Advances in cognitive radio networks: A survey

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Signal Processing

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 5-23

  Wang, Beibei ^a   Liu, K J Ray ^b  

^a QUALCOMM INC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive radio (CR); platforms and standards; radio spectrum management; software radio; spectrum sensing; wireless communication

Indexed keywords

COGNITIVE RADIO; PLATFORMS AND STANDARDS; RADIO SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT; SOFTWARE RADIO; SPECTRUM SENSING; WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS;

INNOVATION; RADIO COMMUNICATION; RADIO RECEIVERS; RADIO SYSTEMS; SURVEYS; WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS;

RADIO;

EID: 78951495035     PISSN: 19324553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2010.2093210     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. "Facilitating opportunities for flexible, efficient and reliable spectrum use employing cognitive radio technologies: Notice of proposed rule making and order," FCC, Dec. 2003, FCC Doc. ET Docket No. 03-108.
2. J. Mitola, "Cognitive radio: An integrated agent architecture for software defined radio," Ph.D. dissertation, KTH Royal Inst. of Technol., Stockholm, Sweden, 2000.
3. "Spectrum Policy Task Force Report," FCC, Nov. 2002, FCC Doc. ET Docket No. 02-135.
4. S. Haykin, "Cognitive radio: Brain-empowered wireless communications," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-220, Feb. 2005.
5. I. F. Akyildiz, W.-Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, and S. Mohanty, "Next generation/ dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: A survey," Comput. Netw., vol. 50, pp. 2127-2159, May 2006.
6. Z. Han and K. J. R. Liu, Resource Allocation for Wireless Networks: Basics, Techniques, and Applications. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008.
7. T. Clancy, "Achievable capacity under the interference temperature model," in Proc. 26th IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. (INFOCOM), Anchorage, AK, May 2007, pp. 794-802.
8. C. Raman, R. D. Yates, and N. B. Mandayam, "Scheduling variable rate links via a spectrum server," in Proc. IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005, pp. 110-118.
9. "Establishement of interference temperature metric to quantify and manage interference and to expand available unlicensed operation in certain fixed mobile and satellite frequency bands," FCC, 2003, FCC Doc. ET Docket 03-289.
10. P. J. Kolodzy, "Interference temperature: A metric for dynamic spectrum utilization," Int. J. Netw. Manage., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 103-113, Mar. 2006.
11. T. C. Clancy, "Formalizing the interference temperature model," J. Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput., vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 1077-1086, Nov. 2007.
12. A.Wagstaff and N. Merricks, "A subspace-based method for spectrum sensing," in Proc. SDR Forum Technical Conf., 2007.
13. T. C. Clancy and D. Walker, "Spectrum shaping for interference management in cognitive radio networks," in SDR Forum Technical Conf., Nov. 2006.
14. M. Sharma, A. Sahoo, and K. D. Nayak, "Channel modeling based on interference temperature in underlay cognitive wireless networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Wireless Commun. Syst. (ISWCS), Reykjavik, Iceland, Oct. 2008, pp. 224-228.
15. T. C. Clancy, "On the use of interference temperature for dynamic spectrum access," Ann. Telecomm., Springer, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 573-585, Aug. 2009.
16. T. Yucek and H. Arslan, "A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 116-130, First Quarter, 2009.
17. W. D. Horne, "Adaptive spectrum access: Using the full spectrum space," in Proc. Annu. Telecomm. Policy Res. Conf., Arlington, VA, Oct. 2003.
18. R. Tandra and A. Sahai, "Fundamental limits on detection in low SNR under noise uncertainty," in Proc. WirelessCom, Jun. 2005, pp. 464-469.
19. M. P. Olivieri, G. Barnett, A. Lackpour, and A. Davis, "A scalable dynamic spectrum allocation system with interference mitigation for teams of spectrally agile software defined radios," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005, pp. 170-179.
