, Z. Tannous, G. Maalouf, J. Puget, and N. Telmont Developmental dysplasia of the hip: Is acetabular retroversion a crucial factor? Rev Chir Orthop Traumatol 95 2009 511 519
62. D.N. Garras, T.T. Crowder, and S.A. Olson Medium-term results of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy in the treatment of symptomatic developmental dysplasia of the hip J Bone Joint Surg Br 89 2007 721 724
63. C.J. Guevara, R. Pietrobon, J.T. Carothers, S.A. Olson, and T.P. Vail Comprehensive morphologic evaluation of the hip in patients with symptomatic labral tear Clin Orthop Relat Res 453 2006 277 285
64. C.L. Peters, J.A. Erickson, and J.L. Hines Early results of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy: The learning curve at an academic medical center J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 2006 1920 1926
65. T. Cunningham, R. Jessel, D. Zurakowski, M.B. Millis, and Y.J. Kim Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage to predict early failure of Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 2006 1540 1548
66. S. Murphy, and R. Deshmukh Periacetabular osteotomy: Preoperative radiographic predictors of outcome Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002 168 174
67. S.J. Trumble, K.A. Mayo, and J.W. Mast The periacetabular osteotomy Minimum 2 year followup in more than 100 hips Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999 54 63
68. S.B. Murphy, M.B. Millis, and J.E. Hall Surgical correction of acetabular dysplasia in the adult A Boston experience Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999 38 44
69. K.A. Siebenrock, E. Schll, M. Lottenbach, and R. Ganz Bernese periacetabular osteotomy Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999 9 20
70. H. Shindo, H. Igarashi, H. Taneda, and H. Azuma Rotational acetabular osteotomy for severe dysplasia of the hip with a false acetabulum J Bone Joint Surg Br 78 1996 871 877
71. K.M. Kuhn, A.I. Riccio, N.S. Saldua, and J. Cassidy Acetabular retroversion in military recruits with femoral neck stress fractures Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 2010 846 851
72. L.M. Tibor, and J.K. Sekiya Differential diagnosis of pain around the hip joint Arthroscopy 24 2008 1407 1421
73. K. Ito, M.A. Minka II, M. Leunig, S. Werlen, and R. Ganz Femoroacetabular impingement and the cam-effect A MRI-based quantitative anatomical study of the femoral head-neck offset J Bone Joint Surg Br 83 2001 171 176
74. N. Espinosa, D.A. Rothenfluh, M. Beck, R. Ganz, and M. Leunig Treatment of femoro-acetabular impingement: Preliminary results of labral refixation J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 2006 925 935
75. K. Ito, M. Leunig, and R. Ganz Histopathologic features of the acetabular labrum in femoroacetabular impingement Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004 262 271
76. M. Beck, M. Leunig, J. Parvizi, V. Boutier, D. Wyss, and R. Ganz Anterior femoroacetabular impingement: Part II Midterm results of surgical treatment Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004 67 73
77. M. Lavigne, J. Parvizi, M. Beck, K.A. Siebenrock, R. Ganz, and M. Leunig Anterior femoroacetabular impingement: Part I Techniques of joint preserving surgery Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004 61 66
78. S.J. Ferguson, J.T. Bryant, R. Ganz, and K. Ito An in vitro investigation of the acetabular labral seal in hip joint mechanics J Biomech 36 2003 171 178
79. D.K. Kakaty, A.F. Fischer, H.S. Hosalkar, K.A. Siebenrock, and M. Tannast The ischial spine sign: Does pelvic tilt and rotation matter? Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 2010 769 774