20. F.Weidling, D. Datla, V. Petty, P. Krishnan, and G. Minden, "A framework for RF spectrum measurements and analysis," in IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005, pp. 573-576.
21. D.-C. Oh and Y.-H. Lee, "Energy detection based spectrum sensing for sensing error minimization in cognitive radio networks," Int. J. Commun. Netw. Inf. Security (IJCNIS), vol. 1, no. 1, Apr. 2009.
22. J. Lehtomaki, J. Vartiainen, M. Juntti, and H. Saarnisaari, "Spectrum sensing with forward methods," in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf., Washington, D.C., Oct. 2006, pp. 1-7.
23. J. Vartiainen, H. Sarvanko, J. Lehtomki, M. Juntti, and M. Latva-aho, "Spectrum sensing with LAD-based methods," in Proc. 18th Annu. IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor, Mobile Radio Commun. (PIMRC), 2007, pp. 1-5.
24. Y.-C. Liang, E. P. Y. Zeng, and A. T. Hoang, "Sensing-throughput tradeoff for cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), Glasgow, U.K., Jun. 2007, pp. 5330-5335.
25. Z. Quan, S. Cui, A. H. Sayed, and H. V. Poor, "Wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Beijing, China, May 2008, pp. 901-906.
26. M. Wylie-Green, "Dynamic spectrum sensing by multiband OFDM radio for interference mitigation," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 619-625.
27. R. Tandra and A. Sahai, "SNR walls for signal detection," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 4-17, Feb. 2008.
28. T. Yücek and H. Arslan, "Spectrum characterization for opportunistic cognitive radio systems," in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf., 2006, pp. 1-6.
29. W. Gardner, "Signal interception:Aunifying theoretical framework for feature detection," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 897-906, Aug. 1988.
30. D. Cabric and R. W. Brodersen, "Physical layer design issues unique to cognitive radio systems," in Proc. IEEE 16th Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor, Mobile Radio Commun. (PIMRC), 2005, vol. 2, pp. 759-763.
31. M. Öner and F. Jondral, "Air interface recognition for a software radio system exploiting cyclostationarity," in Proc. 15th IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor, Mobile Radio Commun. (PIMRC), 2004, vol. 3, pp. 1947-1951.
32. N. Shankar, C. Cordeiro, and K. Challapali, "Spectrum agile radios: Utilization and sensing architectures," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 160-169.
33. J. Lunden, V. Koivunen, A. Huttunen, and H. Poor, "Spectrum sensing in cognitive radios based on multiple cyclic frequencies," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. Commun. (CrownCom), 2007, pp. 37-43.
34. L. P. Goh, Z. Lei, and F. Chin, "Feature detector for DVB-T signal in multipath fading channel," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. Commun. (CrownCom), 2007.
35. K. Maeda, A. Benjebbour, T. Asai, T. Furuno, and T. Ohya, "Recognition among OFDM-based systems utilizing cyclostationarity-inducing transmission," in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySpan), 2007, pp. 516-523.
36. P. Sutton, J. Lotze, K. Nolan, and L. Doyle, "Cyclostationary signature detection in multipath rayleigh fading environments," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. Commun. (CrownCom), 2007, pp. 408-413.
37. K. Muraoka, M. Ariyoshi, and T. Fujii, "A novel spectrum-sensing method based on maximum cyclic autocorrelation selection for cognitive radio system," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySpan), 2008, pp. 1-7.
38. R. Tandra and A. Sahai, "Noise calibration, delay coherence and SNR walls for signal detection," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw., 2008, pp. 1-11.
39. A. Fehske, J. D. Gaeddert, and J. H. Reed, "A new approach to signal classification using spectral correlation and neural networks," in Proc. IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005, pp. 144-150.
40. G. Vardoulias, J. Faroughi-Esfahani, G. Clemo, and R. Haines, "Blind radio access technology discovery and monitoring for softwaredefined radio communication systems: Problems and techniques," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. 3G Mobile Commun. Technol., 2001, pp. 306-310.
41. M. Mehta, N. Drew, G.Vardoulias, N. Greco, and C. Niedermeier, "Reconfigurable terminals: An overview of architectural solutions," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 82-89, Aug. 2001.
42. J. Palicot and C. Roland, "A new concept for wireless reconfigurable receivers," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 124-132, Jul. 2003.
43. Z. Quan, S. J. Shellhammer, W. Zhang, and A. H. Sayed, "Spectrum sensing by cognitive radios at very low SNR," in Proc. IEEE Global Commun. Conf., 2009, pp. 1-6.
44. N. Khambekar, L. Dong, and V. Chaudhary, "Utilizing OFDM guard interval for spectrum sensing," in Proc. IEEEWireless Commun. Netw. Conf. (WCNC), 2007, pp. 38-42.
45. A. Leu, K. Steadman, M. McHenry, and J. Bates, "Ultra sensitive TV detector measurements," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005, pp. 30-36.
46. R. Chen and J. Park, "Ensuring trustworthy spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. 1st IEEE Workshop Netw. Technol. Software Defined Radio Netw., 2006, pp. 110-119.
47. J. Proakis, "," in Digital Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
48. A. Sahai and D. Cabric, "A tutorial on spectrum sensing: Fundamental limits and practical challenges," in Proc. IEEE Symp. New Frontiers Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005.
49. D. Cabric, S. Mishra, and R. Brodersen, "Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios," in Proc. 38th Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst., Comput., 2004, vol. 1.
50. A. Sahai, R. Tandra, S. Mishra, and N. Hoven, "Fundamental design tradeoffs in cognitive radio systems," in Proc. 1st Int. Workshop Technol. Policy for Accessing Spectrum, 2006.
51. D. Cabric, A. Tkachenko, and R. Brodersen, "Spectrum sensing measurements of pilot, energy, and collaborative detection," in Proc. Military Commun. Conf. (MILCOM), 2006, pp. 1-7.
52. H. Tang, "Some physical layer issues of wide-band cognitive radio systems," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 151-159.
53. Y. Zeng and Y. C. Liang, "Spectrum-sensing algorithms for cognitive radio based on statistical covariances," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1804-1815, May 2009.
54. Y. Zeng and Y. Liang, "Covariance based signal detections for cognitive radio," in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySpan), 2007, pp. 202-207.
55. Y. Zeng and Y. Liang, "Maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection for cognitive radio," in Proc. IEEE 18th Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor Mobile Radio Commun. (PIMRC), 2007, pp. 1-5.
56. A. Tulino and S. Verdú, Random Matrix Theory and Wireless Communications. Delft, The Netherlands: Now, 2004.
57. B. Farhang-Boroujeny, "Filter bank spectrum sensing for cognitive radios," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1801-1811, May 2008.
58. H. Li, C. Li, and H. Dai, "Quickest spectrum sensing in cognitive radio," in Proc. 42nd Annu. Conf. Inf. Sci. Syst. (CISS'08), 2008, pp. 203-208.
59. H. Kim and K. Shin, "Fast discovery of spectrum opportunities in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, 2008, pp. 1-12.
60. U. Berthold, F. Fu, M. van der Schaar, and F. Jondral, "Detection of spectral resources in cognitive radios using reinforcement learning," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2008, pp. 1-5.
61. X. Wang, P. Ho, and A. Wong, "Towards efficient spectrum sensing for cognitive radio through knowledge-based reasoning," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), 2008, pp. 1-8.
62. D. Willkomm, S. Machiraju, J. Bolot, and A. Wolisz, "Primary users in cellular networks: A large-scale measurement study," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, 2008, pp. 1-11.
63. R. Bacchus, A. Fertner, C. Hood, and D. Roberson, "Long-term, wideband spectral monitoring in support of dynamic spectrum access networks at the IIT spectrum observatory," in Proc. IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), Chicago, IL, 2008, pp. 1-10.