80. C.L. Peters, J.A. Erickson, L. Anderson, A.A. Anderson, and J. Weiss Hip-preserving surgery: Understanding complex pathomorphology J Bone Joint Surg Am 91 Suppl 6 2009 42 58
81. C.L. Peters, and J. Erickson The etiology and treatment of hip pain in the young adult J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 Suppl 4 2006 20 26
82. C.L. Peters, and J.A. Erickson Treatment of femoro-acetabular impingement with surgical dislocation and dbridement in young adults J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 2006 1735 1741
83. N.A. Nassif, M. Pekmezci, G. Pashos, P.L. Schoenecker, and J.C. Clohisy Osseous remodeling after femoral head-neck junction osteochondroplasty Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 2010 511 518
84. M. Ezoe, M. Naito, and T. Inoue The prevalence of acetabular retroversion among various disorders of the hip J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 2006 372 379
85. C.M. Werner, C.E. Copeland, J. Stromberg, and T. Ruckstuhl Correlation of the cross-over ratio of the cross-over sign on conventional pelvic radiographs with computed tomography retroversion measurements Skeletal Radiol 39 2010 655 660
86. A. Frost, G. Pavlou, P.J. Richards, J. Belcher, and V. Jasani Influence of acetabular and femoral version on fractures of the femoral neck Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 2010 2224 2229
87. W. Dandachli, S.U. Islam, M. Liu, R. Richards, M. Hall-Craggs, and J. Witt Three-dimensional CT analysis to determine acetabular retroversion and the implications for the management of femoro-acetabular impingement J Bone Joint Surg Br 91 2009 1031 1036
88. A.A. Jamali, K. Mladenov, and D.C. Meyer Anteroposterior pelvic radiographs to assess acetabular retroversion: High validity of the "cross-over-sign." J Orthop Res 25 2007 758 765
89. R.D. Crowninshield, R.A. Brand, and D.R. Pedersen A stress analysis of acetabular reconstruction in protrusio acetabuli J Bone Joint Surg Am 65 1983 495 499
90. P. Maquet, and T. Vu Anh On the forces exerted on the hip during gait Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 99 1981 53 58
91. M.T. McBride, M.P. Muldoon, R.F. Santore, R.T. Trousdale, and D.R. Wenger Protrusio acetabuli: Diagnosis and treatment J Am Acad Orthop Surg 9 2001 79 88
92. M. Leunig, S.J. Nho, L. Turchetto, and R. Ganz Protrusio acetabuli: New insights and experience with joint preservation Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 2009 2241 2250
93. T.R. Turgeon, W. Phillips, S.R. Kantor, and R.F. Santore The role of acetabular and femoral osteotomies in reconstructive surgery of the hip: 2005 and beyond Clin Orthop Relat Res 441 2005 188 199
94. W.J. Yoo, I.H. Choi, T.J. Cho, C.Y. Chung, M.S. Park, and D.Y. Lee Out-toeing and in-toeing in patients with Perthes disease: Role of the femoral hump J Pediatr Orthop 28 2008 717 722
95. H. Eijer, R.P. Berg, D. Haverkamp, and G.A. Pcasse Hip deformity in symptomatic adult Perthes' disease Acta Orthop Belg 72 2006 683 692
96. H. Eijer, D.A. Podeszwa, R. Ganz, and M. Leunig Evaluation and treatment of young adults with femoro-acetabular impingement secondary to Perthes' disease Hip Int 16 2006 273 280
97. D.R. Wenger, S. Kishan, and M.E. Pring Impingement and childhood hip disease J Pediatr Orthop B 15 2006 233 243
98. M. Tanzer, and N. Noiseux Osseous abnormalities and early osteoarthritis: The role of hip impingement Clin Orthop Relat Res 429 2004 170 177
99. M.F. Macnicol, and D. Makris Distal transfer of the greater trochanter J Bone Joint Surg Br 73 1991 838 841
100. R.H. Jessel, D. Zurakowski, C. Zilkens, D. Burstein, M.L. Gray, and Y.J. Kim Radiographic and patient factors associated with pre-radiographic osteoarthritis in hip dysplasia J Bone Joint Surg Am 91 2009 1120 1129
101. M.E. Russell, K.H. Shivanna, N.M. Grosland, and D.R. Pedersen Cartilage contact pressure elevations in dysplastic hips: A chronic overload model J Orthop Surg Res 1 2006 6
102. J.A. Hipp, N. Sugano, M.B. Millis, and S.B. Murphy Planning acetabular redirection osteotomies based on joint contact pressures Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999 134 143
103. M.B. Millis, S.B. Murphy, and R. Poss Osteotomies about the hip for the prevention and treatment of osteoarthrosis Instr Course Lect 45 1996 209 226
104. M.B. Millis, and S.B. Murphy Use of computed tomographic reconstruction in planning osteotomies of the hip Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992 154 159
105. M.B. Millis, R. Poss, and S.B. Murphy Osteotomies of the hip in the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis Instr Course Lect 41 1992 145 154
106. W.N. Sankar, C.O. Neubuerger, and C.F. Moseley Femoral anteversion in developmental dysplasia of the hip J Pediatr Orthop 29 2009 885 888
107. M. Jger, A. Wild, B. Westhoff, and R. Krauspe Femoroacetabular impingement caused by a femoral osseous head-neck bump deformity: Clinical, radiological, and experimental results J Orthop Sci 9 2004 256 263
108. Y. Ates, and H. Omerglu Varus derotational osteotomy for persistent dysplasia in CDH J Bone Joint Surg Br 78 1996 853
109. K.P. Gnther, F. Thielemann, A. Hartmann, and P. Bernstein Combined hip-dysplasia and femoroacetabular impingement Diagnosis and simultaneous surgical treatment Orthopade 37 2008 577 586
110. B.T. Feeley, J.W. Powell, M.S. Muller, R.P. Barnes, R.F. Warren, and B.T. Kelly Hip injuries and labral tears in the national football league Am J Sports Med 36 2008 2187 2195
111. A.F. Kachingwe, and S. Grech Proposed algorithm for the management of athletes with athletic pubalgia (sports hernia): A case series J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 38 2008 768 781
112. W.C. Meyers, A. McKechnie, M.J. Philippon, M.A. Horner, A.C. Zoga, and O.N. Devon Experience with "sports hernia" spanning two decades Ann Surg 248 2008 656 665
113. I.M. Omar, A.C. Zoga, and E.C. Kavanagh Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": Optimal MR imaging technique and findings Radiographics 28 2008 1415 1438
114. C.P. Shortt, A.C. Zoga, E.C. Kavanagh, and W.C. Meyers Anatomy, pathology, and MRI findings in the sports hernia Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 12 2008 54 61
115. A.J. Farber, and J.H. Wilckens Sports hernia: Diagnosis and therapeutic approach J Am Acad Orthop Surg 15 2007 507 514
116. K.G. Swan Jr, and M. Wolcott The athletic hernia: A systematic review Clin Orthop Relat Res 455 2007 78 87
117. L.A. Ahumada, S. Ashruf, and A. Espinosa-de-los-Monteros Athletic pubalgia: Definition and surgical treatment Ann Plast Surg 55 2005 393 396
118. A.E. Brannigan, M.J. Kerin, and G.P. McEntee Gilmore's groin repair in athletes J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 30 2000 329 332
119. K. Akita, S. Niga, Y. Yamato, T. Muneta, and T. Sato Anatomic basis of chronic groin pain with special reference to sports hernia Surg Radiol Anat 21 1999 1 5
120. B.J. Gabbe, M. Bailey, and J.L. Cook The association between hip and groin injuries in the elite junior football years and injuries sustained during elite senior competition Br J Sports Med 44 2010 799 802
121. H. Paajanen, I. Syvahuoko, and I. Airo Totally extraperitoneal endoscopic (TEP) treatment of sportsman's hernia Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 14 2004 215 218
122. G.M. Verrall, I.A. Hamilton, and J.P. Slavotinek Hip joint range of motion reduction in sports-related chronic groin injury diagnosed as pubic bone stress injury J Sci Med Sport 8 2005 77 84