64. G. Ganesan and L. Ye, "Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio, part I: Two user networks," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 2204-2213, Jun. 2007.
65. E. Peh and Y.-C. Liang, "Optimization for cooperative sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. (WCNC), Hong Kong, Mar. 2007, pp. 27-32.
66. Y. Selen, H. Tullberg, and J. Kronander, "Sensor selection for cooperative spectrum sensing," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw., Chicago, IL, 2008, pp. 1-11.
67. T. Do and B. L. Mark, "Joint spatial-temporal spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks," in Proc. CISS, 2009.
68. M. Di Renzo, L. Imbriglio, F. Graziosi, and F. Santucci, "Cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks with amplify and forward relaying over correlated log-normal shadowing," in Proc. 10th ACM Int. Symp. Mobile ad Hoc Networking Comput., 2009, pp. 341-342.
69. H. Kim and K. G. Shin, "In-band spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: Energy detection or feature detection?," in Proc. ACM Mobicom, 2008.
70. A. Ghasemi and E. Sousa, "Collaborative spectrum sensing for opportunistic access in fading environments," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw., Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005, pp. 131-136.
71. T. Jiang and D. Qu, "On minimum sensing error with spectrum sensing using counting rule in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. 4th Annual Int. Conf.Wireless Internet (WICON'08), Brussels, Belgium, 2008, pp. 1-9.
72. W. Zhang, R. Mallik, and K. Letaief, "Cooperative spectrum sensing optimization in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., 2008, pp. 3411-3415.
73. S. M. Mishra, A. Sahai, and R. W. Brodensen, "Cooperative sensing among cognitive radios," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), Istanbul, Turkey, Jun. 2006, pp. 1658-1663.
74. J. Unnikrishnan and V. Veeravalli, "Cooperative sensing for primary detection in cognitive radio," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process. , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 18-27, Feb. 2008.
75. Y. Zeng, Y. Liang, and R. Zhang, "Blindly combined energy detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 15, 2008.
76. E. Visotsky, S. Kuffner, and R. Peterson, "On collaborative detection of TV transmissions in support of dynamic spectrum sharing," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 338-345.
77. J. Ma and Y. Li, "Soft combination and detection for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf., 2007, pp. 3139-3143.
78. Z. Quan, S. Cui, and A. Sayed, "Optimal linear cooperation for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 28-40, Feb. 2008.
79. R. Chen, J. Park, and K. Bian, "Robust distributed spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. 27th Conf. Comput. Commun. (IEEE INFOCOM), 2008, pp. 1876-1884.
80. Z. Chair and P. K. Varshney, "Optimal data fusion in multiple sensor detection systems," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Elect. Syst., vol. AES-22, no. 1, pp. 98-101, Jan. 1986.
81. N. Ahmed, D. Hadaller, and S. Keshav, "GUESS: Gossiping updates for efficient spectrum sensing," in Proc. 1st Int. Workshop Decentralized Resource Sharing in Mobile Comput. Netw., New York, 2006, pp. 12-17.
82. C. Sun, W. Zhang, and K. Letaief, "Cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radios under bandwidth constraints," in Proc. IEEE WCNC, 2007, pp. 1-5.
83. F. Gao, W. Yuan, W. Liu, W. Cheng, and S. Wang, "Pipelined cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf., Apr. 2009, pp. 1-5.
84. B. Wang, K. J. R. Liu, and T. C. Clancy, "Evolutionary game framework for behavior dynamics in cooperative spectrum sensing," in Proc. IEEE Globecom, New Orleans, LA, Nov. 2008, pp. 1-5.
85. Q. Zhao and B. Sadler, "A survey of dynamic spectrum access," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 79-89, May 2007.
86. S. Geirhofer, L. Tong, and B. Sadler, "Cognitive medium access: Constraining interference based on experimental models," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 95-105, Jan. 2008.
87. B. Wang, Z. Ji, K. J. R. Liu, and T. C. Clancy, "Primary-prioritized Markov approach for dynamic spectrum allocation," IEEE Trans.Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1854-1865, Apr. 2009.
88. C. Cordeiro, K. Challapali, P. America, and B. Manor, "C-MAC: A cognitiveMAC protocol for multi-channel wireless networks," in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySpan), 2007, pp. 147-157.
89. Y. Song, Y. Fang, and Y. Zhang, "Stochastic channel selection in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (GLOBECOM), 2007, pp. 4878-4882.
90. C. Doerr, M. Neufeld, J. Fifield, T. Weingart, D. Sicker, and D. Grunwald, "MultiMAC-an adaptiveMAC framework for dynamic radio networking," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 548-555.
91. J. Jia, Q. Zhang, and X. Shen, "HC-MAC:Ahardware-constrained cognitive MAC for efficient spectrum management," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 106-117, Jan. 2008.
92. L. Cao and H. Zheng, "SPARTA: Stable and efficient spectrum access in next generation dynamic spectrum networks," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2008, pp. 870-878.
93. H. Salameh, M. Krunz, and O. Younis, "Distance-and traffic-aware channel assignment in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. 5th Annu. IEEE Commun. Soc. Conf. Sens., Mesh, Ad Hoc Commun. Netw., 2008, pp. 10-18.
94. L. Wang and A. Chen, "Effects of location awareness on concurrent transmissions for cognitive ad hoc networks overlaying infrastructure- based systems," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 577-589, May 2009.
95. D. Chen, Q. Zhang, and W. Jia, "Aggregation aware spectrum assignment in cognitive ad-hoc networks," in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio OrientedWireless Netw. Commun. (CrownCom 2008), 2008, pp. 1-6.
96. S. Huang, X. Liu, and Z. Ding, "Opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. 27th Conf. Comput. Commun. (IEEE INFOCOM 2008), 2008, pp. 1427-1435.
97. X. Zhu, L. Shen, and T. Yum, "Analysis of cognitive radio spectrum access with optimal channel reservation," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 304-306, Apr. 2007.
98. H. Celebi and H. Arslan, "Utilization of location information in cognitive wireless networks," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 6-13, Apr. 2007.
99. W. Feng, J. Cao, C. Zhang, and C. Liu, "Joint optimization of spectrum handoff scheduling and routing in multi-hop multi-radio cognitive networks," in Proc. 29th IEEE Int. Conf. Distributed Comput. Syst.,Washington, DC, 2009, pp. 85-92.
100. D. Willkomm, J. Gross, and A. Wolisz, "Reliable link maintenance in cognitive radio systems," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 371-378.
101. H. Kushwaha, Y. Xing, R. Chandramouli, and H. Heffes, "Reliable multimedia transmission over cognitive radio networks using fountain codes," Proc. IEEE, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 155-165, Jan. 2008.
102. J. N. Laneman, D. N. C. Tse, and G. W.Wornell, "Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3062-3080, Dec. 2004.
103. A. K. Sadek, K. J. R. Liu, and A. Ephremides, "Cognitive multiple access via cooperation: Protocol design and performance analysis," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 3677-3696, Oct. 2007.
104. T. Fujii and Y. Suzuki, "Ad-hoc cognitive radio-development to frequency sharing system by using multi-hop network," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 589-592.
105. J. Jia, J. Zhang, and Q. Zhang, "Cooperative relay for cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2009, pp. 2304-2312.
106. Q. Zhao, L. Tong, A. Swami, and Y. Chen, "Decentralized cognitive MAC for opportunistic spectrum access in ad hoc networks: A POMDP framework," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 589-600, Apr. 2007.
107. Y. Chen, Q. Zhao, and A. Swami, "Joint design and separation principle for opportunistic spectrum access in the presence of sensing errors," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2053-2071, May 2008.