123. R. Johnson Osteitis pubis Curr Sports Med Rep 2 2003 98 102
124. M.A. Holt, J.S. Keene, B.K. Graf, and D.C. Helwig Treatment of osteitis pubis in athletes Results of corticosteroid injections Am J Sports Med 23 1995 601 606
125. P.A. Fricker, J.E. Taunton, and W. Ammann Osteitis pubis in athletes Infection, inflammation or injury? Sports Med 12 1991 266 279
126. J.G. Williams Limitation of hip joint movement as a factor in traumatic osteitis pubis Br J Sports Med 12 1978 129 133
127. Z.B. Friedenberg Osteitis pubis with involvement of the hip joint J Bone Joint Surg Am 32 1950 924 927
128. R. Radic, and P. Annear Use of pubic symphysis curettage for treatment-resistant osteitis pubis in athletes Am J Sports Med 36 2008 122 128
129. B.S. Foley, and R.M. Buschbacher Sacroiliac joint pain: Anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis, and treatment Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85 2006 997 1006
130. P.G. Brolinson, A.J. Kozar, and G. Cibor Sacroiliac joint dysfunction in athletes Curr Sports Med Rep 2 2003 47 56
131. S.Z. George, and A. Delitto Management of the athlete with low back pain Clin Sports Med 21 2002 105 120
132. N.M. Major, and C.A. Helms Pelvic stress injuries: The relationship between osteitis pubis (symphysis pubis stress injury) and sacroiliac abnormalities in athletes Skeletal Radiol 26 1997 711 717
133. J.V. Marymont, M.A. Lynch, and C.E. Henning Exercise-related stress reaction of the sacroiliac joint An unusual cause of low back pain in athletes Am J Sports Med 14 1986 320 323
134. P. Robinson, D.A. Barron, W. Parsons, A.J. Grainger, E.M. Schilders, and P.J. O'Connor Adductor-related groin pain in athletes: Correlation of MR imaging with clinical findings Skeletal Radiol 33 2004 451 457
135. R.M. Biedert, K. Warnke, and S. Meyer Symphysis syndrome in athletes: Surgical treatment for chronic lower abdominal, groin, and adductor pain in athletes Clin J Sport Med 13 2003 278 284
136. D.M. Schick, and W.H. Meeuwisse Injury rates and profiles in female ice hockey players Am J Sports Med 31 2003 47 52
137. S.J. Nicholas, and T.F. Tyler Adductor muscle strains in sport Sports Med 32 2002 339 344
138. C. Akermark, and C. Johansson Tenotomy of the adductor longus tendon in the treatment of chronic groin pain in athletes Am J Sports Med 20 1992 640 643
139. E. Schilders, J.C. Talbot, P. Robinson, A. Dimitrakopoulou, W.W. Gibbon, and Q. Bismil Adductor-related groin pain in recreational athletes: Role of the adductor enthesis, magnetic resonance imaging, and entheseal pubic cleft injections J Bone Joint Surg Am 91 2009 2455 2460
140. E. Schilders, Q. Bismil, P. Robinson, P.J. O'Connor, W.W. Gibbon, and J.C. Talbot Adductor-related groin pain in competitive athletes Role of adductor enthesis, magnetic resonance imaging, and entheseal pubic cleft injections J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 2007 2173 2178
141. C.T. Moorman III, R.F. Warren, and E.B. Hershman Traumatic posterior hip subluxation in American football J Bone Joint Surg Am 85 2003 1190 1196
142. M.K. Shindle, A.S. Ranawat, and B.T. Kelly Diagnosis and management of traumatic and atraumatic hip instability in the athletic patient Clin Sports Med 25 2006 309 326 ix-x
143. C.S. Pallia, R.E. Scott, and D.J. Chao Traumatic hip dislocation in athletes Curr Sports Med Rep 1 2002 338 345
144. K. Anderson, S.M. Strickland, and R. Warren Hip and groin injuries in athletes Am J Sports Med 29 2001 521 533
145. M. Weber, and R. Ganz Recurrent traumatic dislocation of the hip: Report of a case and review of the literature J Orthop Trauma 11 1997 382 385