108. Y. Chen, Q. Zhao, and A. Swami, "Distributed spectrum sensing and access in cognitive radio networks with energy constraint," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 783-797, Feb. 2009.
109. L. Lai, H. E. Gamal, H. Jiang, and H. Poor, "Cognitive medium access: Exploration, exploitation and competition," IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2011.
110. W. Ren, Q. Zhao, and A. Swami, "Power control in cognitive radio networks: How to cross a multi-lane highway," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Apr. 2008.
111. L. Gao, P. Wu, and S. Cui, "Power and rate control with dynamic programming for cognitive radios," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (GLOBECOM), 2007, pp. 1699-1703.
112. Y. Chen, G. Yu, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, and P. Qiu, "On cognitive radio networks with opportunistic power control strategies in fading channels," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 2752-2761, Jul. 2008.
113. A. Nasif and B. Mark, "Collaborative opportunistic spectrum access in the presence of multiple transmitters," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (GLOBECOM), 2008, pp. 1-5.
114. L. Yang, L. Cao, and H. Zheng, "Physical interference driven dynamic spectrum management," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, 2008, pp. 1-12.
115. J. Zhao, H. Zheng, and G. Yang, "Distributed coordination in dynamic spectrum allocation networks," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, 2005, pp. 259-268.
116. T. Chen, H. Zhang, G. Maggio, and I. Chlamtac, "Topology management in CogMesh: A cluster-based cognitive radio mesh network," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), 2007, pp. 6516-6521.
117. T. Chen, H. Zhang, M. Katz, and Z. Zhou, "Swarm intelligence based dynamic control channel assignment in CogMesh," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., 2008, pp. 123-128.
118. Y. Kondareddy and P. Agrawal, "Synchronized MAC protocol for multi-hop cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), 2008, pp. 3198-3202.
119. L. Cao and H. Zheng, "Distributed rule-regulated spectrum sharing," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 130-143, Jan. 2008.
120. L. Cao and H. Zheng, "Understanding the power of distributed coordination for dynamic spectrum management," Mobile Netw. Applicat., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 477-497, Jul. 2008.
121. Y. Yuan, P. Bahl, R. Chandra, T. Moscibroda, and Y. Wu, "Allocating dynamic time-spectrum blocks in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. 8th ACM Int. Symp. Mobile ad hoc Netw. Comput., New York, 2007, pp. 130-139.
122. B. Atakan and O. Akan, "BIOlogically-inspired spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. (WCNC), 2007, pp. 43-48.
123. H. Shiang and M. van der Schaar, "Distributed resource management in multi-hop cognitive radio networks for delay sensitive transmission," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 941-953, Feb. 2009.
124. Z. Ji and K. J. R. Liu, "Dynamic spectrum sharing: A game theoretical overview," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 88-94, May 2007.
125. N. Nie and C. Comaniciu, "Adaptive channel allocation spectrum etiquette for cognitive radio networks," Mobile Netw. Applicat., vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 779-797, 2006.
126. R. Etkin, A. Parekh, and D. Tse, "Spectrum sharing for unlicensed bands," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 517-528, Apr. 2007.
127. Y. Wu, B. Wang, K. Liu, and T. Clancy, "Repeated open spectrum sharing game with cheat-proof strategies," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1922-1933, Apr. 2009.
128. B.Wang, Y.Wu, Z. Ji, K. Liu, and T. Clancy, "Game theoretical mechanism design methods," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 74-84, Nov. 2008.
129. D. Niyato and E. Hossain, "A game-theoretic approach to competitive spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf., 2007, pp. 16-20.
130. D. Niyato and E. Hossain, "Competitive pricing for spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks: Dynamic game, inefficiency of Nash equilibrium, and collusion," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 192-202, Jan. 2008.
131. Z. Han, C. Pandana, and K. J. R. Liu, "Distributive opportunistic spectrum access for cognitive radio using correlated equilibrium and no-regret learning," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. (WCNC), 2007, pp. 11-15.
132. Z. Ji and K. Liu, "Dynamic spectrum sharing: A game theoretical overview," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 88-94, May 2007.
133. J. Huang, R. A. Berry, and M. L. Honig, "Auction-based spectrum sharing," ACM/Springer Mobile Netw. Applicat. J. (MONET), vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 405-418, Jun. 2006.
134. S. Gandhi, C. Buragohain, L. Cao, H. Zheng, and S. Suri, "A general framework for wireless spectrum auctions," in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySpan), 2007, pp. 22-33.
135. Z. Ji and K. J. R. Liu, "Belief-assisted pricing for dynamic spectrum allocation in wireless networks with selfish users," in Proc. IEEE Commun. Soc. Conf. Sensor, Mesh, Ad Hoc Commun. Netw. (SECON), Reston, VA, Sep. 2006, pp. 119-127.
136. Z. Ji and K. J. R. Liu, "Multi-stage pricing game for collusion-resistant dynamic spectrum allocation," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 182-191, Jan. 2008.
137. Y.Wu, B.Wang, K. J. R. Liu, and T. C. Clancy, "A scalable collusionresistant multi-winner cognitive spectrum auction game," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3805-3816, Dec. 2009.
138. X. Zhou, S. Gandhi, S. Suri, and H. Zheng, "eBay in the Sky: Strategyproof wireless spectrum auctions," in Proc. 14th ACMInt. Conf. Mobile Comput. Netw., 2008, pp. 2-13.
139. X. Zhou and H. Zheng, "TRUST: A general framework for truthful double spectrum auctions," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2009, pp. 999-1007.
140. Q. Wang and H. Zheng, "Route and spectrum selection in dynamic spectrum networks," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Consumer Commun. Netw. Conf. (CCNC), 2006, vol. 1, pp. 625-629.
141. C. Xin, B. Xie, and C. Shen, "A novel layered graph model for topology formation and routing in dynamic spectrum access networks," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 308-317.
142. S. Krishnamurthy, M. Thoppian, S. Venkatesan, and R. Prakash, "Control channel based MAC-layer configuration, routing and situation awareness for cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf. (MILCOM), 2005, pp. 455-460.
143. R. Pal, "Efficient routing algorithms for multi-channel dynamic spectrum access networks," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, 2007, pp. 288-291.
144. G. Cheng, W. Liu, Y. Li, and W. Cheng, "Spectrum aware on-demand routing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySpan), 2007, pp. 571-574.
145. H. Khalife, S. Ahuja, N. Malouch, and M. Krunz, "Probabilistic path selection in opportunistic cognitive radio networks," in Proc. IEEE Globecom, 2008, pp. 1-5.
146. V. Bhandari and N. Vaidya, "Connectivity and capacity of multi-channel wireless networks with channel switching constraints," in Proc. 26th IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. (INFOCOM), 2007, pp. 785-793.
147. K. J. R. Liu, A. K. Sadek, W. Su, and A. Kwasinski, Cooperative Communications and Networking. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009.
148. W. Yu and K. J. R. Liu, "Attack-resistant cooperation stimulation in autonomous ad hoc networks," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 2260-2271, Dec. 2005.
149. W. Yu and K. J. R. Liu, "Game theoretic analysis of cooperation stimulation and security in autonomous mobile ad hoc networks," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 507-521, May 2007.
150. Z. Ji, W. Yu, and K. J. R. Liu, "Cooperation enforcement in autonomous MANETs under noise and imperfect observation," in Proc. IEEE SECON'06, 2006, pp. 460-468.
151. J. Burbank, "Security in cognitive radio networks: The required evolution in approaches to wireless network security," in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. Commun. (CrownCom), 2008, pp. 1-7.
152. T. Brown and A. Sethi, "Potential cognitive radio denial-of-service vulnerabilities and protection countermeasures: A multi-dimensional analysis and assessment," Mobile Netw. Applicat., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 516-532, 2008.
153. T. C. Clancy and N. Goergen, "Security in cognitive radio networks: Threats and mitigation," in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. Commun. (CrownCom), May 2008, pp. 1-8.
154. S. Mishra, D. Cabric, C. Chang, D. Willkomm, B. van Schewick, S. Wolisz, and B. Brodersen, "A real time cognitive radio testbed for physical and link layer experiments," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 562-567.
155. D. Cabric, A. Tkachenko, and R. Brodersen, "Experimental study of spectrum sensing based on energy detection and network cooperation," in Proc. 1st Int. Workshop Technol. Policy for Accessing Spectrum, 2006.
156. A. Tkachenko, D. Cabric, and R. Brodersen, "Cognitive radio experiments using reconfigurable BEE2," in Proc. 40th Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst., Comput. (ACSSC), 2006, pp. 2041-2045.
157. C. Rieser, T. Rondeau, C. Bostian, and T. Gallagher, "Cognitive radio testbed: Further details and testing of a distributed genetic algorithm based cognitive engine for programmable radios," in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf. (MILCOM), vol. 3, pp. 1437-1443.
158. T. Rondeau, C. Rieser, B. Le, and C. Bostian, "Cognitive radios with genetic algorithms: Intelligent control of software defined radios," in Proc. Software Defined Radio Forum Tech. Conf., 2004.
159. D. Raychaudhuri, I. Seskar, M. Ott, S. Ganu, K. Ramachandran, H. Kremo, R. Siracusa, H. Liu, and M. Singh, "Overview of the ORBIT radio grid testbed for evaluation of next-generation wireless network protocols," in Proc. IEEEWireless Commun. Netw. Conf., 2005, vol. 3, pp. 1664-1669.
160. D. Raychaudhuri, N. Mandayam, J. Evans, B. Ewy, S. Seshan, and P. Steenkiste, "CogNet: An architectural foundation for experimental cognitive radio networks within the future internet," in Proc. 1st ACM/ IEEE Int. Workshop Mobility Evolving Internet Architecture, 2006, pp. 11-16.
161. D. Raychaudhuri, X. Jing, I. Seskar, K. Le, and J. B. Evans, "Cognitive radio technology: From distributed spectrum coordination to adaptive network collaboration," Pervasive Mobile Comput., no. 4, pp. 278-302, 2008.
162. C. Cordeiro, K. Challapali, D. Birru, S. Shankar, N. Res, and B. Manor, "IEEE 802.22: The first worldwide wireless standard based on cognitive radios," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 328-337.
163. C. Cordeiro, K. Challapali, and M. Ghosh, "Cognitive PHY and MAC layers for dynamic spectrum access and sharing of TV bands," in Proc. 1st Int. Workshop Technol. Policy for Accessing Spectrum, 2006.
164. W. Hu, D. Willkomm, M. Abusubaih, J. Gross, G. Vlantis, M. Gerla, and A. Wolisz, "Dynamic frequency hopping communities for efficient IEEE 802.22 operation," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 80-87, May 2007.
165. J. Poston and W. Horne, "Discontiguous OFDM considerations for dynamic spectrum access in idle TV channels," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 607-610.
166. R. DeGroot, D. Gurney, K. Hutchinson, M. Johnson, S. Kuffner, A. Schooler, S. Silk, and E. Visotsky, "A cognitive-enabled experimental system," in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySPAN), 2005, pp. 556-561.
167. M. Muck, S. Buljore, P. Martigne, A. Kousaridas, E. Patouni, M. Stamatelatos, K. Tsagkaris, J. Yang, and O. Holland, "IEEE P1900. B: Coexistence support for reconfigurable, heterogeneous air interfaces," in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw. (DySpan), 2007, pp. 381-389.
168. K. J. R. Liu and B. Wang, Cognitive Radio Networking and Security: A Game-Theoretic View. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010.